Pub Date : 2018-01-25DOI: 10.4172/2155-952X.1000280
Sillma Rampadarath, D. Puchooa, R. Jeewon, Kushlata Bandhoa
Background: Endophytic fungi are important components of the forest community and are significantly diverse from one plant to another as well as from one ecosystem to another. Objective: The current study aimed to characterise, at the molecular level, the diversity and seasonal variation of endophytic fungi from Jatropha plants found in Mauritius and to compare the phytochemicals and the antimicrobial potential of the fungal isolates with the leaves extracts. Materials and methods: Endophytic and saprophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves of Jatropha plants during summer and winter. The isolated fungi were further classified through molecular characterisation. The isolates were grouped into 76 distinct operational taxonomic units based on the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer regions in the rRNA gene. The colonization frequency and the dominant fungi percentage of these endophytic fungi were calculated. The antimicrobial properties of the extracts from the endophytes were compared to that of the extracts obtained from the leaves of the Jatropha plants. Results: The overall colonisation rate for the two seasons was 67.42%. Maximum colonisation (27%) was observed in both J. curcas and J. multifida. There was a diverse array of fungi which included 21 common genera. Colonisation frequency of the other genera recovered during this study varied according to the plant from which the isolation was carried out. J. multifida was richer in the genus Phoma, J. curcas were colonised mainly by Neofusicoccum as compared to J. integerrima and J. podagrica, which were colonised by the Corenespora. Climate was also a primary driver of endophytes and saprophytes community diversity and composition. Moreover, the endophytic fungi from the leaves of J. curcas gave highly significant antimicrobial activities effects (p<0.01) against both the tested Gram (+ve) and Gram (-ve) clinical pathogens. Among the four active isolates, Engyodontium was the genus that showed highest antimicrobial activity. Overall, the endophytic fungi from the Jatropha species were more effective than the crude ethyl acetate extract of the leaves. Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity of these endophytic microorganisms could be further exploited and find application in the pharmaceutical industry.
{"title":"Diversity, Seasonal Variation and Antibacterial Activity of Endophytic Fungi Associated With the Genus Jatropha in Mauritius","authors":"Sillma Rampadarath, D. Puchooa, R. Jeewon, Kushlata Bandhoa","doi":"10.4172/2155-952X.1000280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-952X.1000280","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Endophytic fungi are important components of the forest community and are significantly diverse from one plant to another as well as from one ecosystem to another. Objective: The current study aimed to characterise, at the molecular level, the diversity and seasonal variation of endophytic fungi from Jatropha plants found in Mauritius and to compare the phytochemicals and the antimicrobial potential of the fungal isolates with the leaves extracts. Materials and methods: Endophytic and saprophytic fungi were isolated from the leaves of Jatropha plants during summer and winter. The isolated fungi were further classified through molecular characterisation. The isolates were grouped into 76 distinct operational taxonomic units based on the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer regions in the rRNA gene. The colonization frequency and the dominant fungi percentage of these endophytic fungi were calculated. The antimicrobial properties of the extracts from the endophytes were compared to that of the extracts obtained from the leaves of the Jatropha plants. Results: The overall colonisation rate for the two seasons was 67.42%. Maximum colonisation (27%) was observed in both J. curcas and J. multifida. There was a diverse array of fungi which included 21 common genera. Colonisation frequency of the other genera recovered during this study varied according to the plant from which the isolation was carried out. J. multifida was richer in the genus Phoma, J. curcas were colonised mainly by Neofusicoccum as compared to J. integerrima and J. podagrica, which were colonised by the Corenespora. Climate was also a primary driver of endophytes and saprophytes community diversity and composition. Moreover, the endophytic fungi from the leaves of J. curcas gave highly significant antimicrobial activities effects (p<0.01) against both the tested Gram (+ve) and Gram (-ve) clinical pathogens. Among the four active isolates, Engyodontium was the genus that showed highest antimicrobial activity. Overall, the endophytic fungi from the Jatropha species were more effective than the crude ethyl acetate extract of the leaves. Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity of these endophytic microorganisms could be further exploited and find application in the pharmaceutical industry.","PeriodicalId":15156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biotechnology & biomaterials","volume":"27 1","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84803999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-25DOI: 10.4172/2155-952X.1000279
O. Agwa, Nwosu Ig, G. Abu
Saccharification of biomass to fermentable sugar is a major constraint for bioethanol production due to high cost of enzyme production and complications associated with the removal of hearse acid, alkali and salts formed after neutralization. This led to the search for low cost enzyme and its combination with dilute acid to enhance biomass hydrolysis. In this study, the microalgal biomass was hydrolysed using amylase and cellulase enzymes produced by solid state and submerged fermentation processes. Saccharification of algal biomass was studied using dilute tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid, crude enzyme complex and a combination of both. The highest yield of reducing sugar of 0.63 mg/ml was obtained with the co-combination hydrolysis of acid and enzyme, followed by acid hydrolysis (0.41 mg/ml) while the least was found with enzyme hydrolysis (0.36 mg/ml). The hydrolysate of the algal pretreated biomass was used for bioethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and co-cultures of S. cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger. The highest ethanol yield of 0.33 mg/ml at a percentage of 10.82% v/v was obtained from hydrolysates pretreated with co-combination of dilute acid and crude enzyme complex. The result showed that crude enzyme can increase the yield of hydrolyzed microalgal biomass for bioethanol production.
{"title":"Saccharification and Bioethanol Fermentation of Carbohydrate-Extracted Microalgal Biomass by Genetically Identified Organisms","authors":"O. Agwa, Nwosu Ig, G. Abu","doi":"10.4172/2155-952X.1000279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-952X.1000279","url":null,"abstract":"Saccharification of biomass to fermentable sugar is a major constraint for bioethanol production due to high cost of enzyme production and complications associated with the removal of hearse acid, alkali and salts formed after neutralization. This led to the search for low cost enzyme and its combination with dilute acid to enhance biomass hydrolysis. In this study, the microalgal biomass was hydrolysed using amylase and cellulase enzymes produced by solid state and submerged fermentation processes. Saccharification of algal biomass was studied using dilute tetraoxosulphate (VI) acid, crude enzyme complex and a combination of both. The highest yield of reducing sugar of 0.63 mg/ml was obtained with the co-combination hydrolysis of acid and enzyme, followed by acid hydrolysis (0.41 mg/ml) while the least was found with enzyme hydrolysis (0.36 mg/ml). The hydrolysate of the algal pretreated biomass was used for bioethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and co-cultures of S. cerevisiae and Aspergillus niger. The highest ethanol yield of 0.33 mg/ml at a percentage of 10.82% v/v was obtained from hydrolysates pretreated with co-combination of dilute acid and crude enzyme complex. The result showed that crude enzyme can increase the yield of hydrolyzed microalgal biomass for bioethanol production.","PeriodicalId":15156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biotechnology & biomaterials","volume":"39 1","pages":"1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80405876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-952X.1000281
Auns Q. Alneami, E. Khalil, A. F. Albeldawi
Introduction: Study the electrical properties of microorganisms is a great importance to control their hostile effect especially, some organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), when infection with this type of bacteria causes high percentage of patients' mortality in hospitals. Depending on interaction differences between bacterial cell with electrical current and human cell with electrical current, bactericidal effect may be achieved. This study observed the behavior of PA when it was exposed to different frequency values of clinically safe alternative current to prove the capacitive characteristic of bacterial membrane and find difference between powers consumed by bacterial sample for each frequency value. Method: PA isolates were activated by using Trypticase Soya Broth (TSB), 10 percent of 3.24 × 108 cfu/ml of PA mixed with agarose and poured in petri dish to solidify at room temperature. Electrical current of 20 Vp-p applied to the sample via movable Nichrome electrodes or built in Nickel electrodes, 2 cm apart between anode and cathode electrodes, electrical current measured and recorded during stimulation using multi-function voltmeter. Results: The results proved that in general when the frequency of electrical current increased (analysis of variance (ANOVA) P>0.05), the current pass through PA samples increased relatively which refer to decrease in samples' impedance due to increase in frequency from 0.366 Hz and reach maximum at 40 KHz where it become constant until 60 KHz then began to reduced again until it reaches constant value at 120 KHz. Conclusion: Clinically accepted electrical current values of different frequencies values interact in different manner with PA samples, and the electrical current consumption by PA affected and in general increased by increasing its frequency. This study also shows that there is different impedance values to different electrical current frequencies values which prove some part of impedance affected by frequency change which prove that PA membrane has a capacitive effect.
{"title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa Membrane Capacitive Characteristic and Frequency Relative Power Consumptions","authors":"Auns Q. Alneami, E. Khalil, A. F. Albeldawi","doi":"10.4172/2155-952X.1000281","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-952X.1000281","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Study the electrical properties of microorganisms is a great importance to control their hostile effect especially, some organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), when infection with this type of bacteria causes high percentage of patients' mortality in hospitals. Depending on interaction differences between bacterial cell with electrical current and human cell with electrical current, bactericidal effect may be achieved. This study observed the behavior of PA when it was exposed to different frequency values of clinically safe alternative current to prove the capacitive characteristic of bacterial membrane and find difference between powers consumed by bacterial sample for each frequency value. Method: PA isolates were activated by using Trypticase Soya Broth (TSB), 10 percent of 3.24 × 108 cfu/ml of PA mixed with agarose and poured in petri dish to solidify at room temperature. Electrical current of 20 Vp-p applied to the sample via movable Nichrome electrodes or built in Nickel electrodes, 2 cm apart between anode and cathode electrodes, electrical current measured and recorded during stimulation using multi-function voltmeter. Results: The results proved that in general when the frequency of electrical current increased (analysis of variance (ANOVA) P>0.05), the current pass through PA samples increased relatively which refer to decrease in samples' impedance due to increase in frequency from 0.366 Hz and reach maximum at 40 KHz where it become constant until 60 KHz then began to reduced again until it reaches constant value at 120 KHz. Conclusion: Clinically accepted electrical current values of different frequencies values interact in different manner with PA samples, and the electrical current consumption by PA affected and in general increased by increasing its frequency. This study also shows that there is different impedance values to different electrical current frequencies values which prove some part of impedance affected by frequency change which prove that PA membrane has a capacitive effect.","PeriodicalId":15156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biotechnology & biomaterials","volume":"36 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81504939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-952X-C8-108
H. Later-Nijland
{"title":"Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products (ATMPs) in the light of precision (personalized) medicine","authors":"H. Later-Nijland","doi":"10.4172/2155-952X-C8-108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-952X-C8-108","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biotechnology & biomaterials","volume":"159 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74896840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-952X.1000286
Y. Rezene, M. Mitiku, K. Tesfaye, A. Male, P. Gepts
{"title":"Analysis of the Molecular Diversity of Common Bacterial Blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli and X. campestris pv. phaseoli var. fuscansi) Strains from Ethiopia Revealed by Rep-PCR Genomic Fingerprinting","authors":"Y. Rezene, M. Mitiku, K. Tesfaye, A. Male, P. Gepts","doi":"10.4172/2155-952X.1000286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-952X.1000286","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biotechnology & biomaterials","volume":"87 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81066556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-952X.1000282
Ambash Riaz, A. Abbas, Noor-ul-Huda, H. Mubeen, Nazia Ibrahim, S. Raza
{"title":"Methods to Enhance Selenium in Wheat through Biofortification: A Review","authors":"Ambash Riaz, A. Abbas, Noor-ul-Huda, H. Mubeen, Nazia Ibrahim, S. Raza","doi":"10.4172/2155-952X.1000282","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-952X.1000282","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biotechnology & biomaterials","volume":"75 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80919680","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-952X.1000288
Abeer Mohammed Ab, Azzazy Am, Ibrahim Am
{"title":"New Synergistic Potential of Silver Nanoparticles and it is Application in Pharmaceutical Production Areas","authors":"Abeer Mohammed Ab, Azzazy Am, Ibrahim Am","doi":"10.4172/2155-952X.1000288","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-952X.1000288","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biotechnology & biomaterials","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82722424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-952x.1000284
N. Menzyanova, Svetlana Pyatina, E. Nikolaeva, A. Shabanov, I. Nemtsev, D. P. Stolyarov, Dmitry B. Dryganov, E. V. Sakhnov, D. Vinokurova, E. Shishatskaya
{"title":"Morphological Aspects of Monocyte/Macrophage Polarization on Biopolymer Scaffolds in Atherosclerosis Patients","authors":"N. Menzyanova, Svetlana Pyatina, E. Nikolaeva, A. Shabanov, I. Nemtsev, D. P. Stolyarov, Dmitry B. Dryganov, E. V. Sakhnov, D. Vinokurova, E. Shishatskaya","doi":"10.4172/2155-952x.1000284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-952x.1000284","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biotechnology & biomaterials","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83911327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-952X.1000283
G. Premkumar, S. Muthuramkumar, M. Kannan, G. Varatharaju, K. Rajarathinam
In this study, Pleurotus flordia and Pleurotus djamor is used for solid state fermentation studies and sugarcane bagasse, wheat bran and sugarcane bagasse with wheat bran (in different ratio) are used as the substrate. The fermentation studies are carried out in 7 days intervals up to 28 days. Sugarcane bagasse and wheat brane has the highest degradation of cellulose and hemicelluloses. The mixed substrate (sugarcane bagasse with wheat bran) has comparatively low degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose. P.djamor plays better performance in cellulase and xylanase production. Cellulase production is enhanced in sugarcane bagasse by P.djamor mean while xylanase production is enhanced in wheat bran by P.djamor. Both P.djamor and P.florida has obstructed on cellulase and xylanase production on mixed substrate (sugarcane bagasse mixed with wheat bran).
{"title":"Cellulase and Xylanase Production by Pleurotus sp. on Mixed Substrate System","authors":"G. Premkumar, S. Muthuramkumar, M. Kannan, G. Varatharaju, K. Rajarathinam","doi":"10.4172/2155-952X.1000283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-952X.1000283","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, Pleurotus flordia and Pleurotus djamor is used for solid state fermentation studies and sugarcane bagasse, wheat bran and sugarcane bagasse with wheat bran (in different ratio) are used as the substrate. The fermentation studies are carried out in 7 days intervals up to 28 days. Sugarcane bagasse and wheat brane has the highest degradation of cellulose and hemicelluloses. The mixed substrate (sugarcane bagasse with wheat bran) has comparatively low degradation of cellulose and hemicellulose. P.djamor plays better performance in cellulase and xylanase production. Cellulase production is enhanced in sugarcane bagasse by P.djamor mean while xylanase production is enhanced in wheat bran by P.djamor. Both P.djamor and P.florida has obstructed on cellulase and xylanase production on mixed substrate (sugarcane bagasse mixed with wheat bran).","PeriodicalId":15156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biotechnology & biomaterials","volume":"79 1","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81456763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2155-952x.1000285
R. Fernandes, Ana Cristina Pantoja Simões, Carina Heigl, Luiz Felipe Amarante Modesto, R. P. Peçanha, N. Pereira
{"title":"Cultivation of Methylocystis hirsuta in Bubble Columns Packed with Pall Rings Utilizing Methane as Carbon Source","authors":"R. Fernandes, Ana Cristina Pantoja Simões, Carina Heigl, Luiz Felipe Amarante Modesto, R. P. Peçanha, N. Pereira","doi":"10.4172/2155-952x.1000285","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-952x.1000285","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15156,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biotechnology & biomaterials","volume":"271 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74375163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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