This experiment was conducted to determine the AMEn content of fish meal (FM) and poultry by-product meal (PBM) samples from different origins to develop prediction equations based on the chemical composition. A total of 300 one-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to fifteen treatments (fourteen experimental diets and 1 reference diet) with 4 replicates of each treatment and 5 birds per replicate. In order to determine AMEn using a replacement method, the test diets consisted of 60% reference diet (based on corn and soybean meal), 38% FM or PBM samples, and 2% micro-ingredients. The broilers were fed the experimental diets for 4 d (24–27), and feces were collected on d 28. The AMEn values of the FM samples varied from 2,886 to 3,157 kcal/kg, and the range for the PBM was from 2,186 to 4,114 kcal/kg. The regression equation prediction of AMEn was determined by SPSS software. Finally, the equations AMEn = 35.658 × CP + 61.975 × EE (standard error of prediction [SEP]: 98.79; Adjusted R2: 0.89) and AMEn = 84.396 × EE + 21.221 × CP (SEP: 269.83; Adjusted R2: 0.93) were suggested to predict the AMEn for FM and PBM, respectively. These equations can save time and cost for poultry nutritionists to formulate the diets for broilers and serve as a reference to develop calibration equations for the predicted values of AMEn of FM and PBM for broiler chickens using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.
{"title":"Development of prediction equations for apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen of fish meal and poultry by-product meal in broiler chickens","authors":"Asghar Aghaei Eshtejarani , Hossein Moravej , Fatemeh Ghaziani , Hamid reza Rafieian Naeini , Woo Kyun Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100485","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100485","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This experiment was conducted to determine the AME<sub>n</sub> content of fish meal (<strong>FM</strong>) and poultry by-product meal (<strong>PBM</strong>) samples from different origins to develop prediction equations based on the chemical composition. A total of 300 one-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to fifteen treatments (fourteen experimental diets and 1 reference diet) with 4 replicates of each treatment and 5 birds per replicate. In order to determine AME<sub>n</sub> using a replacement method, the test diets consisted of 60% reference diet (based on corn and soybean meal), 38% FM or PBM samples, and 2% micro-ingredients. The broilers were fed the experimental diets for 4 d (24–27), and feces were collected on d 28. The AME<sub>n</sub> values of the FM samples varied from 2,886 to 3,157 kcal/kg, and the range for the PBM was from 2,186 to 4,114 kcal/kg. The regression equation prediction of AME<sub>n</sub> was determined by SPSS software. Finally, the equations AME<sub>n</sub> = 35.658 × CP + 61.975 × EE (standard error of prediction [<strong>SEP</strong>]: 98.79; Adjusted R<sup>2</sup>: 0.89) and AME<sub>n</sub> = 84.396 × EE + 21.221 × CP (SEP: 269.83; Adjusted R<sup>2</sup>: 0.93) were suggested to predict the AME<sub>n</sub> for FM and PBM, respectively. These equations can save time and cost for poultry nutritionists to formulate the diets for broilers and serve as a reference to develop calibration equations for the predicted values of AME<sub>n</sub> of FM and PBM for broiler chickens using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"33 4","pages":"Article 100485"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142661193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2024.100482
N.M. Che-Ajuyo , X. Rao , B. Liu , Z. Deng , W. Liang , L. Dong
Parasitic infections, including avian chronic haemosporidian infection, have been proven to be a major selection force affecting birds on a global scale including closely related bird species. To date, there has been limited information about haemosporidian infections in the red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) as compared to the domestic chicken (G. gallus domesticus). In this study, we collected blood samples of 39 wild red junglefowls and 122 domestic chickens to test for the presence of haemosporidian infections and various parasitic lineages. The PCR product of positive samples was sequenced, and their lineage was identified using the GenBank database. The result showed that all sampled red junglefowls tested positive for haemosporidian infection with 100% of parasite prevalence, while 104 domestic chickens tested positive (85%). Furthermore, parasite lineages were more diverse in red junglefowls compared to domestic chickens. We recommend that further research should be conducted on more populations of wild red junglefowls in comparison to the domestic chickens to ascertain the prevalence of haemosporidian parasites in association with vectors and other risk factors.
{"title":"Comparison of haemosporidian infection between wild red junglefowls and domestic chickens","authors":"N.M. Che-Ajuyo , X. Rao , B. Liu , Z. Deng , W. Liang , L. Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100482","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100482","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Parasitic infections, including avian chronic haemosporidian infection, have been proven to be a major selection force affecting birds on a global scale including closely related bird species. To date, there has been limited information about haemosporidian infections in the red junglefowl (<em>Gallus gallus</em>) as compared to the domestic chicken (<em>G. gallus domesticus</em>). In this study, we collected blood samples of 39 wild red junglefowls and 122 domestic chickens to test for the presence of haemosporidian infections and various parasitic lineages. The PCR product of positive samples was sequenced, and their lineage was identified using the GenBank database. The result showed that all sampled red junglefowls tested positive for haemosporidian infection with 100% of parasite prevalence, while 104 domestic chickens tested positive (85%). Furthermore, parasite lineages were more diverse in red junglefowls compared to domestic chickens. We recommend that further research should be conducted on more populations of wild red junglefowls in comparison to the domestic chickens to ascertain the prevalence of haemosporidian parasites in association with vectors and other risk factors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"33 4","pages":"Article 100482"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142434483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) leucine, isoleucine, and valine are essential AA needed for energy production, protein synthesis, and anabolic signaling functions via the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in turkeys. Imbalanced BCAA ratios can lead to antagonism and degradation of limiting BCAA, particularly in diets with excess leucine. Concentrated corn proteins contain high levels of leucine and can alter BCAA requirements; however, L-Ile and L-Val may be added to correct BCAA ratios. This study evaluated the effects of varying dietary BCAA ratio using corn gluten meal, L-Ile, and L-Val on performance, mTOR activation, and apparent ileal AA digestibility in commercial turkey hens from 0 to 21 d of age. A 38.4% corn and 49.8% soybean meal diet served as the Control. In uncorrected high leucine treatments, feed intake, bird weight, and live weight gain decreased (P < 0.05), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) increased relative to the Control at d 14 (P < 0.05). Performance equivalent to the Control was induced by adding both L-Ile and L-Val at d 14 (P > 0.05), and FCR decreased relative to the Control at d 21 (P < 0.05). Relative mTOR activation numerically increased with high leucine diets compared to the Control (P = 0.13). BCAA digestibility was maximized in high leucine diets with additional L-Ile and L-Val (P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that diets containing excess leucine from concentrated corn proteins can decrease poult hen performance, but concomitant additions of L-Ile and L-Val may restore performance. In production settings, nutritionists should assess the costs associated with BCAA supplementation at practical levels vs. corn and soybean meal-based diets.
{"title":"Influence of varying branched-chain amino acid ratio in diets containing corn gluten meal, L-isoleucine, and L-valine on 0–21 d turkey poult performance, relative mTOR activation, and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility","authors":"E.B. Estanich , K.M. Bowen , L.E. Knarr , E.A. Lynch , S.L. Noll , A.R. Garcia Morales , J.S. Moritz","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100486","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100486","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The branched-chain amino acids (<strong>BCAA</strong>) leucine, isoleucine, and valine are essential AA needed for energy production, protein synthesis, and anabolic signaling functions via the mammalian target of rapamycin (<strong>mTOR</strong>) pathway in turkeys. Imbalanced BCAA ratios can lead to antagonism and degradation of limiting BCAA, particularly in diets with excess leucine. Concentrated corn proteins contain high levels of leucine and can alter BCAA requirements; however, L-Ile and L-Val may be added to correct BCAA ratios. This study evaluated the effects of varying dietary BCAA ratio using corn gluten meal, L-Ile, and L-Val on performance, mTOR activation, and apparent ileal AA digestibility in commercial turkey hens from 0 to 21 d of age. A 38.4% corn and 49.8% soybean meal diet served as the Control. In uncorrected high leucine treatments, feed intake, bird weight, and live weight gain decreased (<em>P</em> < 0.05), and feed conversion ratio (<strong>FCR</strong>) increased relative to the Control at d 14 (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Performance equivalent to the Control was induced by adding both L-Ile and L-Val at d 14 (<em>P</em> > 0.05), and FCR decreased relative to the Control at d 21 (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Relative mTOR activation numerically increased with high leucine diets compared to the Control (<em>P</em> = 0.13). BCAA digestibility was maximized in high leucine diets with additional L-Ile and L-Val (<em>P</em> < 0.05). These results demonstrate that diets containing excess leucine from concentrated corn proteins can decrease poult hen performance, but concomitant additions of L-Ile and L-Val may restore performance. In production settings, nutritionists should assess the costs associated with BCAA supplementation at practical levels vs. corn and soybean meal-based diets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"33 4","pages":"Article 100486"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142421194","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2024.100487
C.M. Poholsky , J.S. Moritz , J.W. Boney
Feed manufacturing strategies affect feed hygiene, pelleting efficiency, pellet quality, and nutrient availability, ultimately impacting turkey performance. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of feed manufacturing strategy on pelleting efficiency, poult performance, and tibia mineralization. A common commercial diet was utilized in Experiment 1. Mash feed was subjected to either a standard (STD) or a hygienic (HYG) manufacturing strategy. The STD manufacturing strategy used 76.7°C steam conditioning for 15 s while the HYG manufacturing strategy used 85°C steam conditioning for 15 s with a 45 s retention time in a hygienizer at 82.2°C. Pelleted feed was crumbled and fed to turkeys in Experiment 2. A total of 1,320 Hybrid Converter hen poults were housed in floor pens from d 1-28. On d 28, 3 poults per pen were randomly selected for tibia excision and ashing. One-way ANOVA tests were performed for both experiments using the GLM procedure of SAS. In Experiment 1, HYG manufacturing reduced pellet mill motor load (P < 0.001) and increased hot pellet temperature by 6.1°C (P = 0.004). Pellet durability improved with HYG manufacturing (P < 0.05). Manufacturing strategy did not impact phytase activity recovery (P = 0.989). In Experiment 2, poult performance was not influenced by manufacturing strategy (P > 0.05). Furthermore, manufacturing strategy did not impact tibia mineralization (P = 0.150). In conclusion, the HYG manufacturing strategy improved milling efficiency and pellet durability, without jeopardizing phytase activity. Ultimately, turkey poult performance and tibia mineralization were maintained through 28 d of age when consuming feed manufactured with our defined HYG manufacturing conditions.
{"title":"Hygienic feed manufacturing strategies improve pelleting efficiency while maintaining early turkey poult performance and tibia mineralization","authors":"C.M. Poholsky , J.S. Moritz , J.W. Boney","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100487","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100487","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Feed manufacturing strategies affect feed hygiene, pelleting efficiency, pellet quality, and nutrient availability, ultimately impacting turkey performance. Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of feed manufacturing strategy on pelleting efficiency, poult performance, and tibia mineralization. A common commercial diet was utilized in Experiment 1. Mash feed was subjected to either a standard (<strong>STD</strong>) or a hygienic (<strong>HYG</strong>) manufacturing strategy. The STD manufacturing strategy used 76.7°C steam conditioning for 15 s while the HYG manufacturing strategy used 85°C steam conditioning for 15 s with a 45 s retention time in a hygienizer at 82.2°C. Pelleted feed was crumbled and fed to turkeys in Experiment 2. A total of 1,320 Hybrid Converter hen poults were housed in floor pens from d 1-28. On d 28, 3 poults per pen were randomly selected for tibia excision and ashing. One-way ANOVA tests were performed for both experiments using the GLM procedure of SAS. In Experiment 1, HYG manufacturing reduced pellet mill motor load (<em>P</em> < 0.001) and increased hot pellet temperature by 6.1°C (<em>P</em> = 0.004). Pellet durability improved with HYG manufacturing (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Manufacturing strategy did not impact phytase activity recovery (<em>P</em> = 0.989). In Experiment 2, poult performance was not influenced by manufacturing strategy (<em>P</em> > 0.05). Furthermore, manufacturing strategy did not impact tibia mineralization (<em>P</em> = 0.150). In conclusion, the HYG manufacturing strategy improved milling efficiency and pellet durability, without jeopardizing phytase activity. Ultimately, turkey poult performance and tibia mineralization were maintained through 28 d of age when consuming feed manufactured with our defined HYG manufacturing conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"33 4","pages":"Article 100487"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142421191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2024.100488
L.E. Russell , J.M. Campbell , J. Polo , C.M. Parsons
This experiment was designed to determine the effect of spray dried animal plasma (SDAP) on digestibility of a corn-soybean meal diet in Ross 308 male broiler chicks. Two corn-soybean meal diets were formulated, a Control diet and one with 2% SDAP. Treatment (Trt) 1 and 2 were fed the Control and SDAP diet for 10 d while Trt 3 and 4 were fed the Control and SDAP diet for 21 d. Growth performance and nutrient digestibility was determined at 10 d and 21 d. By d 21, dietary treatment did not affect (P > 0.10) growth performance (BW, FI, G/F). At both 10 d and 21 d, SDAP improved (P < 0.05) digestibility of AMEn, DM and organic matter (OM). Digestibility of EE was reduced (P < 0.05) on d10 but not (P > 0.10) on d21. The addition of SDAP improved (P < 0.05) Cys digestibility on d 10 while on d 21 the addition of SDAP improved digestibility of Pro, Ala, Cys, Leu, Thr, Trp, Tyr, Val (P < 0.05) and Ser (P < 0.10). Previously published amino acid digestibility coefficients (determined in 21 d chicks) for individual ingredients (corn, soybean meal and SDAP) were used to calculate expected AA digestibility of the experimental diets and then compared to 21 d digestibility coefficients measured in the current experiment. Cystine digestibility (21 d) in the SDAP fed chicks was greater (P < 0.10) than that expected based on digestibility coefficients of individual ingredients. These data demonstrate that SDAP is a highly digestible ingredient in broiler chick diets, and it may improve digestibility of a corn-soybean meal diet fed to broiler chicks.
{"title":"Spray dried plasma protein improves digestibility in chick starter diets","authors":"L.E. Russell , J.M. Campbell , J. Polo , C.M. Parsons","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100488","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100488","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This experiment was designed to determine the effect of spray dried animal plasma (<strong>SDAP</strong>) on digestibility of a corn-soybean meal diet in Ross 308 male broiler chicks. Two corn-soybean meal diets were formulated, a Control diet and one with 2% SDAP. Treatment (Trt) 1 and 2 were fed the Control and SDAP diet for 10 d while Trt 3 and 4 were fed the Control and SDAP diet for 21 d. Growth performance and nutrient digestibility was determined at 10 d and 21 d. By d 21, dietary treatment did not affect (<em>P</em> > 0.10) growth performance (BW, FI, G/F). At both 10 d and 21 d, SDAP improved (<em>P</em> < 0.05) digestibility of AMEn, DM and organic matter (<strong>OM</strong>). Digestibility of EE was reduced (<em>P</em> < 0.05) on d10 but not (<em>P</em> > 0.10) on d21. The addition of SDAP improved (<em>P</em> < 0.05) Cys digestibility on d 10 while on d 21 the addition of SDAP improved digestibility of Pro, Ala, Cys, Leu, Thr, Trp, Tyr, Val (<em>P</em> < 0.05) and Ser (<em>P</em> < 0.10). Previously published amino acid digestibility coefficients (determined in 21 d chicks) for individual ingredients (corn, soybean meal and SDAP) were used to calculate expected AA digestibility of the experimental diets and then compared to 21 d digestibility coefficients measured in the current experiment. Cystine digestibility (21 d) in the SDAP fed chicks was greater (<em>P</em> < 0.10) than that expected based on digestibility coefficients of individual ingredients. These data demonstrate that SDAP is a highly digestible ingredient in broiler chick diets, and it may improve digestibility of a corn-soybean meal diet fed to broiler chicks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"33 4","pages":"Article 100488"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142446425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-17DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2024.100484
R K Agbehadzi , B Adjei-Mensah , P Sasu , A Bilalissi , C C Kpomasse , O N'nanle , J A Hamidu , K Tona
This study examines how the combination of layer breeder age and oxygen concentration in the incubator impacts Chorioallantoic (CAM) vascularization, embryo and chick organs, blood profiles, and organ histology at hatch. Nine hundred (900) eggs from 33 to 50 wk ISA breeders were incubated at different O2 levels (15%, 17%, and 21%). Results showed significant interactions between breeder age and oxygen levels, affecting liver and heart weights, blood indices, and CAM vascularity. Hypoxic conditions led to adaptive changes in embryonic organs, with notable differences between breeder age groups, suggesting that mild hypoxia can influence compensatory growth, depending on exposure stages.
本研究探讨了蛋鸡种鸡年龄和孵化器中氧气浓度的组合如何影响孵化时的绒毛膜（CAM）血管化、胚胎和雏鸡器官、血液概况和器官组织学。在不同的氧气水平（15%、17% 和 21%）下孵化了九百（900）枚来自 33 到 50 周 ISA 种鸡的蛋。结果表明，种鸡年龄与氧气水平之间存在明显的交互作用，会影响肝脏和心脏重量、血液指数和CAM血管。缺氧条件导致胚胎器官发生适应性变化，不同种鸡年龄组之间存在明显差异，这表明轻度缺氧可影响代偿性生长，具体取决于暴露阶段。
{"title":"Effect of breeder age and early hypoxic stimulation of the chorioallantoic membrane on vascularization, internal organ development, blood profile and chick organ histology","authors":"R K Agbehadzi , B Adjei-Mensah , P Sasu , A Bilalissi , C C Kpomasse , O N'nanle , J A Hamidu , K Tona","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100484","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100484","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines how the combination of layer breeder age and oxygen concentration in the incubator impacts Chorioallantoic <strong>(CAM)</strong> vascularization, embryo and chick organs, blood profiles, and organ histology at hatch. Nine hundred (900) eggs from 33 to 50 wk ISA breeders were incubated at different O<sub>2</sub> levels (15%, 17%, and 21%). Results showed significant interactions between breeder age and oxygen levels, affecting liver and heart weights, blood indices, and CAM vascularity. Hypoxic conditions led to adaptive changes in embryonic organs, with notable differences between breeder age groups, suggesting that mild hypoxia can influence compensatory growth, depending on exposure stages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"33 4","pages":"Article 100484"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142441664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-14DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2024.100483
Ahmed Ali Saleh , Rashed A. Alhotan , Mohammed A.A. Al-Badwi , Elsayed Osman Hussein , Livio Galosi , Giuseppe Crescenzo , Mahmoud Alagawany , Walied Abdo , Sara Mahmoud Omar , Claudia Zizzadoro
Dietary supplementation with aluminosilicates is a field-practical and cost-effective strategy to reduce the toxicity of feedborne aflatoxins in poultry. Importantly, not all types of aluminosilicates have the same decontaminating efficiency; thus, a full characterization of the protective properties of each single material would assist in selecting the most appropriate binder. Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) has been proven protective against many of the deleterious effects produced by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in broiler chickens. However, to date, there is no information specifically concerning its ability to counteract AFB1-induced impairment of nutrient digestibility in these animals. Therefore, expanding on previous research, we sought to fill this gap by incorporating new analyses on nutrient digestibility in a typical panel of aflatoxicosis-relevant endpoints. The aflatoxicated chickens that did not receive HSCAS showed many of the commonly reported signs of aflatoxicosis, including growth depression, liver injury, impaired immune function. Interestingly, some less common aflatoxicosis manifestations were also observed, such as increased serum glucose and cholesterol levels, and increased relative weight of abdominal fat. An unexpectedly low sensitivity to the challenge with AFB1 was recorded for the digestibility-related parameters. In AFB1-exposed chickens that received HSCAS, most of the abovementioned signs of aflatoxicosis were not observed, and the few still-occurring ones were substantially mitigated. Interestingly, some of the production- and health-related variables investigated showed significant improvement even when compared with control chickens. Overall, this study brings new knowledge regarding the potential manifestations of aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens and spectrum of HSCAS' beneficial effects, thereby contributing to better identification and control of an aflatoxin problem in poultry farms.
{"title":"Evaluation of the efficacy of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate at mitigating the negative impact of aflatoxicosis on nutrient digestibility and other production- and health-related indices in broiler chickens","authors":"Ahmed Ali Saleh , Rashed A. Alhotan , Mohammed A.A. Al-Badwi , Elsayed Osman Hussein , Livio Galosi , Giuseppe Crescenzo , Mahmoud Alagawany , Walied Abdo , Sara Mahmoud Omar , Claudia Zizzadoro","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100483","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100483","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dietary supplementation with aluminosilicates is a field-practical and cost-effective strategy to reduce the toxicity of feedborne aflatoxins in poultry. Importantly, not all types of aluminosilicates have the same decontaminating efficiency; thus, a full characterization of the protective properties of each single material would assist in selecting the most appropriate binder. Hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (<strong>HSCAS</strong>) has been proven protective against many of the deleterious effects produced by aflatoxin B<sub>1</sub> (<strong>AFB<sub>1</sub></strong>) in broiler chickens. However, to date, there is no information specifically concerning its ability to counteract AFB<sub>1</sub>-induced impairment of nutrient digestibility in these animals. Therefore, expanding on previous research, we sought to fill this gap by incorporating new analyses on nutrient digestibility in a typical panel of aflatoxicosis-relevant endpoints. The aflatoxicated chickens that did not receive HSCAS showed many of the commonly reported signs of aflatoxicosis, including growth depression, liver injury, impaired immune function. Interestingly, some less common aflatoxicosis manifestations were also observed, such as increased serum glucose and cholesterol levels, and increased relative weight of abdominal fat. An unexpectedly low sensitivity to the challenge with AFB<sub>1</sub> was recorded for the digestibility-related parameters. In AFB<sub>1</sub>-exposed chickens that received HSCAS, most of the abovementioned signs of aflatoxicosis were not observed, and the few still-occurring ones were substantially mitigated. Interestingly, some of the production- and health-related variables investigated showed significant improvement even when compared with control chickens. Overall, this study brings new knowledge regarding the potential manifestations of aflatoxicosis in broiler chickens and spectrum of HSCAS' beneficial effects, thereby contributing to better identification and control of an aflatoxin problem in poultry farms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"33 4","pages":"Article 100483"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142421231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is a demand for novel pathogen mitigation strategies in antibiotic-free poultry production, which has triggered the development of various probiotic application methods. One application method is the in ovo (in egg) administration of probiotics on incubation day (d) 18, where the unhatched chick consumes a probiotic before hatch and prior to being exposed to environmental pathogens. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of in ovo L. animalis, B. licheniformis, or L. animalis + B. licheniformis (106 cfu/50 μL each) administration on hatch performance (N = 21 egg flats/treatment, 30 eggs/flat), live performance (N = 12 pens/treatment), and d of hatch immuno-physiological parameters (N = 12 birds/treatment) among Ross 708 broiler chicks. Data were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA with significance established at P ≤ 0.05. All in ovo probiotic treatments had greater % hatch than the control treatment, and eggs in ovo-administered with B. licheniformis had lower % late dead and % culled-pipped eggs. However, all in ovo probiotic treatments had lower average chick weights compared to those of the HVT vaccine control group. At hatch, chicks administered with B. licheniformis or L. animalis + B. licheniformis had greater relative ceca weight and lower peripheral blood leukocyte levels compared to those belonging to the control group. There were no effects on live performance during the first 2 wk post-hatch. These results show that B. licheniformis and L. animalis are effective candidates for in ovo probiotic administration, but further investigations regarding immuno-physiological responses to in ovo B. licheniformis administration are necessary.
在无抗生素家禽生产中，人们需要新的病原体缓解策略，这引发了各种益生菌应用方法的开发。其中一种应用方法是在孵化第 18 天（d）在蛋内添加益生菌，即未孵化的雏鸡在孵化前和暴露于环境病原体前摄入益生菌。因此，本研究的目的是评估蛋内添加动物乳杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌或动物乳杆菌+地衣芽孢杆菌（各106 cfu/50 μL）对 Ross 708 肉用仔鸡孵化性能（N = 21 个蛋单位/处理，30 个蛋/蛋单位）、活体性能（N = 12 个鸡栏/处理）和孵化 d 免疫生理参数（N = 12 只/处理）的影响。数据采用单因素方差分析，显著性以 P ≤ 0.05 为准。所有卵内益生菌处理的孵化率均高于对照处理，卵内添加地衣芽孢杆菌的鸡蛋的晚期死蛋率和剔除蛋率均较低。然而，与HVT疫苗对照组相比，所有卵内益生菌处理的雏鸡平均体重都较低。孵化时，与对照组相比，使用地衣芽孢杆菌或动物乳杆菌+地衣芽孢杆菌的雏鸡盲肠相对重量更大，外周血白细胞水平更低。地衣芽孢杆菌对孵化后头两周的成活率没有影响。这些结果表明，地衣芽孢杆菌和动物乳杆菌是在卵中添加益生菌的有效候选物，但有必要进一步研究在卵中添加地衣芽孢杆菌后的免疫生理反应。
{"title":"In ovo administration of L. animalis, B. licheniformis, or their combination influences Ross 708 broiler chick hatch performance and immuno-physiological parameters","authors":"C.N. Beck , K.G.S. Wamsley , C.D. McDaniel , A.S. Kiess","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100481","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100481","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There is a demand for novel pathogen mitigation strategies in antibiotic-free poultry production, which has triggered the development of various probiotic application methods. One application method is the <em>in ovo</em> (in egg) administration of probiotics on incubation day (<strong>d</strong>) 18, where the unhatched chick consumes a probiotic before hatch and prior to being exposed to environmental pathogens. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of <em>in ovo L. animalis, B. licheniformis</em>, or <em>L. animalis + B. licheniformis</em> (10<sup>6</sup> cfu/50 μL each) administration on hatch performance (N = 21 egg flats/treatment, 30 eggs/flat), live performance (N = 12 pens/treatment), and d of hatch immuno-physiological parameters (N = 12 birds/treatment) among Ross 708 broiler chicks. Data were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA with significance established at <em>P</em> ≤ 0.05. All <em>in ovo</em> probiotic treatments had greater % hatch than the control treatment, and eggs in ovo-administered with <em>B. licheniformis</em> had lower % late dead and % culled-pipped eggs. However, all <em>in ovo</em> probiotic treatments had lower average chick weights compared to those of the HVT vaccine control group. At hatch, chicks administered with <em>B. licheniformis</em> or <em>L. animalis + B. licheniformis</em> had greater relative ceca weight and lower peripheral blood leukocyte levels compared to those belonging to the control group. There were no effects on live performance during the first 2 wk post-hatch. These results show that <em>B. licheniformis</em> and <em>L. animalis</em> are effective candidates for <em>in ovo</em> probiotic administration, but further investigations regarding immuno-physiological responses to <em>in ovo B. licheniformis</em> administration are necessary.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"33 4","pages":"Article 100481"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142421282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2024.100480
Fayiz M. Reda , Mahmoud Alagawany , Hemat K. Mahmoud , Mohammad Y. Alshahrani , Muath Suliman , Mashail A. Alghamdi , Tamer Ahmed Ismail , Mohamed T. El-Saadony , Nahed A. El-Shall
This study evaluated the effects of pumpkin oil (PKO), a novel feed additive, on growth, carcass, digestive enzymes, blood metabolites, and cecal bacterial load in broiler chickens. 250 one-wk-old chicks were randomly assigned into 5 equal groups. Group 1(control) was fed the basal diet (BD). Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 were fed the basal diet (BD) with 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, and 2.00 ml of PKO/kg diet, respectively. According to GC-MS analysis, pumpkin oil contains Anthracene, Pyrene, Anethole, Estragole, Oleic Acid, Eugenol, 1-Dodecanamine, N, N-dimethyl- and Hexadecanoic acid, etc. The broilers fed the PKO-supplemented diet had better growth and feed conversion ratio (FCR) than those fed the control diet, with no effect on feed intake (P > 0.05). The highest body weight gain (P < 0.05) was obtained with 1 and 2 ml of PKO/kg diet compared to 0.5 and 1.5 ml/kg. The best FCR (P < 0.05) was achieved with 1 ml of PKO/kg diet compared to other treatments. Ileal lipase, amylase, and protease levels were increased significantly while the reverse was observed for plasma aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, urea, and uric acid (P < 0.05) by PKO-supplemented diets. PKO supplementation did not, however, alter the percentage of giblets, internal organs, dressing, or carcass (P > 0.05). When compared to control birds, broilers' plasma level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) was higher and those of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were lower at every tested level of PKO (P < 0.05). Similarly, all PKO levels increased Lactobacilli and decreased the caecal counts of Salmonella, coliforms, and E. coli (P < 0.05). Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly (P < 0.05) increased while the malondialdehyde (MDA) was decreased in broilers fed PKO-supplemented diet vs control birds. PKO enhanced immune response parameters including total protein, globulin, IgA, IgG, and C3 (P < 0.05) dose dependently. It was concluded that adding PKO in the broilers’ diet positively affected growth performance, induced hypolipidemic effect, enhanced immunity, and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.
{"title":"Application of pumpkin oil as a new feed additive in Cobb Avian 48 broilers: its effect on performance, carcasses, digestive enzyme, blood metabolites and cecal bacterial load","authors":"Fayiz M. Reda , Mahmoud Alagawany , Hemat K. Mahmoud , Mohammad Y. Alshahrani , Muath Suliman , Mashail A. Alghamdi , Tamer Ahmed Ismail , Mohamed T. El-Saadony , Nahed A. El-Shall","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100480","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100480","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the effects of pumpkin oil (<strong>PKO</strong>), a novel feed additive, on growth, carcass, digestive enzymes, blood metabolites, and cecal bacterial load in broiler chickens. 250 one-wk-old chicks were randomly assigned into 5 equal groups. Group 1(control) was fed the basal diet (<strong>BD)</strong>. Groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 were fed the basal diet (<strong>BD</strong>) with 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, and 2.00 ml of PKO/kg diet, respectively. According to GC-MS analysis, pumpkin oil contains Anthracene, Pyrene, Anethole, Estragole, Oleic Acid, Eugenol, 1-Dodecanamine, N, N-dimethyl- and Hexadecanoic acid, etc. The broilers fed the PKO-supplemented diet had better growth and feed conversion ratio (<strong>FCR)</strong> than those fed the control diet, with no effect on feed intake (<em>P</em> > 0.05). The highest body weight gain (<em>P</em> < 0.05) was obtained with 1 and 2 ml of PKO/kg diet compared to 0.5 and 1.5 ml/kg. The best FCR (<em>P</em> < 0.05) was achieved with 1 ml of PKO/kg diet compared to other treatments. Ileal lipase, amylase, and protease levels were increased significantly while the reverse was observed for plasma aspartate aminotransferase (<strong>AST</strong>), alanine aminotransferase (<strong>ALT</strong>), creatinine, urea, and uric acid (<em>P</em> < 0.05) by PKO-supplemented diets. PKO supplementation did not, however, alter the percentage of giblets, internal organs, dressing, or carcass (<em>P</em> > 0.05). When compared to control birds, broilers' plasma level of high-density lipoprotein (<strong>HDL</strong>) was higher and those of triglycerides (<strong>TG</strong>), total cholesterol (<strong>TC</strong>), very low-density lipoprotein (<strong>VLDL</strong>), and low-density lipoprotein (<strong>LDL</strong>) were lower at every tested level of PKO (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Similarly, all PKO levels increased Lactobacilli and decreased the caecal counts of Salmonella, coliforms, and <em>E. coli</em> (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Total antioxidant capacity (<strong>TAC</strong>) and superoxide dismutase (<strong>SOD</strong>) were significantly (<em>P</em> < 0.05) increased while the malondialdehyde (<strong>MDA</strong>) was decreased in broilers fed PKO-supplemented diet vs control birds. PKO enhanced immune response parameters including total protein, globulin, <strong>IgA, IgG</strong>, and <strong>C3</strong> (<em>P</em> < 0.05) dose dependently. It was concluded that adding PKO in the broilers’ diet positively affected growth performance, induced hypolipidemic effect, enhanced immunity, and antimicrobial and antioxidant activities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"33 4","pages":"Article 100480"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142421192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-07DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2024.100474
Ariane Stratmann , Nadine Ringgenberg
Perches are an important resource for laying hens and differ in characteristics like shape, material and diameter. In this study, different perches were tested in regard to animal welfare, focusing specifically on the behavior and health of laying hens during rearing and lay. Five perches, i.e., square-fiber, mushroom-metal, mushroom-plastic, round-plastic and round-metal perches, were installed in 15 experimental pens with 1 perch type per pen. Each pen was populated with 20 hens (10 Lohmann Selected Leghorn and 10 Lohmann Brown hens) and kept in the same pen from d 1 until 40 wk of age. Different behaviors and health parameters (i.e., keel, footpad and plumage condition) were assessed at various ages by scan sampling and continuous observations of video recordings and live assessments, respectively. Perch use was affected by age, hybrid and perch type: it increased with age, white birds used perches more than brown birds, the round-metal perch was used the least and the mushroom-metal perch the most. In more than 50% of observed walking bouts on perches, balance movements occurred. These were observed more during the dusk phase and on the mushroom-shaped perches while birds with the round-metal perch had the least balance problems but also the least number of walking bouts. All health parameters were of minor severity. They were however influenced by perch type and age, where all of them increased with age and in birds with mushroom-metal perches. Hen behavior and health were affected by perch type, highlighting its significance for laying hen welfare.
{"title":"Perch shape and material affect perch use and health parameters of laying hens during the rearing and laying phase","authors":"Ariane Stratmann , Nadine Ringgenberg","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100474","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2024.100474","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Perches are an important resource for laying hens and differ in characteristics like shape, material and diameter. In this study, different perches were tested in regard to animal welfare, focusing specifically on the behavior and health of laying hens during rearing and lay. Five perches, i.e., square-fiber, mushroom-metal, mushroom-plastic, round-plastic and round-metal perches, were installed in 15 experimental pens with 1 perch type per pen. Each pen was populated with 20 hens (10 Lohmann Selected Leghorn and 10 Lohmann Brown hens) and kept in the same pen from d 1 until 40 wk of age. Different behaviors and health parameters (i.e., keel, footpad and plumage condition) were assessed at various ages by scan sampling and continuous observations of video recordings and live assessments, respectively. Perch use was affected by age, hybrid and perch type: it increased with age, white birds used perches more than brown birds, the round-metal perch was used the least and the mushroom-metal perch the most. In more than 50% of observed walking bouts on perches, balance movements occurred. These were observed more during the dusk phase and on the mushroom-shaped perches while birds with the round-metal perch had the least balance problems but also the least number of walking bouts. All health parameters were of minor severity. They were however influenced by perch type and age, where all of them increased with age and in birds with mushroom-metal perches. Hen behavior and health were affected by perch type, highlighting its significance for laying hen welfare.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"33 4","pages":"Article 100474"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2024-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142421189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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