Pub Date : 2024-10-11DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2024.100493
D.S. Adams, E.A. Koutsos
Black Soldier Fly Larvae (BSFL) have been successfully utilized in the diets of noncommercial poultry flocks for many years. Availability and cost have hindered its adoption by commercial poultry producers. Frass, a production byproduct, comprising exoskeletons, small larvae, digested feed, and leftover feedstock has predominately been used as fertilizer. The nutrient content of frass makes it appropriate for use in animal feed, and BSFL frass is produced at a volume and cost that is viable for commercial poultry producers. This product contains lauric acid, chitin, and antimicrobial peptides, which may improve overall animal health. In this study, two experiments were conducted to examine the impact of BSFL Frass inclusion in broiler diets on growth performance compared to a control diet.
Diets in this study were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Frass from BSFL was included at 2.5 % in the starter phase, 5.0 % in the grower phase, and 10 % in the finisher phase. Both experiments utilized 10 replicates per treatment. Overall, no differences were noted in feed intake (P=0.091, P=0.845), bodyweight gain (P=0.433, P=0.619), or feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P=0.060, P=0.727) in either Experiment (Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, respectively). These results indicate that BSFL frass can be an effective and safe feed ingredient option for commercial broiler production.
{"title":"Applied research note: Black Soldier Fly Larvae Frass is an effective feed ingredient for broiler diets","authors":"D.S. Adams, E.A. Koutsos","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100493","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100493","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Black Soldier Fly Larvae (<strong>BSFL</strong>) have been successfully utilized in the diets of noncommercial poultry flocks for many years. Availability and cost have hindered its adoption by commercial poultry producers. Frass, a production byproduct, comprising exoskeletons, small larvae, digested feed, and leftover feedstock has predominately been used as fertilizer. The nutrient content of frass makes it appropriate for use in animal feed, and BSFL frass is produced at a volume and cost that is viable for commercial poultry producers. This product contains lauric acid, chitin, and antimicrobial peptides, which may improve overall animal health. In this study, two experiments were conducted to examine the impact of BSFL Frass inclusion in broiler diets on growth performance compared to a control diet.</div><div>Diets in this study were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Frass from BSFL was included at 2.5 % in the starter phase, 5.0 % in the grower phase, and 10 % in the finisher phase. Both experiments utilized 10 replicates per treatment. Overall, no differences were noted in feed intake (<em>P</em>=0.091, <em>P</em>=0.845), bodyweight gain (<em>P</em>=0.433, <em>P</em>=0.619), or feed conversion ratio (<strong>FCR</strong>) (<em>P</em>=0.060, <em>P</em>=0.727) in either Experiment (Experiment 1 and Experiment 2, respectively). These results indicate that BSFL frass can be an effective and safe feed ingredient option for commercial broiler production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"33 4","pages":"Article 100493"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-05DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2024.100491
Junyan Wang , Mahmoud Mostafa Azzam , Taidi Xiong , Yitong Wang , Jinling Ye , Qiuli Fan , Danlei Xu , Fayuan Ding , Zhonggang Cheng , Abdulaziz A. Alabdullatif , Rashed Alhotan , Shouqun Jiang
Ganoderma Lucidum (G. lucidum) is an edible mushroom and it has been used as a medicinal fungus for centuries. We evaluated the efficacy of G. lucidum on the growth performance, biochemical blood parameters, antioxidant and immunity status, and meat quality in slow-growing broilers. A total of 216 one-day-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups: a basal control diet with 0 mg/kg (G. lucidum), 300 mg/kg (G. lucidum), and 600 mg/kg (G. lucidum) for 50 d. The findings showed that G. lucidum showed an insignificant improvement in body weight and average body weight gain (P = 0.06 (during the early fattening period, and reduced the mortality rate (P < 0.001). In addition, dietary G. lucidum imposed changes in plasma indices, in a dose- and age-dependent manner. G. lucidum treatments increased plasma levels of superoxide dismutase activity (T-SOD) and interferon gamma (IFN-γ) at 21 d of age and decreased plasma activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) at 50 d of age. Compared to the control group, the levels of plasma urea nitrogen (UN) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) decreased (P < 0.05) at a low dose of 300 mg G. lucidum/kg and interleukin 6 (IL-6) increased at a high dose of 600 mg G. lucidum/kg at 21 d of age. Plasma immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels increased (P < 0.05) at a high dose of 600 mg G. lucidum/kg, while malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased at a low dose of 300 mg G. lucidum/kg at 50 d of age. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in the liver was observed in birds fed 600 mg G. lucidum/kg. G. lucidum treatments increased (P = 0.003) mRNA expressions of jejunal B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (Bcl-2). No differences were observed in the physicochemical indices of meat, except for redness (a*), which was lower (P = 0.02) in birds fed G. lucidum at a high dose of 600 mg/kg compared to the control diet. The findings suggest that G. lucidum would be considered as a feed supplement inclusion with possible ameliorative changes on broilers health status.
{"title":"Effects of Ganoderma Lucidum supplementation on the growth performance, biochemical blood parameters, antioxidant and immunity status, and meat quality in slow-growing broilers","authors":"Junyan Wang , Mahmoud Mostafa Azzam , Taidi Xiong , Yitong Wang , Jinling Ye , Qiuli Fan , Danlei Xu , Fayuan Ding , Zhonggang Cheng , Abdulaziz A. Alabdullatif , Rashed Alhotan , Shouqun Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100491","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100491","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Ganoderma Lucidum</em> (<strong><em>G. lucidum</em></strong>) is an edible mushroom and it has been used as a medicinal fungus for centuries. We evaluated the efficacy of <em>G. lucidum</em> on the growth performance, biochemical blood parameters, antioxidant and immunity status, and meat quality in slow-growing broilers. A total of 216 one-day-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 3 treatment groups: a basal control diet with 0 mg/kg (<em>G. lucidum</em>), 300 mg/kg (<em>G. lucidum</em>), and 600 mg/kg (<em>G. lucidum</em>) for 50 d. The findings showed that <em>G. lucidum</em> showed an insignificant improvement in body weight and average body weight gain (<em>P</em> = 0.06 (during the early fattening period, and reduced the mortality rate (<em>P</em> < 0.001). In addition, dietary <em>G. lucidum</em> imposed changes in plasma indices, in a dose- and age-dependent manner. <em>G. lucidum</em> treatments increased plasma levels of superoxide dismutase activity (<strong>T-SOD</strong>) and interferon gamma (<strong>IFN-γ</strong>) at 21 d of age and decreased plasma activity of aspartate aminotransferase (<strong>AST</strong>) at 50 d of age. Compared to the control group, the levels of plasma urea nitrogen (<strong>UN</strong>) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (<strong>iNOS</strong>) decreased (<em>P</em> < 0.05) at a low dose of 300 mg <em>G. lucidum</em>/kg and interleukin 6 (<strong>IL-6</strong>) increased at a high dose of 600 mg <em>G. lucidum</em>/kg at 21 d of age. Plasma immunoglobulin A (<strong>IgA</strong>) levels increased (<em>P</em> < 0.05) at a high dose of 600 mg <em>G. lucidum</em>/kg, while malondialdehyde (<strong>MDA</strong>) decreased at a low dose of 300 mg <em>G. lucidum</em>/kg at 50 d of age. A significant increase (<em>P</em> < 0.05) in succinate dehydrogenase (<strong>SDH</strong>) activity in the liver was observed in birds fed 600 mg <em>G. lucidum</em>/kg. <em>G. lucidum</em> treatments increased (<em>P</em> = 0.003) mRNA expressions of jejunal B-cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 (<strong><em>Bcl-2</em></strong>). No differences were observed in the physicochemical indices of meat, except for redness (a*), which was lower (<em>P</em> = 0.02) in birds fed G. lucidum at a high dose of 600 mg/kg compared to the control diet. The findings suggest that <em>G. lucidum</em> would be considered as a feed supplement inclusion with possible ameliorative changes on broilers health status.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"33 4","pages":"Article 100491"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142534925","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-24DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2024.100490
Anh Dang Trieu Do , Annie Lozano , Tricia A. Van Laar , Reyna Mero , Cynthia Lopez , Cirenio Hisasaga , Rodrigo Lopez , Monica Franco , Ruel Celeste , Katy J. Tarrant
Poultry litter amendments are commonly used to mitigate ammonia levels by binding and reducing ammonia volatilization in poultry housing, but there are concerns that litter amendments may impact broiler health. The goal of our study is to characterize the effect of an organic-certified diatomaceous earth litter amendment on the microbial content of the litter, and the gastrointestinal microbiome and leg health of fast-growing broilers. The study was carried out over a 2-yr period involving 5 consecutive flocks housed in a barn, where one half of the barn received the litter amendment while the other half served as a control. Key health indicators such as gastrointestinal microbiome diversity, and leg health were monitored. The findings suggest that the organic litter amendment, while not significantly altering the bacterial counts in the litter, may offer benefits in improving broiler wellbeing. This is evidenced by differences in footpad dermatitis and hock burn scores between the treated and control groups, highlighting the potential of such amendments not only in managing ammonia levels but also in promoting animal health. This study provides valuable insights into the applied implications of using an organic diatomaceous earth amendment in a poultry facility, indicating a positive impact on bird welfare without altering the microbial balance within the litter.
{"title":"Evaluating microbiome patterns, microbial species, and leg health associated with reused litter in a commercial broiler barn","authors":"Anh Dang Trieu Do , Annie Lozano , Tricia A. Van Laar , Reyna Mero , Cynthia Lopez , Cirenio Hisasaga , Rodrigo Lopez , Monica Franco , Ruel Celeste , Katy J. Tarrant","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100490","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100490","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Poultry litter amendments are commonly used to mitigate ammonia levels by binding and reducing ammonia volatilization in poultry housing, but there are concerns that litter amendments may impact broiler health. The goal of our study is to characterize the effect of an organic-certified diatomaceous earth litter amendment on the microbial content of the litter, and the gastrointestinal microbiome and leg health of fast-growing broilers. The study was carried out over a 2-yr period involving 5 consecutive flocks housed in a barn, where one half of the barn received the litter amendment while the other half served as a control. Key health indicators such as gastrointestinal microbiome diversity, and leg health were monitored. The findings suggest that the organic litter amendment, while not significantly altering the bacterial counts in the litter, may offer benefits in improving broiler wellbeing. This is evidenced by differences in footpad dermatitis and hock burn scores between the treated and control groups, highlighting the potential of such amendments not only in managing ammonia levels but also in promoting animal health. This study provides valuable insights into the applied implications of using an organic diatomaceous earth amendment in a poultry facility, indicating a positive impact on bird welfare without altering the microbial balance within the litter.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"33 4","pages":"Article 100490"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142534924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-22DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2024.100489
R. Crespo , I. Poudel , D.M. Malheiros , K.E. Anderson , R.D. Malheiros
This study aimed to compare the performance of 2 quantitative ultrasound (QUS) devices and to investigate the possible relationship between bone density, measured by speed of sound (SOS), and the biomechanical properties of bone. The bone density of humerus and tarsometatarsus of 46, 29-week-old laying hens housed in conventional cages were measured with 2 QUS devices. After testing, the birds were humanely euthanized and their left tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus were collected. The diameter of these bones was measured at mid-shaft. Bending moment and peak force were evaluated using a TA-HD Plus instrument. Statistical analysis was performed in JMP Pro 16. For all the analyses, significance was set at P< 0.05. There was poor agreement in the SOS results between both devices. There was a moderate positive linear correlation (r2 > 0.6) between bending moment and peak force. No significant linear correlation was observed between the bone diameter and the bending moment or the peak force, or between SOS or bone ash content and any of the mechanical properties measured. A nominal logistic fit model was used to compare low vs normal bone density to the biomechanical properties. A bone was defined to have low density if its SOS was below 1 standard deviation from the mean. A model that linked all 3 biomechanical properties (P = 0.0173) was significantly correlated with the density (low vs normal) of tibiotarsi. Furthermore, the hen's tarsometatarsus with a higher bending moment and lower peak force had an increased odds ratio of low density tibiotarsi (P = 0.0293). This study failed to demonstrate a relation between the SOS and biomechanical properties of bone. While QUS was noninvasive assessment, the devices provided minimal or no association with the mechanical or ash content of the bones. Testing and validation of noninvasive tools are needed to expand our understanding of bone health and offer early detection of bone loss mass in layer flocks in longitudinal studies to develop effective management and intervention strategies.
本研究旨在比较两种定量超声波（QUS）设备的性能，并研究用声速（SOS）测量的骨密度与骨的生物力学特性之间可能存在的关系。使用两种 QUS 设备测量了 46 只饲养在传统笼子里的 29 周大蛋鸡的肱骨和跗骨的骨密度。测试结束后，对这些蛋鸡实施人道安乐死，并收集它们的左胫跗骨和跗跖骨。在中轴处测量这些骨骼的直径。使用 TA-HD Plus 仪器评估弯曲力矩和峰值力。统计分析在 JMP Pro 16 中进行。所有分析的显著性均设定为 P<0.05。两种设备的 SOS 结果一致性较差。弯矩和峰值力之间存在中等程度的正线性相关（r2 >0.6）。在骨直径与弯矩或峰值力之间，以及在 SOS 或骨灰含量与所测得的任何机械性能之间，均未观察到明显的线性相关。采用名义逻辑拟合模型比较低密度与正常骨密度与生物力学特性之间的关系。如果骨骼的 SOS 低于平均值的 1 个标准差，则该骨骼被定义为低密度骨骼。将所有三种生物力学特性联系起来的模型（P = 0.0173）与胫骨的密度（低密度与正常密度）有显著的相关性。此外，弯曲力矩较大和峰值力较小的母鸡跗跖骨出现低密度胫骨的几率比较大（P = 0.0293）。这项研究未能证明 SOS 与骨骼生物力学特性之间的关系。虽然 QUS 是一种无创评估方法，但这些设备与骨骼的机械或灰分含量之间的关系微乎其微，甚至没有关系。需要对无创工具进行测试和验证，以扩大我们对骨骼健康的了解，并在纵向研究中对蛋鸡群的骨质流失进行早期检测，从而制定有效的管理和干预策略。
{"title":"Comparison of bone quality in table egg layers by quantitative ultrasound, 3-point-bending test, and ash content","authors":"R. Crespo , I. Poudel , D.M. Malheiros , K.E. Anderson , R.D. Malheiros","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100489","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100489","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study aimed to compare the performance of 2 quantitative ultrasound (<strong>QUS</strong>) devices and to investigate the possible relationship between bone density, measured by speed of sound (<strong>SOS</strong>), and the biomechanical properties of bone. The bone density of humerus and tarsometatarsus of 46, 29-week-old laying hens housed in conventional cages were measured with 2 QUS devices. After testing, the birds were humanely euthanized and their left tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus were collected. The diameter of these bones was measured at mid-shaft. Bending moment and peak force were evaluated using a TA-HD Plus instrument. Statistical analysis was performed in JMP Pro 16. For all the analyses, significance was set at <em>P</em>< 0.05. There was poor agreement in the SOS results between both devices. There was a moderate positive linear correlation (r<sup>2</sup> > 0.6) between bending moment and peak force. No significant linear correlation was observed between the bone diameter and the bending moment or the peak force, or between SOS or bone ash content and any of the mechanical properties measured. A nominal logistic fit model was used to compare low vs normal bone density to the biomechanical properties. A bone was defined to have low density if its SOS was below 1 standard deviation from the mean. A model that linked all 3 biomechanical properties (<em>P</em> = 0.0173) was significantly correlated with the density (low vs normal) of tibiotarsi. Furthermore, the hen's tarsometatarsus with a higher bending moment and lower peak force had an increased odds ratio of low density tibiotarsi (<em>P</em> = 0.0293). This study failed to demonstrate a relation between the SOS and biomechanical properties of bone. While QUS was noninvasive assessment, the devices provided minimal or no association with the mechanical or ash content of the bones. Testing and validation of noninvasive tools are needed to expand our understanding of bone health and offer early detection of bone loss mass in layer flocks in longitudinal studies to develop effective management and intervention strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"33 4","pages":"Article 100489"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142421281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This experiment was conducted to determine the AMEn content of fish meal (FM) and poultry by-product meal (PBM) samples from different origins to develop prediction equations based on the chemical composition. A total of 300 one-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to fifteen treatments (fourteen experimental diets and 1 reference diet) with 4 replicates of each treatment and 5 birds per replicate. In order to determine AMEn using a replacement method, the test diets consisted of 60% reference diet (based on corn and soybean meal), 38% FM or PBM samples, and 2% micro-ingredients. The broilers were fed the experimental diets for 4 d (24–27), and feces were collected on d 28. The AMEn values of the FM samples varied from 2,886 to 3,157 kcal/kg, and the range for the PBM was from 2,186 to 4,114 kcal/kg. The regression equation prediction of AMEn was determined by SPSS software. Finally, the equations AMEn = 35.658 × CP + 61.975 × EE (standard error of prediction [SEP]: 98.79; Adjusted R2: 0.89) and AMEn = 84.396 × EE + 21.221 × CP (SEP: 269.83; Adjusted R2: 0.93) were suggested to predict the AMEn for FM and PBM, respectively. These equations can save time and cost for poultry nutritionists to formulate the diets for broilers and serve as a reference to develop calibration equations for the predicted values of AMEn of FM and PBM for broiler chickens using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.
{"title":"Development of prediction equations for apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen of fish meal and poultry by-product meal in broiler chickens","authors":"Asghar Aghaei Eshtejarani , Hossein Moravej , Fatemeh Ghaziani , Hamid reza Rafieian Naeini , Woo Kyun Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100485","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100485","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This experiment was conducted to determine the AME<sub>n</sub> content of fish meal (<strong>FM</strong>) and poultry by-product meal (<strong>PBM</strong>) samples from different origins to develop prediction equations based on the chemical composition. A total of 300 one-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to fifteen treatments (fourteen experimental diets and 1 reference diet) with 4 replicates of each treatment and 5 birds per replicate. In order to determine AME<sub>n</sub> using a replacement method, the test diets consisted of 60% reference diet (based on corn and soybean meal), 38% FM or PBM samples, and 2% micro-ingredients. The broilers were fed the experimental diets for 4 d (24–27), and feces were collected on d 28. The AME<sub>n</sub> values of the FM samples varied from 2,886 to 3,157 kcal/kg, and the range for the PBM was from 2,186 to 4,114 kcal/kg. The regression equation prediction of AME<sub>n</sub> was determined by SPSS software. Finally, the equations AME<sub>n</sub> = 35.658 × CP + 61.975 × EE (standard error of prediction [<strong>SEP</strong>]: 98.79; Adjusted R<sup>2</sup>: 0.89) and AME<sub>n</sub> = 84.396 × EE + 21.221 × CP (SEP: 269.83; Adjusted R<sup>2</sup>: 0.93) were suggested to predict the AME<sub>n</sub> for FM and PBM, respectively. These equations can save time and cost for poultry nutritionists to formulate the diets for broilers and serve as a reference to develop calibration equations for the predicted values of AME<sub>n</sub> of FM and PBM for broiler chickens using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"33 4","pages":"Article 100485"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2024.100482
N.M. Che-Ajuyo , X. Rao , B. Liu , Z. Deng , W. Liang , L. Dong
Parasitic infections, including avian chronic haemosporidian infection, have been proven to be a major selection force affecting birds on a global scale including closely related bird species. To date, there has been limited information about haemosporidian infections in the red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) as compared to the domestic chicken (G. gallus domesticus). In this study, we collected blood samples of 39 wild red junglefowls and 122 domestic chickens to test for the presence of haemosporidian infections and various parasitic lineages. The PCR product of positive samples was sequenced, and their lineage was identified using the GenBank database. The result showed that all sampled red junglefowls tested positive for haemosporidian infection with 100% of parasite prevalence, while 104 domestic chickens tested positive (85%). Furthermore, parasite lineages were more diverse in red junglefowls compared to domestic chickens. We recommend that further research should be conducted on more populations of wild red junglefowls in comparison to the domestic chickens to ascertain the prevalence of haemosporidian parasites in association with vectors and other risk factors.
{"title":"Comparison of haemosporidian infection between wild red junglefowls and domestic chickens","authors":"N.M. Che-Ajuyo , X. Rao , B. Liu , Z. Deng , W. Liang , L. Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100482","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100482","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Parasitic infections, including avian chronic haemosporidian infection, have been proven to be a major selection force affecting birds on a global scale including closely related bird species. To date, there has been limited information about haemosporidian infections in the red junglefowl (<em>Gallus gallus</em>) as compared to the domestic chicken (<em>G. gallus domesticus</em>). In this study, we collected blood samples of 39 wild red junglefowls and 122 domestic chickens to test for the presence of haemosporidian infections and various parasitic lineages. The PCR product of positive samples was sequenced, and their lineage was identified using the GenBank database. The result showed that all sampled red junglefowls tested positive for haemosporidian infection with 100% of parasite prevalence, while 104 domestic chickens tested positive (85%). Furthermore, parasite lineages were more diverse in red junglefowls compared to domestic chickens. We recommend that further research should be conducted on more populations of wild red junglefowls in comparison to the domestic chickens to ascertain the prevalence of haemosporidian parasites in association with vectors and other risk factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"33 4","pages":"Article 100482"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142434483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) leucine, isoleucine, and valine are essential AA needed for energy production, protein synthesis, and anabolic signaling functions via the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in turkeys. Imbalanced BCAA ratios can lead to antagonism and degradation of limiting BCAA, particularly in diets with excess leucine. Concentrated corn proteins contain high levels of leucine and can alter BCAA requirements; however, L-Ile and L-Val may be added to correct BCAA ratios. This study evaluated the effects of varying dietary BCAA ratio using corn gluten meal, L-Ile, and L-Val on performance, mTOR activation, and apparent ileal AA digestibility in commercial turkey hens from 0 to 21 d of age. A 38.4% corn and 49.8% soybean meal diet served as the Control. In uncorrected high leucine treatments, feed intake, bird weight, and live weight gain decreased (P < 0.05), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) increased relative to the Control at d 14 (P < 0.05). Performance equivalent to the Control was induced by adding both L-Ile and L-Val at d 14 (P > 0.05), and FCR decreased relative to the Control at d 21 (P < 0.05). Relative mTOR activation numerically increased with high leucine diets compared to the Control (P = 0.13). BCAA digestibility was maximized in high leucine diets with additional L-Ile and L-Val (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that diets containing excess leucine from concentrated corn proteins can decrease poult hen performance, but concomitant additions of L-Ile and L-Val may restore performance. In production settings, nutritionists should assess the costs associated with BCAA supplementation at practical levels vs. corn and soybean meal-based diets.
{"title":"Influence of varying branched-chain amino acid ratio in diets containing corn gluten meal, L-isoleucine, and L-valine on 0–21 d turkey poult performance, relative mTOR activation, and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility","authors":"E.B. Estanich , K.M. Bowen , L.E. Knarr , E.A. Lynch , S.L. Noll , A.R. Garcia Morales , J.S. Moritz","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100486","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100486","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The branched-chain amino acids (<strong>BCAA</strong>) leucine, isoleucine, and valine are essential AA needed for energy production, protein synthesis, and anabolic signaling functions via the mammalian target of rapamycin (<strong>mTOR</strong>) pathway in turkeys. Imbalanced BCAA ratios can lead to antagonism and degradation of limiting BCAA, particularly in diets with excess leucine. Concentrated corn proteins contain high levels of leucine and can alter BCAA requirements; however, L-Ile and L-Val may be added to correct BCAA ratios. This study evaluated the effects of varying dietary BCAA ratio using corn gluten meal, L-Ile, and L-Val on performance, mTOR activation, and apparent ileal AA digestibility in commercial turkey hens from 0 to 21 d of age. A 38.4% corn and 49.8% soybean meal diet served as the Control. In uncorrected high leucine treatments, feed intake, bird weight, and live weight gain decreased (<em>P</em> < 0.05), and feed conversion ratio (<strong>FCR</strong>) increased relative to the Control at d 14 (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Performance equivalent to the Control was induced by adding both L-Ile and L-Val at d 14 (<em>P</em> > 0.05), and FCR decreased relative to the Control at d 21 (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Relative mTOR activation numerically increased with high leucine diets compared to the Control (<em>P</em> = 0.13). BCAA digestibility was maximized in high leucine diets with additional L-Ile and L-Val (<em>P</em> < 0.05). These results demonstrate that diets containing excess leucine from concentrated corn proteins can decrease poult hen performance, but concomitant additions of L-Ile and L-Val may restore performance. In production settings, nutritionists should assess the costs associated with BCAA supplementation at practical levels vs. corn and soybean meal-based diets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"33 4","pages":"Article 100486"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142421194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2024.100487
C.M. Poholsky , J.S. Moritz , J.W. Boney
Feed manufacturing strategies affect feed hygiene, pelleting efficiency, pellet quality, and nutrient availability, ultimately impacting turkey performance. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of feed manufacturing strategy on pelleting efficiency, poult performance, and tibia mineralization. A common commercial diet was utilized in Experiment 1. Mash feed was subjected to either a standard (STD) or a hygienic (HYG) manufacturing strategy. The STD manufacturing strategy used 76.7°C steam conditioning for 15 s while the HYG manufacturing strategy used 85°C steam conditioning for 15 s with a 45 s retention time in a hygienizer at 82.2°C. Pelleted feed was crumbled and fed to turkeys in Experiment 2. A total of 1,320 Hybrid Converter hen poults were housed in floor pens from d 1-28. On d 28, 3 poults per pen were randomly selected for tibia excision and ashing. One-way ANOVA tests were performed for both experiments using the GLM procedure of SAS. In Experiment 1, HYG manufacturing reduced pellet mill motor load (P < 0.001) and increased hot pellet temperature by 6.1°C (P = 0.004). Pellet durability improved with HYG manufacturing (P < 0.05). Manufacturing strategy did not impact phytase activity recovery (P = 0.989). In Experiment 2, poult performance was not influenced by manufacturing strategy (P > 0.05). Furthermore, manufacturing strategy did not impact tibia mineralization (P = 0.150). In conclusion, the HYG manufacturing strategy improved milling efficiency and pellet durability, without jeopardizing phytase activity. Ultimately, turkey poult performance and tibia mineralization were maintained through 28 d of age when consuming feed manufactured with our defined HYG manufacturing conditions.
{"title":"Hygienic feed manufacturing strategies improve pelleting efficiency while maintaining early turkey poult performance and tibia mineralization","authors":"C.M. Poholsky , J.S. Moritz , J.W. Boney","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100487","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100487","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Feed manufacturing strategies affect feed hygiene, pelleting efficiency, pellet quality, and nutrient availability, ultimately impacting turkey performance. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of feed manufacturing strategy on pelleting efficiency, poult performance, and tibia mineralization. A common commercial diet was utilized in Experiment 1. Mash feed was subjected to either a standard (<strong>STD</strong>) or a hygienic (<strong>HYG</strong>) manufacturing strategy. The STD manufacturing strategy used 76.7°C steam conditioning for 15 s while the HYG manufacturing strategy used 85°C steam conditioning for 15 s with a 45 s retention time in a hygienizer at 82.2°C. Pelleted feed was crumbled and fed to turkeys in Experiment 2. A total of 1,320 Hybrid Converter hen poults were housed in floor pens from d 1-28. On d 28, 3 poults per pen were randomly selected for tibia excision and ashing. One-way ANOVA tests were performed for both experiments using the GLM procedure of SAS. In Experiment 1, HYG manufacturing reduced pellet mill motor load (<em>P</em> < 0.001) and increased hot pellet temperature by 6.1°C (<em>P</em> = 0.004). Pellet durability improved with HYG manufacturing (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Manufacturing strategy did not impact phytase activity recovery (<em>P</em> = 0.989). In Experiment 2, poult performance was not influenced by manufacturing strategy (<em>P</em> > 0.05). Furthermore, manufacturing strategy did not impact tibia mineralization (<em>P</em> = 0.150). In conclusion, the HYG manufacturing strategy improved milling efficiency and pellet durability, without jeopardizing phytase activity. Ultimately, turkey poult performance and tibia mineralization were maintained through 28 d of age when consuming feed manufactured with our defined HYG manufacturing conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"33 4","pages":"Article 100487"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142421191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2024.100488
L.E. Russell , J.M. Campbell , J. Polo , C.M. Parsons
This experiment was designed to determine the effect of spray dried animal plasma (SDAP) on digestibility of a corn-soybean meal diet in Ross 308 male broiler chicks. Two corn-soybean meal diets were formulated, a Control diet and one with 2% SDAP. Treatment (Trt) 1 and 2 were fed the Control and SDAP diet for 10 d while Trt 3 and 4 were fed the Control and SDAP diet for 21 d. Growth performance and nutrient digestibility was determined at 10 d and 21 d. By d 21, dietary treatment did not affect (P > 0.10) growth performance (BW, FI, G/F). At both 10 d and 21 d, SDAP improved (P < 0.05) digestibility of AMEn, DM and organic matter (OM). Digestibility of EE was reduced (P < 0.05) on d10 but not (P > 0.10) on d21. The addition of SDAP improved (P < 0.05) Cys digestibility on d 10 while on d 21 the addition of SDAP improved digestibility of Pro, Ala, Cys, Leu, Thr, Trp, Tyr, Val (P < 0.05) and Ser (P < 0.10). Previously published amino acid digestibility coefficients (determined in 21 d chicks) for individual ingredients (corn, soybean meal and SDAP) were used to calculate expected AA digestibility of the experimental diets and then compared to 21 d digestibility coefficients measured in the current experiment. Cystine digestibility (21 d) in the SDAP fed chicks was greater (P < 0.10) than that expected based on digestibility coefficients of individual ingredients. These data demonstrate that SDAP is a highly digestible ingredient in broiler chick diets, and it may improve digestibility of a corn-soybean meal diet fed to broiler chicks.
{"title":"Spray dried plasma protein improves digestibility in chick starter diets","authors":"L.E. Russell , J.M. Campbell , J. Polo , C.M. Parsons","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100488","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100488","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This experiment was designed to determine the effect of spray dried animal plasma (<strong>SDAP</strong>) on digestibility of a corn-soybean meal diet in Ross 308 male broiler chicks. Two corn-soybean meal diets were formulated, a Control diet and one with 2% SDAP. Treatment (Trt) 1 and 2 were fed the Control and SDAP diet for 10 d while Trt 3 and 4 were fed the Control and SDAP diet for 21 d. Growth performance and nutrient digestibility was determined at 10 d and 21 d. By d 21, dietary treatment did not affect (<em>P</em> > 0.10) growth performance (BW, FI, G/F). At both 10 d and 21 d, SDAP improved (<em>P</em> < 0.05) digestibility of AMEn, DM and organic matter (<strong>OM</strong>). Digestibility of EE was reduced (<em>P</em> < 0.05) on d10 but not (<em>P</em> > 0.10) on d21. The addition of SDAP improved (<em>P</em> < 0.05) Cys digestibility on d 10 while on d 21 the addition of SDAP improved digestibility of Pro, Ala, Cys, Leu, Thr, Trp, Tyr, Val (<em>P</em> < 0.05) and Ser (<em>P</em> < 0.10). Previously published amino acid digestibility coefficients (determined in 21 d chicks) for individual ingredients (corn, soybean meal and SDAP) were used to calculate expected AA digestibility of the experimental diets and then compared to 21 d digestibility coefficients measured in the current experiment. Cystine digestibility (21 d) in the SDAP fed chicks was greater (<em>P</em> < 0.10) than that expected based on digestibility coefficients of individual ingredients. These data demonstrate that SDAP is a highly digestible ingredient in broiler chick diets, and it may improve digestibility of a corn-soybean meal diet fed to broiler chicks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"33 4","pages":"Article 100488"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142446425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2024.100484
R K Agbehadzi , B Adjei-Mensah , P Sasu , A Bilalissi , C C Kpomasse , O N'nanle , J A Hamidu , K Tona
This study examines how the combination of layer breeder age and oxygen concentration in the incubator impacts Chorioallantoic (CAM) vascularization, embryo and chick organs, blood profiles, and organ histology at hatch. Nine hundred (900) eggs from 33 to 50 wk ISA breeders were incubated at different O2 levels (15%, 17%, and 21%). Results showed significant interactions between breeder age and oxygen levels, affecting liver and heart weights, blood indices, and CAM vascularity. Hypoxic conditions led to adaptive changes in embryonic organs, with notable differences between breeder age groups, suggesting that mild hypoxia can influence compensatory growth, depending on exposure stages.
本研究探讨了蛋鸡种鸡年龄和孵化器中氧气浓度的组合如何影响孵化时的绒毛膜（CAM）血管化、胚胎和雏鸡器官、血液概况和器官组织学。在不同的氧气水平（15%、17% 和 21%）下孵化了九百（900）枚来自 33 到 50 周 ISA 种鸡的蛋。结果表明，种鸡年龄与氧气水平之间存在明显的交互作用，会影响肝脏和心脏重量、血液指数和CAM血管。缺氧条件导致胚胎器官发生适应性变化，不同种鸡年龄组之间存在明显差异，这表明轻度缺氧可影响代偿性生长，具体取决于暴露阶段。
{"title":"Effect of breeder age and early hypoxic stimulation of the chorioallantoic membrane on vascularization, internal organ development, blood profile and chick organ histology","authors":"R K Agbehadzi , B Adjei-Mensah , P Sasu , A Bilalissi , C C Kpomasse , O N'nanle , J A Hamidu , K Tona","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100484","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100484","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines how the combination of layer breeder age and oxygen concentration in the incubator impacts Chorioallantoic <strong>(CAM)</strong> vascularization, embryo and chick organs, blood profiles, and organ histology at hatch. Nine hundred (900) eggs from 33 to 50 wk ISA breeders were incubated at different O<sub>2</sub> levels (15%, 17%, and 21%). Results showed significant interactions between breeder age and oxygen levels, affecting liver and heart weights, blood indices, and CAM vascularity. Hypoxic conditions led to adaptive changes in embryonic organs, with notable differences between breeder age groups, suggesting that mild hypoxia can influence compensatory growth, depending on exposure stages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"33 4","pages":"Article 100484"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142441664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号