Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2025.100655
L.A. Wythe, Y.Z. Farnell, M.B. Farnell
Footwear is a known route for spreading microorganisms to farms and between poultry houses. While disinfectant foot pans are commonly used, liquid products lose efficacy when organic matter such as feces or litter is present. This study evaluated powdered peracetic acid, sodium percarbonate, quaternary ammonium compound, and bleach disinfectants for their ability to reduce bacteria on contaminated boot molds under heavy organic loads. Each product was evaluated individually by inoculating concrete boot molds in plastic boot covers with layer manure and tested a short versus long contact time. Microbial loads of total aerobes, Staphylococci, and coliforms were enumerated after treatment. Results indicated that all four products reduced microbial loads compared to rinsing only, suggesting successful use even with short contact times. Efficacy of the sodium percarbonate and quaternary ammonium compounds were more time dependent, while the peracetic acid and bleach products were less so. Powdered disinfectants offer a viable alternative to liquid foot pans, but product selection may need to be tailored to meet individual farm needs.
{"title":"Evaluation of powdered disinfectants to reduce bacterial contamination of footwear","authors":"L.A. Wythe, Y.Z. Farnell, M.B. Farnell","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100655","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100655","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Footwear is a known route for spreading microorganisms to farms and between poultry houses. While disinfectant foot pans are commonly used, liquid products lose efficacy when organic matter such as feces or litter is present. This study evaluated powdered peracetic acid, sodium percarbonate, quaternary ammonium compound, and bleach disinfectants for their ability to reduce bacteria on contaminated boot molds under heavy organic loads. Each product was evaluated individually by inoculating concrete boot molds in plastic boot covers with layer manure and tested a short versus long contact time. Microbial loads of total aerobes, <em>Staphylococci</em>, and coliforms were enumerated after treatment. Results indicated that all four products reduced microbial loads compared to rinsing only, suggesting successful use even with short contact times. Efficacy of the sodium percarbonate and quaternary ammonium compounds were more time dependent, while the peracetic acid and bleach products were less so. Powdered disinfectants offer a viable alternative to liquid foot pans, but product selection may need to be tailored to meet individual farm needs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"35 1","pages":"Article 100655"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145797197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2025.100653
Deependra Paneru, Fatemeh Sadat Mahdavi, Venkata Prathap Reddy Keshavareddy, Sai Kumar Reddy Ragyari, Woo Kyun Kim
The laying hen biology for egg production reshapes how hens allocate nutrients, often at the expense of their bone integrity. To form an eggshell each day, hens mobilize large amounts of calcium from their bones as well as a portion form the feed, using medullary bones as a temporary reservoir. Although this system sustains continuous egg production, the repeated cycles of resorption and incomplete replenishment of medullary bone progressively weakens structural bones, leaving them thinner, more porous, and prone to fracture. In the current study, restricted ovulator (RO) hens, a non-laying genetic variant of White Leghorns, were used. By comparing non-laying RO hens with their egg-laying wild-type (WT) siblings across major laying phases, we quantified the direct effects of egg production on bone integrity and whole-body composition. Non-laying hens maintained denser cortices, thicker trabeculae, and greater whole-body mineral reserves, while also storing more body fat. However, laying hens diverted resources to egg formation, resulting in limited cortical bone development, loss of trabecular connectivity, and continuous turnover of medullary bone without net gain. Structural bones were affected to varying degrees due to egg production, with the femur being the most vulnerable and keel the least. The effects of egg production extended beyond bone, reshaping whole-body composition toward leaner tissue profiles. In summary, our results emphasize that egg production is the primary driver of structural bone loss and altered body composition in laying hens. Future research should focus on developing better nutritional, genetic, and management strategies to prevent bone fragility and welfare issues in commercial layer production.
{"title":"Comparative analysis of body composition and bone microarchitecture in wild-type and restricted ovulator hens","authors":"Deependra Paneru, Fatemeh Sadat Mahdavi, Venkata Prathap Reddy Keshavareddy, Sai Kumar Reddy Ragyari, Woo Kyun Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100653","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100653","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The laying hen biology for egg production reshapes how hens allocate nutrients, often at the expense of their bone integrity. To form an eggshell each day, hens mobilize large amounts of calcium from their bones as well as a portion form the feed, using medullary bones as a temporary reservoir. Although this system sustains continuous egg production, the repeated cycles of resorption and incomplete replenishment of medullary bone progressively weakens structural bones, leaving them thinner, more porous, and prone to fracture. In the current study, restricted ovulator (<strong>RO</strong>) hens, a non-laying genetic variant of White Leghorns, were used. By comparing non-laying RO hens with their egg-laying wild-type (<strong>WT</strong>) siblings across major laying phases, we quantified the direct effects of egg production on bone integrity and whole-body composition. Non-laying hens maintained denser cortices, thicker trabeculae, and greater whole-body mineral reserves, while also storing more body fat. However, laying hens diverted resources to egg formation, resulting in limited cortical bone development, loss of trabecular connectivity, and continuous turnover of medullary bone without net gain. Structural bones were affected to varying degrees due to egg production, with the femur being the most vulnerable and keel the least. The effects of egg production extended beyond bone, reshaping whole-body composition toward leaner tissue profiles. In summary, our results emphasize that egg production is the primary driver of structural bone loss and altered body composition in laying hens. Future research should focus on developing better nutritional, genetic, and management strategies to prevent bone fragility and welfare issues in commercial layer production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"35 1","pages":"Article 100653"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145747727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-28DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2025.100645
Mark C. Jenkins, Carolyn C. Parker, Christina Yeager
Outbreaks of avian coccidiosis arise after newly-placed chicks ingest high numbers of Eimeria oocysts present in litter. Preventing coccidiosis depends on reducing the number of Eimeria oocysts ingested to a level that either induces or boosts immunity without causing enteric disease. The purpose of this study was to determine if feces in auxiliary feed trays (AFT) contained Eimeria oocysts and, if so, were these oocysts capable of causing a patent infection. Sampling of feces present in AFT or litter was conducted in a total of 16 houses from 11 different commercial broiler farms during a coccidiosis vaccine program. Without exception, appreciable numbers (∼ 103 oocysts/gram) of E. maxima and non-E. maxima (E. acervulina, E. mitis, E. praecox, E. tenella) oocysts were found in AFT. Nearly all litter samples (14/16) were positive for E. maxima oocysts, while all litter samples (16/16) were positive for non-E. maxima oocysts. As indicated by ITS1 PCR, E. acervulina, E. mitis, E. praecox, and E. tenella oocysts were generally present in all AFT and litter. Experimental infection of susceptible chickens with Eimeria oocysts recovered from AFT revealed that E. acervulina and E. mitis, but not E. maxima, E. praecox, nor E. tenella oocysts were viable and infectious. This finding is consistent with a shorter patent period and thus more rapid progression to full sporulation of E. acervulina and E. mitis. These results indicate that fecal material in AFT represents a potential source of Eimeria infection in young chicks, and removing the trays within 7 days post-placement may reduce coccidiosis outbreaks.
{"title":"Eimeria oocysts in auxiliary feed trays represent a potential source of infection to young broiler chicks","authors":"Mark C. Jenkins, Carolyn C. Parker, Christina Yeager","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100645","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100645","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Outbreaks of avian coccidiosis arise after newly-placed chicks ingest high numbers of <em>Eimeria</em> oocysts present in litter. Preventing coccidiosis depends on reducing the number of <em>Eimeria</em> oocysts ingested to a level that either induces or boosts immunity without causing enteric disease. The purpose of this study was to determine if feces in auxiliary feed trays (AFT) contained <em>Eimeria</em> oocysts and, if so, were these oocysts capable of causing a patent infection. Sampling of feces present in AFT or litter was conducted in a total of 16 houses from 11 different commercial broiler farms during a coccidiosis vaccine program. Without exception, appreciable numbers (∼ 10<sup>3</sup> oocysts/gram) of <em>E. maxima</em> and non-<em>E. maxima</em> (<em>E. acervulina, E. mitis, E. praecox, E. tenella</em>) oocysts were found in AFT. Nearly all litter samples (14/16) were positive for <em>E. maxima</em> oocysts, while all litter samples (16/16) were positive for non-<em>E. maxima</em> oocysts. As indicated by ITS1 PCR, <em>E. acervulina, E. mitis, E. praecox</em>, and <em>E. tenella</em> oocysts were generally present in all AFT and litter. Experimental infection of susceptible chickens with <em>Eimeria</em> oocysts recovered from AFT revealed that <em>E. acervulina</em> and <em>E. mitis</em>, but not <em>E. maxima, E. praecox</em>, nor <em>E. tenella</em> oocysts were viable and infectious. This finding is consistent with a shorter patent period and thus more rapid progression to full sporulation of <em>E. acervulina</em> and <em>E. mitis</em>. These results indicate that fecal material in AFT represents a potential source of <em>Eimeria</em> infection in young chicks, and removing the trays within 7 days post-placement may reduce coccidiosis outbreaks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"35 1","pages":"Article 100645"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145747728","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-26DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2025.100646
Dhananjai Muringattu Prabhakaran , Mohammad Bilal Islam , Amritha Ajayan , Shijinaraj Manjankattil , Claire Peichel , Grace Dewi , Timothy J. Johnson , Sally Noll , Anup Kollanoor Johny
Salmonella Infantis is a major serotype of foodborne Salmonella that is emerging in poultry production. Finding novel antibacterial candidates to reduce S. Infantis colonization in broilers is critical to minimize outbreaks associated with chicken products. The current study (1) characterized two MDR outbreak strains of S. Infantis (AR0919, AR0923), individually and in Combination, for their growth and multiplication in various environmental conditions and to colonize the cecum of 2-day-old broiler chicks and dissemination to the liver (S. Infantis characterization study) and (2) determined the in vitro effects of a dairy-originated probiotic, P. freudenreichii, on the two MDR strains of S. Infantis, individually and their Combination, on pathogen motility, epithelial cell adhesion, and invasion, and growth in various environmental conditions (P. freudenreichii intervention study). The strains behaved similarly in vitro, individually and in Combination (P>0.05). The in vivo study revealed that both MDR strains had a similar cecal colonization rate, individually and in Combination (P>0.05). Strain AR0923 exhibited a higher rate of dissemination to the liver. A significant reduction in the motility, adhesion to, and invasion of Caco-2 cells and growth in co-culture media and cecal contents (both the strains and the Combination) was observed (P<0.05). The results suggest that the two S. Infantis strains are infective in broiler chicks, and P. freudenreichii is a potential probiotic candidate against S. Infantis in vitro. Studies in commercial broiler chickens are underway.
{"title":"In vitro determination of the effects of dairy-origin Propionibacterium freudenreichii subsp. freudenreichii against multidrug-resistant Salmonella Infantis strains infective in broiler chicks","authors":"Dhananjai Muringattu Prabhakaran , Mohammad Bilal Islam , Amritha Ajayan , Shijinaraj Manjankattil , Claire Peichel , Grace Dewi , Timothy J. Johnson , Sally Noll , Anup Kollanoor Johny","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100646","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100646","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Salmonella</em> Infantis is a major serotype of foodborne <em>Salmonella</em> that is emerging in poultry production. Finding novel antibacterial candidates to reduce <em>S</em>. Infantis colonization in broilers is critical to minimize outbreaks associated with chicken products. The current study (1) characterized two MDR outbreak strains of <em>S</em>. Infantis (AR0919, AR0923), individually and in Combination, for their growth and multiplication in various environmental conditions and to colonize the cecum of 2-day-old broiler chicks and dissemination to the liver (<em>S</em>. Infantis characterization study) and (2) determined the <em>in vitro</em> effects of a dairy-originated probiotic, <em>P. freudenreichii</em>, on the two MDR strains of <em>S</em>. Infantis, individually and their Combination, on pathogen motility, epithelial cell adhesion, and invasion, and growth in various environmental conditions (<em>P. freudenreichii</em> intervention study). The strains behaved similarly <em>in vitro</em>, individually and in Combination (<em>P</em>>0.05). The <em>in vivo</em> study revealed that both MDR strains had a similar cecal colonization rate, individually and in Combination (<em>P</em>>0.05). Strain AR0923 exhibited a higher rate of dissemination to the liver. A significant reduction in the motility, adhesion to, and invasion of Caco-2 cells and growth in co-culture media and cecal contents (both the strains and the Combination) was observed (<em>P</em><0.05). The results suggest that the two <em>S</em>. Infantis strains are infective in broiler chicks, and <em>P. freudenreichii</em> is a potential probiotic candidate against <em>S</em>. Infantis in vitro. Studies in commercial broiler chickens are underway.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"35 1","pages":"Article 100646"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-25DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2025.100647
Mallory Zumwalt, Mazette Croom, Rosemary L. Walzem, Samson Oladokun
The poultry industry faces a significant challenge known as the "broiler breeder paradox," where genetic selection for rapid growth adversely affects breeder reproductive performance. Currently, feed restriction is used to address this issue; however, it can lead to stress and welfare concerns in birds. A promising approach to alleviate these challenges involves modifying the host gut microbiota with genetically engineered probiotics. This study focuses on the effect of an E. coli Nissle, 1917 probiotic modified to express N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine acyl transferase (NAPE-EcN) on host microbiota. That probiotic is hypothesized to mitigate feed restriction-related stress by positively modulating the host microbiota. We investigated the effects of 5 weeks of daily NAPE-EcN administration on large intestinal microbiota composition and diversity in breeder pullets. Differences due to strain (Breed 1 vs. Breed 2) and persistence of week 5 microbiota profile 3 weeks after cessation of NAPE-EcN administration (week 5 vs. week 8). Results indicated that breed differences significantly impacted NAPE-EcN's effects on the microbiota profile, with greater effects observed in Breed 2. Additionally, NAPE-EcN suppressed specific bacterial taxa linked to metabolic disorder in Breed 2, suggesting potential for benefit in breeder management. These findings provide valuable insights for enhancing gut health in poultry and potential to improve the management of metabolic disorders in broiler breeders.
{"title":"Applied research note: Microbiota shifts following withdrawal of probiotic expressing N-acyl-phosphatidyl ethanolamine acyltransferase activity in gut","authors":"Mallory Zumwalt, Mazette Croom, Rosemary L. Walzem, Samson Oladokun","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100647","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100647","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The poultry industry faces a significant challenge known as the \"broiler breeder paradox,\" where genetic selection for rapid growth adversely affects breeder reproductive performance. Currently, feed restriction is used to address this issue; however, it can lead to stress and welfare concerns in birds. A promising approach to alleviate these challenges involves modifying the host gut microbiota with genetically engineered probiotics. This study focuses on the effect of an E. coli Nissle, 1917 probiotic modified to express N-acyl phosphatidylethanolamine acyl transferase (NAPE-EcN) on host microbiota. That probiotic is hypothesized to mitigate feed restriction-related stress by positively modulating the host microbiota. We investigated the effects of 5 weeks of daily NAPE-EcN administration on large intestinal microbiota composition and diversity in breeder pullets. Differences due to strain (Breed 1 vs. Breed 2) and persistence of week 5 microbiota profile 3 weeks after cessation of NAPE-EcN administration (week 5 vs. week 8). Results indicated that breed differences significantly impacted NAPE-EcN's effects on the microbiota profile, with greater effects observed in Breed 2. Additionally, NAPE-EcN suppressed specific bacterial taxa linked to metabolic disorder in Breed 2, suggesting potential for benefit in breeder management. These findings provide valuable insights for enhancing gut health in poultry and potential to improve the management of metabolic disorders in broiler breeders.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"35 1","pages":"Article 100647"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145747729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-22DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2025.100644
Rodolfo Riboty , Daniel Huaringa
This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of dietary mycotoxins and two commercial mycotoxin-detoxifying agents (MDA) on growth performance and serum biomarkers in broilers. A total of 200 male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments (5 replicates; 10 birds each): a diet with non-contaminated corn (NC), a diet with naturally mycotoxin-contaminated corn (PC), and the contaminated diet supplemented with either a bio transforming, biological components-based detoxifier (PC+MDA1) or a yeast-based functional carbohydrates detoxifier (PC+MDA2). Six mycotoxins (AF, T-2, ZEA, OTA, DON, FB) were quantified in ingredients and complete feeds using LC-MS/MS and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays ELISA. Performance variables (BWG, FI, FCR, mortality, EPEF) and serum enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, UA, creatinine, GGT) were analyzed by ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD (P < 0.05). Greater cumulative intake of all mycotoxins in the PC diet resulted in reduced BWG (-5.2%; P=0.028), poorer FCR (+4.6%; P=0.008), and lower EPEF (-14.8%; P=0.031) compared with NC. Broilers receiving PC + MDA1 and PC + MDA2 showed BWG valued intermediate between NC and PC, while PC + MDA2 significantly improved FCR relative to PC. Increases in ALT, AST, ALP (P<0.01), and UA (P=0.042) indicated hepatic and renal stress in birds fed with PC diets, and these responses were partially attenuated by both detoxifiers. In conclusion, even low dietary levels of multiple mycotoxins may impair broiler performance and health, and the inclusion of functional detoxifiers can reduce these effects under field-relevant conditions.
{"title":"Evaluation of two mycotoxin-detoxifying agents in broilers fed naturally contaminated corn with elevated mycotoxin levels","authors":"Rodolfo Riboty , Daniel Huaringa","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100644","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100644","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of dietary mycotoxins and two commercial mycotoxin-detoxifying agents (MDA) on growth performance and serum biomarkers in broilers. A total of 200 male broiler chicks were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments (5 replicates; 10 birds each): a diet with non-contaminated corn (NC), a diet with naturally mycotoxin-contaminated corn (PC), and the contaminated diet supplemented with either a bio transforming, biological components-based detoxifier (PC+MDA1) or a yeast-based functional carbohydrates detoxifier (PC+MDA2). Six mycotoxins (AF, T-2, ZEA, OTA, DON, FB) were quantified in ingredients and complete feeds using LC-MS/MS and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays ELISA. Performance variables (BWG, FI, FCR, mortality, EPEF) and serum enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP, UA, creatinine, GGT) were analyzed by ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD (P < 0.05). Greater cumulative intake of all mycotoxins in the PC diet resulted in reduced BWG (-5.2%; P=0.028), poorer FCR (+4.6%; P=0.008), and lower EPEF (-14.8%; P=0.031) compared with NC. Broilers receiving PC + MDA1 and PC + MDA2 showed BWG valued intermediate between NC and PC, while PC + MDA2 significantly improved FCR relative to PC. Increases in ALT, AST, ALP (P<0.01), and UA (P=0.042) indicated hepatic and renal stress in birds fed with PC diets, and these responses were partially attenuated by both detoxifiers. In conclusion, even low dietary levels of multiple mycotoxins may impair broiler performance and health, and the inclusion of functional detoxifiers can reduce these effects under field-relevant conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"35 1","pages":"Article 100644"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145691107","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This experiment evaluated the effect of metabolizable energy (ME) and feed form on broiler performance, feed wastage (FW), and nutrient digestibility from 1 to 21 days-of-age. A total of 648 YPM x Ross 708 male broilers were randomly distributed in 72 cages (9 birds/cage) and assigned to 6 treatments (12 replicates/treatment). Starter diets were formulated to contain 2 ME levels (2,875 [E2875] or 2,979 kcal/kg [E2979]). Both diets were fed as mash or crumbles conditioned to 85 °C or 90 °C. Body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and FCR were determined at 10 and 21 days-of-age. On d 10, 15, and 18, the feed spilled was collected from trays placed under each cage to calculate FW. Ileal digesta (7 birds/cage) was collected for nutrient digestibility analysis on d 21. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS and means separated using Tukey’s test. Broilers fed E2979 diets had higher (P < 0.05) BWG and lower (P < 0.05) FCR from 1 to 21 d compared to broilers fed E2875 diets. Additionally, broilers fed mash diets had lower (P < 0.05) FI and higher (P < 0.05) FCR and FW from 1 to 21 d compared to broilers fed crumbles conditioned to either 85 or 90 °C. Starch digestibility was lower (P < 0.05) in broilers fed crumbles conditioned to 90 °C compared to broilers fed crumbles conditioned to 85 °C and mash. Overall, broiler response was more influenced by variations in dietary ME and feed form than by changes in conditioning temperatures.
{"title":"Effect of feed form, energy level, and conditioning temperature on broiler performance, feed wastage, and nutrient digestibility from 1 to 21 days-of-age","authors":"J.R. Hernandez , J.P. Gulizia , J.I. Vargas , E.G. Guzman , S.J. Rochell , R. Hauck , J.C. Remus , W.J. Pacheco","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100641","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100641","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This experiment evaluated the effect of metabolizable energy (<strong>ME</strong>) and feed form on broiler performance, feed wastage (<strong>FW</strong>), and nutrient digestibility from 1 to 21 days-of-age. A total of 648 YPM x Ross 708 male broilers were randomly distributed in 72 cages (9 birds/cage) and assigned to 6 treatments (12 replicates/treatment). Starter diets were formulated to contain 2 ME levels (2,875 [<strong>E2875</strong>] or 2,979 kcal/kg [<strong>E2979</strong>]). Both diets were fed as mash or crumbles conditioned to 85 °C or 90 °C. Body weight gain (<strong>BWG</strong>), feed intake (<strong>FI</strong>), and FCR were determined at 10 and 21 days-of-age. On d 10, 15, and 18, the feed spilled was collected from trays placed under each cage to calculate FW. Ileal digesta (7 birds/cage) was collected for nutrient digestibility analysis on d 21. Data were analyzed as a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS and means separated using Tukey’s test. Broilers fed E2979 diets had higher (<em>P</em> < 0.05) BWG and lower (<em>P</em> < 0.05) FCR from 1 to 21 d compared to broilers fed E2875 diets. Additionally, broilers fed mash diets had lower (<em>P</em> < 0.05) FI and higher (<em>P</em> < 0.05) FCR and FW from 1 to 21 d compared to broilers fed crumbles conditioned to either 85 or 90 °C. Starch digestibility was lower (<em>P</em> < 0.05) in broilers fed crumbles conditioned to 90 °C compared to broilers fed crumbles conditioned to 85 °C and mash. Overall, broiler response was more influenced by variations in dietary ME and feed form than by changes in conditioning temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"35 1","pages":"Article 100641"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145748758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-19DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2025.100643
Jorge Y. Perez-Palencia , Gabriela M. Galli , Alejandra Forero Salamanca , Jinsu Hong , Rob Patterson , Crystal L. Levesque
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary protease supplementation on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients, and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in turkey poults fed a diet with high soybean meal (SBM) inclusion. A total of 200 one-day-old male poults were allocated to four floor pens (50 poults/pen) and fed experimental diets for a 7-day conditioning period, with no statistical analysis performed. On d7, 140 turkey poults were selected and allocated to 28 cages (5 poults/cage; 7 replicates/treatment) and assigned to one of 4 dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design with two diet compositions [with and without highly digestible protein (meat and bone meal and enzymatically treated soybean meal)] and two protease dosages (0 and 500 g/ton). Feed and turkeys were weighed on d0, d7, d14, d21, and d25 to determine growth parameters. On days 23 and 24, excreta samples were collected; and on d25, all turkeys were euthanized to collect ileal digesta samples. From d7 to 14, turkey poults fed protease supplemented diets tended to have greater (P < 0.1) body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion compared to no-supplemented poults, independent of dietary composition. No differences in body weight, body weight gain, daily feed intake, or feed conversion ratio were observed on day 25. Protease supplementation had the greatest SID of most indispensable amino acids (except Ile, Leu, and Phe) by an average of 2.21 % (P < 0.05), all dispensable amino acids by an average of 4.47 %, as well as the ATTD of dry matter and crude protein. Overall, greater nutrient digestion with protease supplementation may explain the transient growth improvement observed between d7-14. Protease supplementation provides a potential strategy to reduce starter diet costs (i.e. less complex diets) without negatively impacting growth performance.
{"title":"Dietary multiprotease supplementation on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in turkey poults fed high-soybean meal diet","authors":"Jorge Y. Perez-Palencia , Gabriela M. Galli , Alejandra Forero Salamanca , Jinsu Hong , Rob Patterson , Crystal L. Levesque","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100643","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100643","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary protease supplementation on growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (<strong>ATTD</strong>) of nutrients, and standardized ileal digestibility <strong>(SID)</strong> of amino acids <strong>(AA)</strong> in turkey poults fed a diet with high soybean meal <strong>(SBM)</strong> inclusion. A total of 200 one-day-old male poults were allocated to four floor pens (50 poults/pen) and fed experimental diets for a 7-day conditioning period, with no statistical analysis performed. On d7, 140 turkey poults were selected and allocated to 28 cages (5 poults/cage; 7 replicates/treatment) and assigned to one of 4 dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design with two diet compositions [with and without highly digestible protein (meat and bone meal and enzymatically treated soybean meal)] and two protease dosages (0 and 500 g/ton). Feed and turkeys were weighed on d0, d7, d14, d21, and d25 to determine growth parameters. On days 23 and 24, excreta samples were collected; and on d25, all turkeys were euthanized to collect ileal digesta samples. From d7 to 14, turkey poults fed protease supplemented diets tended to have greater (<em>P</em> < 0.1) body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion compared to no-supplemented poults, independent of dietary composition. No differences in body weight, body weight gain, daily feed intake, or feed conversion ratio were observed on day 25. Protease supplementation had the greatest SID of most indispensable amino acids (except Ile, Leu, and Phe) by an average of 2.21 % (<em>P</em> < 0.05), all dispensable amino acids by an average of 4.47 %, as well as the ATTD of dry matter and crude protein. Overall, greater nutrient digestion with protease supplementation may explain the transient growth improvement observed between d7-14. Protease supplementation provides a potential strategy to reduce starter diet costs (i.e. less complex diets) without negatively impacting growth performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"35 1","pages":"Article 100643"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145622536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-11DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2025.100639
A.M. Lyons , S. Dowd , J. Hart , M.E. Persia
Experiments were conducted to determine the bioavailability of fine ground aragonite (FGA) using 0-14 d old broilers and to validate the use of FGA as a single particle size Ca ingredient on performance, eggshell quality, and tibia ash (TA) of laying hens from 28 to 56 wk. In Experiment 1, 450 Ross 708 broilers were fed 0.35, 0.43, 0.51, 0.59, and 0.67 % Ca using the addition of 0, 0.08, 0.16, 0.24 and 0.32 % Ca from either FGA or limestone (LS). Body weight, feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and TA were measured at the end of 14 d. The relative bioavailability of FGA to LS was 179 % using slope ratio analysis of chick TA. In Experiment 2, 180 Hy-Line W-36 laying hens were fed diets containing 50/50 fine and coarse LS or 100 % FGA at 2.46, 3.28, or 4.10 % Ca using a 2 × 3 factorial. Interactions occurred for hen day egg production, egg weight, egg mass and feed efficiency. There were limited differences in performance regardless of Ca source or concentration, but the 4.10 % LS resulted in the lowest performance. An interaction was noted in that all FGA maximized TA in the laying hens, however, reduced LS feeding resulted in linear reductions in TA indicating Ca insufficiency at lower dietary concentrations. The fine/coarse mixture of LS increased shell quality compared to FGA (P ≤ 0.05). These data indicate that FGA may be used as a higher available alternative Ca source in laying hens based on performance and tibia ash, but the combined use of coarse and fine Ca should continue to be used to support eggshell quality.
{"title":"Evaluation of Aragonite as a Calcium source in laying hen diets","authors":"A.M. Lyons , S. Dowd , J. Hart , M.E. Persia","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100639","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100639","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Experiments were conducted to determine the bioavailability of fine ground aragonite (FGA) using 0-14 d old broilers and to validate the use of FGA as a single particle size Ca ingredient on performance, eggshell quality, and tibia ash (TA) of laying hens from 28 to 56 wk. In Experiment 1, 450 Ross 708 broilers were fed 0.35, 0.43, 0.51, 0.59, and 0.67 % Ca using the addition of 0, 0.08, 0.16, 0.24 and 0.32 % Ca from either FGA or limestone (LS). Body weight, feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and TA were measured at the end of 14 d. The relative bioavailability of FGA to LS was 179 % using slope ratio analysis of chick TA. In Experiment 2, 180 Hy-Line W-36 laying hens were fed diets containing 50/50 fine and coarse LS or 100 % FGA at 2.46, 3.28, or 4.10 % Ca using a 2 × 3 factorial. Interactions occurred for hen day egg production, egg weight, egg mass and feed efficiency. There were limited differences in performance regardless of Ca source or concentration, but the 4.10 % LS resulted in the lowest performance. An interaction was noted in that all FGA maximized TA in the laying hens, however, reduced LS feeding resulted in linear reductions in TA indicating Ca insufficiency at lower dietary concentrations. The fine/coarse mixture of LS increased shell quality compared to FGA (<em>P</em> ≤ 0.05). These data indicate that FGA may be used as a higher available alternative Ca source in laying hens based on performance and tibia ash, but the combined use of coarse and fine Ca should continue to be used to support eggshell quality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"35 1","pages":"Article 100639"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145555299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study evaluated the effects of eggshell scrubbing and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) spray sanitization on the microbial load on eggshells, egg moisture loss, embryonic mortality, hatchability of fertilized eggs, and gosling weight in White Roman goose hatching eggs. A 2 × 3 factorial design was used, involving two levels of scrubbing (non-scrubbed or scrubbed) and three levels of spraying (no spray, 3 % H₂O₂, or 6 % H₂O₂). Each group consisted of six trays containing 30 eggs per tray, totaling 1,080 hatching eggs. Half of the eggs were manually scrubbed using a scouring pad under running tap water, followed by spraying with either 3 % or 6 % H₂O₂ solution or left untreated. The remaining 540 eggs were not scrubbed and were subjected to the same spraying treatments. Compared to untreated eggs, scrubbing reduced the total bacterial count, coliforms, and Escherichia coli on the eggshell surface by 4.31 log₁₀ cfu/mL, 3.42 log₁₀ cfu/100 mL, and 2.21 log₁₀ cfu/100 mL, respectively (P < 0.05). Scrubbing also decreased embryonic mortality during days 7 to 30 of incubation and increased cumulative moisture loss during days 1 to 28 of incubation (P < 0.05), while other hatchability traits were not affected. Additionally, spraying with 3 % H₂O₂ improved the hatchability of fertilized eggs and reduced the proportion of unmarketable goslings compared to the 6 % H₂O₂ group (P < 0.05). These findings suggest that scrubbing with a scouring pad under running tap water is an effective method for improving eggshell hygiene without compromising hatchability of goose hatching eggs. When H₂O₂ spray sanitization is applied, a 3 % concentration is preferable for maintaining hatchability outcomes.
{"title":"Scrubbing and hydrogen peroxide spray improve eggshell microbial hygiene and hatchability in goose eggs","authors":"Sheng-Der Wang , Chao-Hung Chiang , Shang-Chieh Hsieh , Chih-Chang Hsiao , Ching-Yi Lien","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100640","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100640","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluated the effects of eggshell scrubbing and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) spray sanitization on the microbial load on eggshells, egg moisture loss, embryonic mortality, hatchability of fertilized eggs, and gosling weight in White Roman goose hatching eggs. A 2 × 3 factorial design was used, involving two levels of scrubbing (non-scrubbed or scrubbed) and three levels of spraying (no spray, 3 % H₂O₂, or 6 % H₂O₂). Each group consisted of six trays containing 30 eggs per tray, totaling 1,080 hatching eggs. Half of the eggs were manually scrubbed using a scouring pad under running tap water, followed by spraying with either 3 % or 6 % H₂O₂ solution or left untreated. The remaining 540 eggs were not scrubbed and were subjected to the same spraying treatments. Compared to untreated eggs, scrubbing reduced the total bacterial count, coliforms, and <em>Escherichia coli</em> on the eggshell surface by 4.31 log₁₀ cfu/mL, 3.42 log₁₀ cfu/100 mL, and 2.21 log₁₀ cfu/100 mL, respectively (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Scrubbing also decreased embryonic mortality during days 7 to 30 of incubation and increased cumulative moisture loss during days 1 to 28 of incubation (<em>P</em> < 0.05), while other hatchability traits were not affected. Additionally, spraying with 3 % H₂O₂ improved the hatchability of fertilized eggs and reduced the proportion of unmarketable goslings compared to the 6 % H₂O₂ group (<em>P</em> < 0.05). These findings suggest that scrubbing with a scouring pad under running tap water is an effective method for improving eggshell hygiene without compromising hatchability of goose hatching eggs. When H₂O₂ spray sanitization is applied, a 3 % concentration is preferable for maintaining hatchability outcomes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"35 1","pages":"Article 100640"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-11-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145747781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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