Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-01-12DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2026.100672
X.J. Dai, J.A. Li, Z.J. Jia, X.T. Ye, D.Y. Ou, H.Y. Yao
This study evaluated the effects of dietary Ixeris polycephala meal (IPM) on 192 male Partridge Shank broilers (30 days old). Birds were assigned to a control diet or diets supplemented with 1%, 2%, or 3% IPM. Growth performance, intestinal morphology, serum biomarkers, and splenic gene expression were assessed. Results indicated that 3% IPM maximized final body weight and average daily gain. However, a distinct immunological trade-off was observed. From 70 to 100 days, all IPM doses significantly reduced serum inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α). Notably, while the 1% group achieved the lowest cytokine levels, this coincided with a return to baseline TLR expression ("Resolution"). In contrast, the 2% group maintained significantly upregulated splenic TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression alongside cytokine suppression, suggesting a state of 'Active Tolerance'—preserving high pathogen surveillance without systemic inflammation. The 3% group exhibited attenuated TLR2 expression relative to the 2% group. Additionally, IPM supplementation enhanced antioxidant capacity (increased GSH-Px/SOD), although malondialdehyde levels were not reduced. In conclusion, while 3% IPM optimizes growth parameters, 2% IPM establishes the optimal physiological equilibrium between pathogen defense and inflammatory resolution. Therefore, 2% IPM is recommended as the precision dietary strategy for supporting immune homeostasis in the late growth phase.
{"title":"Effects of Ixeris polycephala meal on growth performance, antioxidant function, and immune function in broilers","authors":"X.J. Dai, J.A. Li, Z.J. Jia, X.T. Ye, D.Y. Ou, H.Y. Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2026.100672","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2026.100672","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the effects of dietary <em>Ixeris polycephala</em> meal (IPM) on 192 male Partridge Shank broilers (30 days old). Birds were assigned to a control diet or diets supplemented with 1%, 2%, or 3% IPM. Growth performance, intestinal morphology, serum biomarkers, and splenic gene expression were assessed. Results indicated that 3% IPM maximized final body weight and average daily gain. However, a distinct immunological trade-off was observed. From 70 to 100 days, all IPM doses significantly reduced serum inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α). Notably, while the 1% group achieved the lowest cytokine levels, this coincided with a return to baseline TLR expression (\"Resolution\"). In contrast, the 2% group maintained significantly upregulated splenic TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression alongside cytokine suppression, suggesting a state of 'Active Tolerance'—preserving high pathogen surveillance without systemic inflammation. The 3% group exhibited attenuated TLR2 expression relative to the 2% group. Additionally, IPM supplementation enhanced antioxidant capacity (increased GSH-Px/SOD), although malondialdehyde levels were not reduced. In conclusion, while 3% IPM optimizes growth parameters, 2% IPM establishes the optimal physiological equilibrium between pathogen defense and inflammatory resolution. Therefore, 2% IPM is recommended as the precision dietary strategy for supporting immune homeostasis in the late growth phase.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"35 2","pages":"Article 100672"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146035228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2025-12-23DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2025.100661
A. Fatima, M. Naeem, M. Bailey, D.V. Bourassa
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis (Salmonella Enteritidis) is a leading cause of foodborne illness globally, particularly associated with poultry products. Rapid and accurate prediction of bacterial growth in poultry environments is essential for effective contamination control. This study aimed to assess growth dynamics and develop a predictive linear regression model to estimate the growth of nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from the broiler farm exhaust fan, using optical density (OD) and incubation time as predictors. In-vitro experiments were conducted over 18 h, with hourly measurements of viable cell counts (CFU/mL) and OD, capturing the full bacterial growth cycle. Stepwise regression was used to construct a model based on log (ln)-transformed CFU, OD, and time data, which achieved high accuracy (R² = 0.910, RMSE = 0.591) and demonstrated reliable cross-validation performance. The final model equation integrated OD and its interaction with time, providing a practical method for estimating bacterial load without the need for labor-intensive plating. Results showed that OD alone does not adequately reflect viable counts unless contextualized with incubation time. This modeling approach addresses a key gap in the literature by focusing specifically on Salmonella Enteritidis from poultry-associated matrices rather than generalized serotypes or reference strains. The findings support the use of OD-based prediction models for real-time microbial monitoring in poultry processing and production settings. The model has potential applications in assessing contamination risk, facilitating rapid decision-making, and developing automated detection systems for food safety. Future work may extend this model to other environmental samples from broiler farms and serotypes to improve its broader applicability in poultry industry microbiology.
{"title":"Growth dynamics and predictive modeling of Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from the commercial broiler farm environment","authors":"A. Fatima, M. Naeem, M. Bailey, D.V. Bourassa","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100661","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100661","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Salmonella enterica</em> subsp. <em>enterica</em> serovar Enteritidis (<em>Salmonella</em> Enteritidis) is a leading cause of foodborne illness globally, particularly associated with poultry products. Rapid and accurate prediction of bacterial growth in poultry environments is essential for effective contamination control. This study aimed to assess growth dynamics and develop a predictive linear regression model to estimate the growth of nalidixic acid-resistant <em>Salmonella</em> Enteritidis isolated from the broiler farm exhaust fan, using optical density (OD) and incubation time as predictors. <em>In-vitro</em> experiments were conducted over 18 h, with hourly measurements of viable cell counts (CFU/mL) and OD, capturing the full bacterial growth cycle. Stepwise regression was used to construct a model based on log (ln)-transformed CFU, OD, and time data, which achieved high accuracy (R² = 0.910, RMSE = 0.591) and demonstrated reliable cross-validation performance. The final model equation integrated OD and its interaction with time, providing a practical method for estimating bacterial load without the need for labor-intensive plating. Results showed that OD alone does not adequately reflect viable counts unless contextualized with incubation time. This modeling approach addresses a key gap in the literature by focusing specifically on <em>Salmonella</em> Enteritidis from poultry-associated matrices rather than generalized serotypes or reference strains. The findings support the use of OD-based prediction models for real-time microbial monitoring in poultry processing and production settings. The model has potential applications in assessing contamination risk, facilitating rapid decision-making, and developing automated detection systems for food safety. Future work may extend this model to other environmental samples from broiler farms and serotypes to improve its broader applicability in poultry industry microbiology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"35 2","pages":"Article 100661"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145891181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2025.100659
Joelma V.C. Silva , Adiel V. Lima , Apolônio G. Ribeiro , Anna N.E. Ferreira de Brito , Thamires S. Ferreira , Jorge C.L. Muniz , Ricardo R. Guerra , Matheus R. Lima , Isabelle N. Kaneko , Leonardo A.F. Pascoal , Lucas R.R.A. Carvalho , Fernando G. Perazzo Costa
Minerals are essential for poultry nutrition, influencing performance, eggshell quality, and overall health. Zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) are critical trace minerals involved in bone metabolism, eggshell formation, and enzyme activity. However, their bioavailability varies depending on the source and dietary inclusion level. This study evaluated the effects of supplementing Zn, Cu, and Mn from inorganic (sulfates) and chelated sources (mineral hydroxy‑analogue methionine) at two inclusion levels (recommended vs. higher levels) in light laying hens (Hy-Line W-80) from one day of age to 54 weeks. The study assessed performance, egg quality, intestinal morphology, tibia parameters, and mineral deposition. Results indicated that the source and supplementation level influenced key traits, including feed conversion, intestinal villi structure, phosphorus deposition in eggshells, and mineral excretion. Birds receiving sulfate sources showed improved feed intake, egg production, deeper duodenal crypts, and higher phosphorus deposition in eggshells, while the chelated source increased feed conversion efficiency and eggshell weight but reduced phosphorus deposition. Higher supplementation levels led to greater mineral excretion without additional benefits to performance or eggshell quality. These findings highlight the importance of selecting appropriate mineral sources and inclusion levels to optimize production efficiency and sustainability in laying hens. The study suggests that supplementing Zn, Cu, and Mn from sulfate sources at recommended levels (32/8/32 ppm) is a cost-effective and efficient strategy for enhancing egg production and reducing mineral waste.
{"title":"Different sources and levels of zinc, copper, and manganese in diets of laying hens on zootechnical performance, egg quality, intestinal morphology, bone quality, and mineral deposition","authors":"Joelma V.C. Silva , Adiel V. Lima , Apolônio G. Ribeiro , Anna N.E. Ferreira de Brito , Thamires S. Ferreira , Jorge C.L. Muniz , Ricardo R. Guerra , Matheus R. Lima , Isabelle N. Kaneko , Leonardo A.F. Pascoal , Lucas R.R.A. Carvalho , Fernando G. Perazzo Costa","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100659","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100659","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Minerals are essential for poultry nutrition, influencing performance, eggshell quality, and overall health. Zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) are critical trace minerals involved in bone metabolism, eggshell formation, and enzyme activity. However, their bioavailability varies depending on the source and dietary inclusion level. This study evaluated the effects of supplementing Zn, Cu, and Mn from inorganic (sulfates) and chelated sources (mineral hydroxy‑analogue methionine) at two inclusion levels (recommended vs. higher levels) in light laying hens (Hy-Line W-80) from one day of age to 54 weeks. The study assessed performance, egg quality, intestinal morphology, tibia parameters, and mineral deposition. Results indicated that the source and supplementation level influenced key traits, including feed conversion, intestinal villi structure, phosphorus deposition in eggshells, and mineral excretion. Birds receiving sulfate sources showed improved feed intake, egg production, deeper duodenal crypts, and higher phosphorus deposition in eggshells, while the chelated source increased feed conversion efficiency and eggshell weight but reduced phosphorus deposition. Higher supplementation levels led to greater mineral excretion without additional benefits to performance or eggshell quality. These findings highlight the importance of selecting appropriate mineral sources and inclusion levels to optimize production efficiency and sustainability in laying hens. The study suggests that supplementing Zn, Cu, and Mn from sulfate sources at recommended levels (32/8/32 ppm) is a cost-effective and efficient strategy for enhancing egg production and reducing mineral waste.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"35 2","pages":"Article 100659"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145923050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2026.100668
Josefine Stuff , Vivian C. Goerlich , Senta Becker , Sonja Hillemacher , Longfei Cheng , Qin Pu , Stefanie Kuerten , Ruijin Huang , Inga Tiemann
Worldwide, billions of day-old male chicks are culled each year in the egg industry due to the low market value of layer-type males. As a result of public pressure on this ethical issue, some countries banned the practice, leading to changes in animal welfare legislation. In addition to the use of dual-purpose chicken for egg and meat production, technologies for in-ovo sex determination, aiming to cull male embryos during early development and prior to the onset of pain perception, are feasible alternatives. However, the temporal onset of pain perception in chick embryos is still unknown, and its determination is challenging. Here we embed a review of the existing literature of in-ovo pain research under the country-specific umbrella of societal discussions and culling alternatives. Recently, a study on nociception measured first signs of responses by the embryo at day 13 of incubation. Still, neither the depiction of nociceptive pathways nor an EEG, which includes signals of general muscle contraction, provide definitive proof of the perception of pain. We urge that more knowledge about the development of pain perception in chick embryos is key to the ethical framework that should underpin policy decisions.
{"title":"Ban of day-old chick culling: Ethical concerns and challenges for policy, industry, and research","authors":"Josefine Stuff , Vivian C. Goerlich , Senta Becker , Sonja Hillemacher , Longfei Cheng , Qin Pu , Stefanie Kuerten , Ruijin Huang , Inga Tiemann","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2026.100668","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2026.100668","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Worldwide, billions of day-old male chicks are culled each year in the egg industry due to the low market value of layer-type males. As a result of public pressure on this ethical issue, some countries banned the practice, leading to changes in animal welfare legislation. In addition to the use of dual-purpose chicken for egg and meat production, technologies for <em>in-ovo</em> sex determination, aiming to cull male embryos during early development and prior to the onset of pain perception, are feasible alternatives. However, the temporal onset of pain perception in chick embryos is still unknown, and its determination is challenging. Here we embed a review of the existing literature of <em>in-ovo</em> pain research under the country-specific umbrella of societal discussions and culling alternatives. Recently, a study on nociception measured first signs of responses by the embryo at day 13 of incubation. Still, neither the depiction of nociceptive pathways nor an EEG, which includes signals of general muscle contraction, provide definitive proof of the perception of pain. We urge that more knowledge about the development of pain perception in chick embryos is key to the ethical framework that should underpin policy decisions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"35 2","pages":"Article 100668"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146073611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-11-11DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2025.100639
A.M. Lyons , S. Dowd , J. Hart , M.E. Persia
Experiments were conducted to determine the bioavailability of fine ground aragonite (FGA) using 0-14 d old broilers and to validate the use of FGA as a single particle size Ca ingredient on performance, eggshell quality, and tibia ash (TA) of laying hens from 28 to 56 wk. In Experiment 1, 450 Ross 708 broilers were fed 0.35, 0.43, 0.51, 0.59, and 0.67 % Ca using the addition of 0, 0.08, 0.16, 0.24 and 0.32 % Ca from either FGA or limestone (LS). Body weight, feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and TA were measured at the end of 14 d. The relative bioavailability of FGA to LS was 179 % using slope ratio analysis of chick TA. In Experiment 2, 180 Hy-Line W-36 laying hens were fed diets containing 50/50 fine and coarse LS or 100 % FGA at 2.46, 3.28, or 4.10 % Ca using a 2 × 3 factorial. Interactions occurred for hen day egg production, egg weight, egg mass and feed efficiency. There were limited differences in performance regardless of Ca source or concentration, but the 4.10 % LS resulted in the lowest performance. An interaction was noted in that all FGA maximized TA in the laying hens, however, reduced LS feeding resulted in linear reductions in TA indicating Ca insufficiency at lower dietary concentrations. The fine/coarse mixture of LS increased shell quality compared to FGA (P ≤ 0.05). These data indicate that FGA may be used as a higher available alternative Ca source in laying hens based on performance and tibia ash, but the combined use of coarse and fine Ca should continue to be used to support eggshell quality.
{"title":"Evaluation of Aragonite as a Calcium source in laying hen diets","authors":"A.M. Lyons , S. Dowd , J. Hart , M.E. Persia","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100639","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100639","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Experiments were conducted to determine the bioavailability of fine ground aragonite (FGA) using 0-14 d old broilers and to validate the use of FGA as a single particle size Ca ingredient on performance, eggshell quality, and tibia ash (TA) of laying hens from 28 to 56 wk. In Experiment 1, 450 Ross 708 broilers were fed 0.35, 0.43, 0.51, 0.59, and 0.67 % Ca using the addition of 0, 0.08, 0.16, 0.24 and 0.32 % Ca from either FGA or limestone (LS). Body weight, feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and TA were measured at the end of 14 d. The relative bioavailability of FGA to LS was 179 % using slope ratio analysis of chick TA. In Experiment 2, 180 Hy-Line W-36 laying hens were fed diets containing 50/50 fine and coarse LS or 100 % FGA at 2.46, 3.28, or 4.10 % Ca using a 2 × 3 factorial. Interactions occurred for hen day egg production, egg weight, egg mass and feed efficiency. There were limited differences in performance regardless of Ca source or concentration, but the 4.10 % LS resulted in the lowest performance. An interaction was noted in that all FGA maximized TA in the laying hens, however, reduced LS feeding resulted in linear reductions in TA indicating Ca insufficiency at lower dietary concentrations. The fine/coarse mixture of LS increased shell quality compared to FGA (<em>P</em> ≤ 0.05). These data indicate that FGA may be used as a higher available alternative Ca source in laying hens based on performance and tibia ash, but the combined use of coarse and fine Ca should continue to be used to support eggshell quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"35 1","pages":"Article 100639"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145555299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2025.100655
L.A. Wythe, Y.Z. Farnell, M.B. Farnell
Footwear is a known route for spreading microorganisms to farms and between poultry houses. While disinfectant foot pans are commonly used, liquid products lose efficacy when organic matter such as feces or litter is present. This study evaluated powdered peracetic acid, sodium percarbonate, quaternary ammonium compound, and bleach disinfectants for their ability to reduce bacteria on contaminated boot molds under heavy organic loads. Each product was evaluated individually by inoculating concrete boot molds in plastic boot covers with layer manure and tested a short versus long contact time. Microbial loads of total aerobes, Staphylococci, and coliforms were enumerated after treatment. Results indicated that all four products reduced microbial loads compared to rinsing only, suggesting successful use even with short contact times. Efficacy of the sodium percarbonate and quaternary ammonium compounds were more time dependent, while the peracetic acid and bleach products were less so. Powdered disinfectants offer a viable alternative to liquid foot pans, but product selection may need to be tailored to meet individual farm needs.
{"title":"Evaluation of powdered disinfectants to reduce bacterial contamination of footwear","authors":"L.A. Wythe, Y.Z. Farnell, M.B. Farnell","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100655","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100655","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Footwear is a known route for spreading microorganisms to farms and between poultry houses. While disinfectant foot pans are commonly used, liquid products lose efficacy when organic matter such as feces or litter is present. This study evaluated powdered peracetic acid, sodium percarbonate, quaternary ammonium compound, and bleach disinfectants for their ability to reduce bacteria on contaminated boot molds under heavy organic loads. Each product was evaluated individually by inoculating concrete boot molds in plastic boot covers with layer manure and tested a short versus long contact time. Microbial loads of total aerobes, <em>Staphylococci</em>, and coliforms were enumerated after treatment. Results indicated that all four products reduced microbial loads compared to rinsing only, suggesting successful use even with short contact times. Efficacy of the sodium percarbonate and quaternary ammonium compounds were more time dependent, while the peracetic acid and bleach products were less so. Powdered disinfectants offer a viable alternative to liquid foot pans, but product selection may need to be tailored to meet individual farm needs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"35 1","pages":"Article 100655"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2025.100643
Jorge Y. Perez-Palencia , Gabriela M. Galli , Alejandra Forero Salamanca , Jinsu Hong , Rob Patterson , Crystal L. Levesque
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary protease supplementation on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in turkey poults fed a diet with high soybean meal (SBM) inclusion. A total of 200 one-day-old male poults were allocated to four floor pens (50 poults/pen) and fed experimental diets for a 7-day conditioning period, with no statistical analysis performed. On d7, 140 turkey poults were selected and allocated to 28 cages (5 poults/cage; 7 replicates/treatment) and assigned to one of 4 dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design with two diet compositions [with and without highly digestible protein (meat and bone meal and enzymatically treated soybean meal)] and two protease dosages (0 and 500 g/ton). Feed and turkeys were weighed on d0, d7, d14, d21, and d25 to determine growth parameters. On days 23 and 24, excreta samples were collected; and on d25, all turkeys were euthanized to collect ileal digesta samples. From d7 to 14, turkey poults fed protease supplemented diets tended to have greater (P < 0.1) body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion compared to no-supplemented poults, independent of dietary composition. No differences in body weight, body weight gain, daily feed intake, or feed conversion ratio were observed on day 25. Protease supplementation had the greatest SID of most indispensable amino acids (except Ile, Leu, and Phe) by an average of 2.21 % (P < 0.05), all dispensable amino acids by an average of 4.47 %, as well as the ATTD of dry matter and crude protein. Overall, greater nutrient digestion with protease supplementation may explain the transient growth improvement observed between d7-14. Protease supplementation provides a potential strategy to reduce starter diet costs (i.e. less complex diets) without negatively impacting growth performance.
{"title":"Dietary multiprotease supplementation on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in turkey poults fed high-soybean meal diet","authors":"Jorge Y. Perez-Palencia , Gabriela M. Galli , Alejandra Forero Salamanca , Jinsu Hong , Rob Patterson , Crystal L. Levesque","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100643","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100643","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary protease supplementation on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (<strong>ATTD</strong>) of nutrients, and standardized ileal digestibility <strong>(SID)</strong> of amino acids <strong>(AA)</strong> in turkey poults fed a diet with high soybean meal <strong>(SBM)</strong> inclusion. A total of 200 one-day-old male poults were allocated to four floor pens (50 poults/pen) and fed experimental diets for a 7-day conditioning period, with no statistical analysis performed. On d7, 140 turkey poults were selected and allocated to 28 cages (5 poults/cage; 7 replicates/treatment) and assigned to one of 4 dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design with two diet compositions [with and without highly digestible protein (meat and bone meal and enzymatically treated soybean meal)] and two protease dosages (0 and 500 g/ton). Feed and turkeys were weighed on d0, d7, d14, d21, and d25 to determine growth parameters. On days 23 and 24, excreta samples were collected; and on d25, all turkeys were euthanized to collect ileal digesta samples. From d7 to 14, turkey poults fed protease supplemented diets tended to have greater (<em>P</em> < 0.1) body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion compared to no-supplemented poults, independent of dietary composition. No differences in body weight, body weight gain, daily feed intake, or feed conversion ratio were observed on day 25. Protease supplementation had the greatest SID of most indispensable amino acids (except Ile, Leu, and Phe) by an average of 2.21 % (<em>P</em> < 0.05), all dispensable amino acids by an average of 4.47 %, as well as the ATTD of dry matter and crude protein. Overall, greater nutrient digestion with protease supplementation may explain the transient growth improvement observed between d7-14. Protease supplementation provides a potential strategy to reduce starter diet costs (i.e. less complex diets) without negatively impacting growth performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"35 1","pages":"Article 100643"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145622536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This experiment evaluated the effect of metabolizable energy (ME) and feed form on broiler performance, feed wastage (FW), and nutrient digestibility from 1 to 21 days-of-age. A total of 648 YPM x Ross 708 male broilers were randomly distributed in 72 cages (9 birds/cage) and assigned to 6 treatments (12 replicates/treatment). Starter diets were formulated to contain 2 ME levels (2,875 [E2875] or 2,979 kcal/kg [E2979]). Both diets were fed as mash or crumbles conditioned to 85 °C or 90 °C. Body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and FCR were determined at 10 and 21 days-of-age. On d 10, 15, and 18, the feed spilled was collected from trays placed under each cage to calculate FW. Ileal digesta (7 birds/cage) was collected for nutrient digestibility analysis on d 21. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS and means separated using Tukey’s test. Broilers fed E2979 diets had higher (P < 0.05) BWG and lower (P < 0.05) FCR from 1 to 21 d compared to broilers fed E2875 diets. Additionally, broilers fed mash diets had lower (P < 0.05) FI and higher (P < 0.05) FCR and FW from 1 to 21 d compared to broilers fed crumbles conditioned to either 85 or 90 °C. Starch digestibility was lower (P < 0.05) in broilers fed crumbles conditioned to 90 °C compared to broilers fed crumbles conditioned to 85 °C and mash. Overall, broiler response was more influenced by variations in dietary ME and feed form than by changes in conditioning temperatures.
{"title":"Effect of feed form, energy level, and conditioning temperature on broiler performance, feed wastage, and nutrient digestibility from 1 to 21 days-of-age","authors":"J.R. Hernandez , J.P. Gulizia , J.I. Vargas , E.G. Guzman , S.J. Rochell , R. Hauck , J.C. Remus , W.J. Pacheco","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100641","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100641","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This experiment evaluated the effect of metabolizable energy (<strong>ME</strong>) and feed form on broiler performance, feed wastage (<strong>FW</strong>), and nutrient digestibility from 1 to 21 days-of-age. A total of 648 YPM x Ross 708 male broilers were randomly distributed in 72 cages (9 birds/cage) and assigned to 6 treatments (12 replicates/treatment). Starter diets were formulated to contain 2 ME levels (2,875 [<strong>E2875</strong>] or 2,979 kcal/kg [<strong>E2979</strong>]). Both diets were fed as mash or crumbles conditioned to 85 °C or 90 °C. Body weight gain (<strong>BWG</strong>), feed intake (<strong>FI</strong>), and FCR were determined at 10 and 21 days-of-age. On d 10, 15, and 18, the feed spilled was collected from trays placed under each cage to calculate FW. Ileal digesta (7 birds/cage) was collected for nutrient digestibility analysis on d 21. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS and means separated using Tukey’s test. Broilers fed E2979 diets had higher (<em>P</em> < 0.05) BWG and lower (<em>P</em> < 0.05) FCR from 1 to 21 d compared to broilers fed E2875 diets. Additionally, broilers fed mash diets had lower (<em>P</em> < 0.05) FI and higher (<em>P</em> < 0.05) FCR and FW from 1 to 21 d compared to broilers fed crumbles conditioned to either 85 or 90 °C. Starch digestibility was lower (<em>P</em> < 0.05) in broilers fed crumbles conditioned to 90 °C compared to broilers fed crumbles conditioned to 85 °C and mash. Overall, broiler response was more influenced by variations in dietary ME and feed form than by changes in conditioning temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"35 1","pages":"Article 100641"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Limestone is one of the primary sources of Ca in poultry diets because it is often readily available and inexpensive. The amount and availability of Ca in limestone can vary due to factors such as the origin of the rock, particle size, and solubility. It is believed that larger particles that solubilize at moderate or slow rates may be advantageous by limiting Ca-phytate interactions and increasing retention time of particles in the gastrointestinal tract, which would lead to better utilization of Ca by the bird. There were 5 limestones evaluated with 2 dietary Ca levels fed per limestone (2.65 and 3.80 %) to Lohmann LS Lite hens from 50 to 66 wk-of-age. The 5 limestones differed in geographical origin within the U. S., particle size, and solubility. Utilization of low Ca diets (2.65 %) resulted in impairments in egg production, egg mass, feed efficiency, egg specific gravity, and eggshell breaking strength. There were few differences among the 5 limestones evaluated, albeit limestone 2, which had the lowest solubility at 30 min (88 %) and lowest Ca content (36.7 %), was generally inferior to the other limestones in both the 2.65 % and 3.8 % Ca diets. The results of this study highlight the importance of the dietary Ca level for supporting optimal egg production and eggshell synthesis. Further, some indication of limestone characteristics that may result in impairments to performance are provided, which will assist nutritionists in selecting which limestone to use in their rations.
石灰石是家禽日粮中钙的主要来源之一，因为它通常容易获得且价格低廉。石灰石中钙的含量和可用性因岩石来源、粒度和溶解度等因素而异。我们认为，以中等或缓慢速率溶解的较大颗粒可能有利于限制Ca-植酸相互作用和增加颗粒在胃肠道中的停留时间，这将导致鸟类更好地利用Ca。50 ~ 66周龄Lohmann LS Lite蛋鸡试验饲喂5块石灰石，每块石灰石饲粮钙水平分别为2.65%和3.80%。这5种石灰石在美国境内的地理来源、粒度和溶解度方面各不相同。低钙饲粮（2.65%）导致产蛋量、产蛋量、饲料效率、鸡蛋比重和蛋壳破壳强度下降。5种石灰石之间的差异不大，但石灰石2在30分钟溶解度最低（88%），钙含量最低（36.7%），在2.65%和3.8%钙饲料中普遍不如其他石灰石。本研究结果强调了饲粮钙水平对支持最佳产蛋量和蛋壳合成的重要性。此外，还提供了一些石灰石特性的指示，这些特性可能会导致性能受损，这将有助于营养学家选择在他们的口粮中使用哪种石灰石。
{"title":"Evaluation of limestones varying in calcium solubility on egg production performance and total tract calcium retention in Lohman LSL Lite laying hens","authors":"R.L. Drysdale , P.L. Utterback , B.W. Parsons , J.E. Emmert , C.M. Parsons","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100658","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100658","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Limestone is one of the primary sources of Ca in poultry diets because it is often readily available and inexpensive. The amount and availability of Ca in limestone can vary due to factors such as the origin of the rock, particle size, and solubility. It is believed that larger particles that solubilize at moderate or slow rates may be advantageous by limiting Ca-phytate interactions and increasing retention time of particles in the gastrointestinal tract, which would lead to better utilization of Ca by the bird. There were 5 limestones evaluated with 2 dietary Ca levels fed per limestone (2.65 and 3.80 %) to Lohmann LS Lite hens from 50 to 66 wk-of-age. The 5 limestones differed in geographical origin within the U. S., particle size, and solubility. Utilization of low Ca diets (2.65 %) resulted in impairments in egg production, egg mass, feed efficiency, egg specific gravity, and eggshell breaking strength. There were few differences among the 5 limestones evaluated, albeit limestone 2, which had the lowest solubility at 30 min (88 %) and lowest Ca content (36.7 %), was generally inferior to the other limestones in both the 2.65 % and 3.8 % Ca diets. The results of this study highlight the importance of the dietary Ca level for supporting optimal egg production and eggshell synthesis. Further, some indication of limestone characteristics that may result in impairments to performance are provided, which will assist nutritionists in selecting which limestone to use in their rations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"35 1","pages":"Article 100658"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145836380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-01Epub Date: 2025-11-06DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2025.100634
Fozol K. Ovi , Ishab Poudel , Theresia Lavergne , Charlie Elrod , Pratima Adhikari
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of two yeast-based prebiotics on mitigating Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infection and modifying the microbiome of layer chickens. At 45 weeks of age, 72 Hy-line W36, SE negative, layers were placed in a tiered battery of 36 cages in a randomized block design. Tiers of cages were considered as the blocking factor, and each cage housed two layers. A four-week adaptation period was allowed before the oral challenge with nalidixic acid resistant SE (10^9 CFU/bird). A common diet was supplied to birds with or without prebiotic supplementation to formulate four treatments: Unchallenged control (NC), challenged control (PC), PC+ hydrolyzed yeast+yeast culture (HY/YC, 100 g/ton), and PC+ yeast cell wall+hydrolyzed yeast (YCW/HY, 100 g/ton). Fecal samples were collected at 0-, 3-, 7- and 14-days post inoculation (dpi) to quantify SE load in feces. Additionally, one bird from each cage was euthanized on 7- and 14-dpi to determine SE load in liver, ovary, spleen and ceca. Cloacal swabs were collected from one layer per replication, from replications one to six, on 14-dpi for 16S rRNA sequencing and analysis of microbiome richness, diversity, and robustness. Data were log transformed and analyzed using PROCGLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 and means were separated by Fisher’s LSD. At 7-dpi layers fed HY/YC or YCW/HY had a 1 log reduction in fecal shedding and cecal colonization of SE compared to PC (feces: 0.939 and 0.761 Vs 1.657; Ceca 1.594 and 1.597 Vs 2.613 logCFU/gm), without compromising overall egg production. Microbiome richness was better for layers fed NC or HY/YCW than for layers fed PC. Microbiome diversity and robustness were better for layers fed NC or HY/YC than for layers fed PC. Thus, yeast-based prebiotics could be effective in mitigating SE infection, as well as improving the microbiome of SE challenged layers.
{"title":"The effect of yeast-derived prebiotics on mitigating colonization and fecal shedding of Salmonella and modifying the microbiome of laying hens in a Salmonella Enteritidis challenge","authors":"Fozol K. Ovi , Ishab Poudel , Theresia Lavergne , Charlie Elrod , Pratima Adhikari","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100634","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100634","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of two yeast-based prebiotics on mitigating <em>Salmonella</em> Enteritidis (SE) infection and modifying the microbiome of layer chickens. At 45 weeks of age, 72 Hy-line W36, SE negative, layers were placed in a tiered battery of 36 cages in a randomized block design. Tiers of cages were considered as the blocking factor, and each cage housed two layers. A four-week adaptation period was allowed before the oral challenge with nalidixic acid resistant SE (10^9 CFU/bird). A common diet was supplied to birds with or without prebiotic supplementation to formulate four treatments: Unchallenged control (NC), challenged control (PC), PC+ hydrolyzed yeast+yeast culture (HY/YC, 100 g/ton), and PC+ yeast cell wall+hydrolyzed yeast (YCW/HY, 100 g/ton). Fecal samples were collected at 0-, 3-, 7- and 14-days post inoculation (dpi) to quantify SE load in feces. Additionally, one bird from each cage was euthanized on 7- and 14-dpi to determine SE load in liver, ovary, spleen and ceca. Cloacal swabs were collected from one layer per replication, from replications one to six, on 14-dpi for 16S rRNA sequencing and analysis of microbiome richness, diversity, and robustness. Data were log transformed and analyzed using PROCGLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4 and means were separated by Fisher’s LSD. At 7-dpi layers fed HY/YC or YCW/HY had a 1 log reduction in fecal shedding and cecal colonization of SE compared to PC (feces: 0.939 and 0.761 Vs 1.657; Ceca 1.594 and 1.597 Vs 2.613 logCFU/gm), without compromising overall egg production. Microbiome richness was better for layers fed NC or HY/YCW than for layers fed PC. Microbiome diversity and robustness were better for layers fed NC or HY/YC than for layers fed PC. Thus, yeast-based prebiotics could be effective in mitigating SE infection, as well as improving the microbiome of SE challenged layers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"35 1","pages":"Article 100634"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145622467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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