Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-06-26DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2025.100568
Yulin Yan , Yu Yang , Gaojie Chen , Jing Liu , Runzhi Liu , Jinyue Guo , Zhaoping Liang , Tao Ren , Shujian Huang , Feng Wen
Newcastle disease, caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV), poses a significant threat to global poultry production due to its highly contagious nature and diverse genotypes. To assess the current NDV situation in southern China, 335 fecal swab samples were collected from a live poultry market in Foshan, Guangdong Province, between 2023 and 2024. Hemagglutination (HA) testing identified 51 positive samples (15.2 %), followed by RT-PCR confirmation of the M gene in 13 of these samples (3.9 %). Full-length sequencing of the F gene from 12 of the M gene-positive samples (3.6 %) revealed the presence of 12 Class I NDV strains belonging to subtype 1.1.2, highlighting an increasing trend of Class I NDV isolates in the positive samples from this market over time. Our findings underscore the importance of continuous surveillance for NDV, particularly Class I strains, which can be easily overlooked due to their low pathogenicity. The study provides updated data for understanding the evolving epidemic situation of Class I NDV in China, thereby informing the development of effective control strategies to mitigate potential outbreaks and safeguard poultry populations.
{"title":"Applied research note: Surveillance of newcastle disease virus in a live poultry market in Guangdong, China reveals increasing prevalence of class I NDV","authors":"Yulin Yan , Yu Yang , Gaojie Chen , Jing Liu , Runzhi Liu , Jinyue Guo , Zhaoping Liang , Tao Ren , Shujian Huang , Feng Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100568","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100568","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Newcastle disease, caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV), poses a significant threat to global poultry production due to its highly contagious nature and diverse genotypes. To assess the current NDV situation in southern China, 335 fecal swab samples were collected from a live poultry market in Foshan, Guangdong Province, between 2023 and 2024. Hemagglutination (HA) testing identified 51 positive samples (15.2 %), followed by RT-PCR confirmation of the M gene in 13 of these samples (3.9 %). Full-length sequencing of the F gene from 12 of the M gene-positive samples (3.6 %) revealed the presence of 12 Class I NDV strains belonging to subtype 1.1.2, highlighting an increasing trend of Class I NDV isolates in the positive samples from this market over time. Our findings underscore the importance of continuous surveillance for NDV, particularly Class I strains, which can be easily overlooked due to their low pathogenicity. The study provides updated data for understanding the evolving epidemic situation of Class I NDV in China, thereby informing the development of effective control strategies to mitigate potential outbreaks and safeguard poultry populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"34 4","pages":"Article 100568"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144781434","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
First-week mortality (FWM) is considered an important indicator of chick quality in broiler production, but its association with later performance is understudied. Data from 1,142 production cycles across 175 farms belonging to an Italian integrator were analyzed to identify links between management factors at the broiler farm and FWM, and explore the association between FWM and mortality after week 1, daily gain, and FCR. Median FWM was 0.95 % and median total mortality was 3.42 %. Factors associated with FWM were year and sex. For each 1 % increase in FWM, mortality after the first week increased by a factor 1.08 (95 % CI: 1.03 – 1.13, p = 0.002), adjusted for year and sex. However, FWM was not associated with daily gain or FCR. These results suggest that early mortality reflects vulnerabilities that persist throughout the production cycle, increasing later mortality without compromising growth performance. Variance in FWM was largely attributable to within-farm variance. Future research could explore how day-old chick quality contributes to both early and late mortality in broilers.
首周死亡率（FWM）被认为是肉鸡生产中小鸡质量的重要指标，但其与后期生产性能的关系尚未得到充分研究。本研究分析了意大利一家集成商的175个养殖场的1142个生产周期数据，以确定肉鸡养殖场管理因素与FWM之间的联系，并探讨FWM与第1周后死亡率、日增重和FCR之间的关系。中位病死率为0.95%，中位总死亡率为3.42%。与FWM相关的因素有年份和性别。经年份和性别调整后，FWM每增加1%，第一周后的死亡率增加1.08倍（95% CI: 1.03 - 1.13, p = 0.002）。然而，FWM与日增重或FCR无关。这些结果表明，早期死亡率反映了在整个生产周期中持续存在的脆弱性，在不影响生长性能的情况下增加了后期死亡率。FWM的方差主要归因于农场内方差。未来的研究将探讨日龄雏鸡质量对肉鸡早期和晚期死亡率的影响。
{"title":"Applied research note: exploring the relationship between first-week mortality and performance after the first week in broiler chickens","authors":"Yara Slegers , Mieke Matthijs , Arjan Stegeman , Miel Hostens , Sjaak de Wit","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100611","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100611","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>First-week mortality (FWM) is considered an important indicator of chick quality in broiler production, but its association with later performance is understudied. Data from 1,142 production cycles across 175 farms belonging to an Italian integrator were analyzed to identify links between management factors at the broiler farm and FWM, and explore the association between FWM and mortality after week 1, daily gain, and FCR. Median FWM was 0.95 % and median total mortality was 3.42 %. Factors associated with FWM were year and sex. For each 1 % increase in FWM, mortality after the first week increased by a factor 1.08 (95 % CI: 1.03 – 1.13, p = 0.002), adjusted for year and sex. However, FWM was not associated with daily gain or FCR. These results suggest that early mortality reflects vulnerabilities that persist throughout the production cycle, increasing later mortality without compromising growth performance. Variance in FWM was largely attributable to within-farm variance. Future research could explore how day-old chick quality contributes to both early and late mortality in broilers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"34 4","pages":"Article 100611"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-09DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2025.100601
B.A. McCrea
The popularity of keeping small flocks of chickens has brought with it an interest in the production characteristics of heritage breeds of chicken. The definition of heritage chicken breed is one that physically conforms to the standards of the American Poultry Association; mates naturally; has a long, productive outdoor lifespan; and a slow growth rate. Production information on raising meat Barred Plymouth Rocks is lacking since research focuses have been on diet formulation and genetics for broiler production. This study was undertaken to determine the production efficiency of Barred Plymouth Rocks as compared to broilers in body weight, feed intake, FCR, mortality, footpad lesion scores, carcass dressing percentage, skin color, parts, organ weights, and both bone length and width.
There were significant differences in body weight between broilers and Barred Plymouth Rocks throughout the study. Barred Plymouth Rocks took 17 weeks to reach a live body weight that was 17.35 % smaller than that of the broilers at six weeks. The Barred Plymouth Rocks required more than twice as much feed to reach nearly the same body weight as that of the broiler. There was a significant difference between the two breeds with regard to FCR; the broilers being the more efficient breed. The Barred Plymouth Rock had a significantly lower carcass dressing percentage of just under 65 % as compared to just over 68 % in broilers. The Barred Plymouth Rocks were less efficient at developing muscle on the carcass and more efficient at building bones and internal organs, had lower mortality, yellower skin on the breast area, and lower footpad lesions scores. This information will aid producers of niche market heritage chickens in their decision-making when considering this breed for meat production.
{"title":"Performance and carcass characteristics of Barred Plymouth Rock chickens in comparison to broilers","authors":"B.A. McCrea","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100601","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100601","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The popularity of keeping small flocks of chickens has brought with it an interest in the production characteristics of heritage breeds of chicken. The definition of heritage chicken breed is one that physically conforms to the standards of the American Poultry Association; mates naturally; has a long, productive outdoor lifespan; and a slow growth rate. Production information on raising meat Barred Plymouth Rocks is lacking since research focuses have been on diet formulation and genetics for broiler production. This study was undertaken to determine the production efficiency of Barred Plymouth Rocks as compared to broilers in body weight, feed intake, FCR, mortality, footpad lesion scores, carcass dressing percentage, skin color, parts, organ weights, and both bone length and width.</div><div>There were significant differences in body weight between broilers and Barred Plymouth Rocks throughout the study. Barred Plymouth Rocks took 17 weeks to reach a live body weight that was 17.35 % smaller than that of the broilers at six weeks. The Barred Plymouth Rocks required more than twice as much feed to reach nearly the same body weight as that of the broiler. There was a significant difference between the two breeds with regard to FCR; the broilers being the more efficient breed. The Barred Plymouth Rock had a significantly lower carcass dressing percentage of just under 65 % as compared to just over 68 % in broilers. The Barred Plymouth Rocks were less efficient at developing muscle on the carcass and more efficient at building bones and internal organs, had lower mortality, yellower skin on the breast area, and lower footpad lesions scores. This information will aid producers of niche market heritage chickens in their decision-making when considering this breed for meat production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"34 4","pages":"Article 100601"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-03DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2025.100598
L.E. Knarr , K.M. Bowen , E.A. Lynch , E.B. Estanich , A.K. Renner , R.O. Adejumo , J. Ferrel , J.S. Moritz
Low-moisture corn, due to late harvesting and/or improper handling and storage, may negatively impact the pellet production rate (PPR) and pellet durability index (PDI). This is likely due to less lubrication and particle agglomeration associated with the lower moisture content. Recently, Azomite® (AZM) was tested in combination with 32-, 38-, and 45 mm pellet die thicknesses (PDT), which showed that incorporating 0.25 % AZM increased PPR and largely maintained PDI relative to the 0.0 % AZM control within each PDT. Additionally, past research has shown that the inclusion of mixer-added water (MAW) at levels of 1.50 to 3.00 % can increase PPR and PDI. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to determine the influence of PDT, AZM, and MAW on PPR, PDI tested for 30 sec (PDI-30), PDI tested for 60 sec (PDI-60), and hot pellet temperature (HPT) of a broiler grower diet manufactured with low-moisture corn. Modifying PDT had a similar effect on PPR and PDI relative to previously published literature, where increasing PDT resulted in decreased PPR and increased PDI. Additionally, the incorporation of 0.25 % AZM and 1.50 % MAW returned similar increases in PPR; however, these effects were not additive. It could, therefore, be concluded that AZM and MAW are effective feed additives to increase feed manufacturing efficiency and/or feed quality. However, the anecdotal incidents of plugs and slips at the pellet die associated with the 1.5 % MAW inclusion should be considered, as these may cause an overall decrease in high-quality feed production.
{"title":"Throughput agents alleviate concerns about pelleting broiler feed with low-moisture corn and large pellet die thicknesses","authors":"L.E. Knarr , K.M. Bowen , E.A. Lynch , E.B. Estanich , A.K. Renner , R.O. Adejumo , J. Ferrel , J.S. Moritz","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100598","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100598","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Low-moisture corn, due to late harvesting and/or improper handling and storage, may negatively impact the pellet production rate (PPR) and pellet durability index (PDI). This is likely due to less lubrication and particle agglomeration associated with the lower moisture content. Recently, Azomite® (AZM) was tested in combination with 32-, 38-, and 45 mm pellet die thicknesses (PDT), which showed that incorporating 0.25 % AZM increased PPR and largely maintained PDI relative to the 0.0 % AZM control within each PDT. Additionally, past research has shown that the inclusion of mixer-added water (MAW) at levels of 1.50 to 3.00 % can increase PPR and PDI. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to determine the influence of PDT, AZM, and MAW on PPR, PDI tested for 30 sec (PDI-30), PDI tested for 60 sec (PDI-60), and hot pellet temperature (HPT) of a broiler grower diet manufactured with low-moisture corn. Modifying PDT had a similar effect on PPR and PDI relative to previously published literature, where increasing PDT resulted in decreased PPR and increased PDI. Additionally, the incorporation of 0.25 % AZM and 1.50 % MAW returned similar increases in PPR; however, these effects were not additive. It could, therefore, be concluded that AZM and MAW are effective feed additives to increase feed manufacturing efficiency and/or feed quality. However, the anecdotal incidents of plugs and slips at the pellet die associated with the 1.5 % MAW inclusion should be considered, as these may cause an overall decrease in high-quality feed production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"34 4","pages":"Article 100598"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pellet quality and feed line length influence the nutrient density in feed pans throughout poultry houses. Reported variability in amino acid density (AAD) and phytase activity (PhyAct) along feed lines prompted this investigation. The objectives were to determine the impact of nutrient segregation, as measured in a controlled field trial, on broiler performance, processing yields, and bone mineralization in a replicated pen trial. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial in a randomized complete block design. Ross 308 male broilers were provided diets varying in AAD (95 % and 105 % of recommendation) and PhyAct (250, 500, 750 FTU/kg) from d11-38. Experimental diets were given full nutrient release credit for phytase at 500 FTU/kg; however, the phytase was withheld at the mill. Liquid phytase was later mixed into diets to create the PhyAct levels. Broiler performance and bone mineralization were measured from d11-38 while processing yields were determined on d39. The main effects of AAD and PhyAct did not interact (P > 0.05). However, broilers fed excess AAD improved d38 BW by 121 g, overall FCR by 0.077, and breast yield by 1.056 % compared to those fed reduced AAD (P < 0.05). Conversely, the main effect of PhyAct did not affect measured parameters (P > 0.05). While variability in both AAD and PhyAct can be identified in the field, these data demonstrated that AAD is a suitable marker for nutrient segregation that impacts performance. The lack of broiler performance differences makes PhyAct (500 FTU/kg dose) a poor nutrient segregation marker.
{"title":"Evaluating phytase activity and amino acid density as suitable on-farm nutrient segregation markers: Effects on broiler performance, processing yields, and bone mineralization","authors":"B.S. Liebross, D.R. Boontarue, C.M. Poholsky, J.W. Boney","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100594","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100594","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pellet quality and feed line length influence the nutrient density in feed pans throughout poultry houses. Reported variability in amino acid density (AAD) and phytase activity (PhyAct) along feed lines prompted this investigation. The objectives were to determine the impact of nutrient segregation, as measured in a controlled field trial, on broiler performance, processing yields, and bone mineralization in a replicated pen trial. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial in a randomized complete block design. Ross 308 male broilers were provided diets varying in AAD (95 % and 105 % of recommendation) and PhyAct (250, 500, 750 FTU/kg) from d11-38. Experimental diets were given full nutrient release credit for phytase at 500 FTU/kg; however, the phytase was withheld at the mill. Liquid phytase was later mixed into diets to create the PhyAct levels. Broiler performance and bone mineralization were measured from d11-38 while processing yields were determined on d39. The main effects of AAD and PhyAct did not interact (<em>P</em> > 0.05). However, broilers fed excess AAD improved d38 BW by 121 g, overall FCR by 0.077, and breast yield by 1.056 % compared to those fed reduced AAD (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Conversely, the main effect of PhyAct did not affect measured parameters (<em>P</em> > 0.05). While variability in both AAD and PhyAct can be identified in the field, these data demonstrated that AAD is a suitable marker for nutrient segregation that impacts performance. The lack of broiler performance differences makes PhyAct (500 FTU/kg dose) a poor nutrient segregation marker.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"34 4","pages":"Article 100594"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145099447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-08-08DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2025.100591
Gang Qiu, Yingying Liang, Meng Yang, Ying Chen, Tao Liu, Xiaoxiang Huo, Mengru An, Jiawang Kang, Ao Xue, Quanchao Ma, Yapei Rui
The isolation, culture, PCR and biochemical test identification of 58 diseased materials collected from 6 different large-scale chicken farms in Xinyang City, 36 strains of Staphylococcus aureus were identified, and drug susceptibility tests were conducted to detect 16 kinds of drugs against Staphylococcus aureus from chickens. The antibacterial properties of these drugs inform clinical treatment decisions in this region. Test results indicated that on ordinary nutrient agar, medium-sized, smooth, convex, rounded, golden-yellow opaque colonies were observed. After Gram staining and microscopic examination, blue-purple, spherical, and non-transparent colonies were noted, resembling regularly arranged grape clusters. Following culture in nutrient broth, turbidity, sediment, and bacterial ring formation were observed. The biochemical tests aligned with the characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus, and the plasma coagulase test returned positive results. 58 samples of suspected S. aureus infection in four different scale chicken farms in Xinyang area of Henan Province were collected. Among them, 36 samples was confirmed by PCR detection to be Staphylococcus aureus. The bacterial isolation rate is 62%. Animal experiments have confirmed that the isolated strain is a wild strain with strong virulence. Chicken-derived Staphylococcus aureus exhibited high sensitivity to cefradine, cephalexin, ceftriaxone, erythromycin, clindamycin, ofloxacin, and enrofloxacin, moderate sensitivity to cefoperazone, doxycycline, amikacin, and ampicillin, and resistance to ampicillin, oxacillin, penicillin, tetracycline, gentamicin, and compound trimethoprim. The use of high-sensitivity antibiotics should be prioritized for treatment to mitigate the abuse of veterinary drugs and promote rational drug use.
{"title":"Molecular identification and resistance phenotype analysis of Staphylococcus aureus from chicken sources","authors":"Gang Qiu, Yingying Liang, Meng Yang, Ying Chen, Tao Liu, Xiaoxiang Huo, Mengru An, Jiawang Kang, Ao Xue, Quanchao Ma, Yapei Rui","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100591","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100591","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The isolation, culture, PCR and biochemical test identification of 58 diseased materials collected from 6 different large-scale chicken farms in Xinyang City, 36 strains of <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> were identified, and drug susceptibility tests were conducted to detect 16 kinds of drugs against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> from chickens. The antibacterial properties of these drugs inform clinical treatment decisions in this region. Test results indicated that on ordinary nutrient agar, medium-sized, smooth, convex, rounded, golden-yellow opaque colonies were observed. After Gram staining and microscopic examination, blue-purple, spherical, and non-transparent colonies were noted, resembling regularly arranged grape clusters. Following culture in nutrient broth, turbidity, sediment, and bacterial ring formation were observed. The biochemical tests aligned with the characteristics of <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, and the plasma coagulase test returned positive results. 58 samples of suspected S. aureus infection in four different scale chicken farms in Xinyang area of Henan Province were collected. Among them, 36 samples was confirmed by PCR detection to be <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>. The bacterial isolation rate is 62%. Animal experiments have confirmed that the isolated strain is a wild strain with strong virulence. Chicken-derived <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> exhibited high sensitivity to cefradine, cephalexin, ceftriaxone, erythromycin, clindamycin, ofloxacin, and enrofloxacin, moderate sensitivity to cefoperazone, doxycycline, amikacin, and ampicillin, and resistance to ampicillin, oxacillin, penicillin, tetracycline, gentamicin, and compound trimethoprim. The use of high-sensitivity antibiotics should be prioritized for treatment to mitigate the abuse of veterinary drugs and promote rational drug use.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"34 4","pages":"Article 100591"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144890760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) has stimulated the need for research into feed sanitation practices for feed producers, particularly breeder and backyard flocks. Feed can be a vector for poultry pathogens, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) transmission to poultry, and appropriate feed manufacturing can help mitigate the feed pathogens with thermal treatments. This study aimed to apply existing models to quantify the thermal inactivation kinetics of two strains of E. coli during thermal processing between 75 and 95°C. Two-grams of feed sample were added with 200 µL of one of the two Nalidixic acid (NaL) adapted E. coli strains and submerged in a circulated water bath set at 75, 80, 85, 90, and 95°C, for heating between 0 and 180 s. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) IPMP-Global fit software was used to calculate d-values from Weibull models and z-values from Linear models. Weibull model d-values were 19.80, 12.80, 10.40, 8.70, and 8.06 s for the APEC, and 8.00, 8.55, 5.30, 5.96, and 4.77 s for the non-pathogenic E. coli when heated at 75, 80, 85, 90, and 95°C, respectively. The z-values from Linear models were 51.6 and 81.3°C for APEC and non-pathogenic E. coli, respectively. Our results indicate the non-pathogenic E. coli may not be an ideal candidate for use as a pathogenic E. coli surrogate due to its lower thermal resistance than the tested APEC strain. However, these data validate the Linear and Weibull models are appropriate for predicting thermal inactivation of E. coli in broiler mash feed with a higher initial moisture content.
{"title":"Modeling the thermal inactivation of non-pathogenic and avian-pathogenic Escherichia coli in broiler mash feed with high initial moisture content using a lab-based circulating water bath","authors":"Michael Carroll , Pratima Adhikari , Kelley Wamsley , Cangliang Shen , Timothy Boltz","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100584","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100584","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Food Safety Modernization Act (<strong>FSMA</strong>) has stimulated the need for research into feed sanitation practices for feed producers, particularly breeder and backyard flocks. Feed can be a vector for poultry pathogens, such as <em>Escherichia coli</em> (<strong><em>E. coli</em></strong>) transmission to poultry, and appropriate feed manufacturing can help mitigate the feed pathogens with thermal treatments. This study aimed to apply existing models to quantify the thermal inactivation kinetics of two strains of <em>E. coli</em> during thermal processing between 75 and 95°C. Two-grams of feed sample were added with 200 µL of one of the two Nalidixic acid (<strong>NaL</strong>) adapted <em>E. coli</em> strains and submerged in a circulated water bath set at 75, 80, 85, 90, and 95°C, for heating between 0 and 180 s. United States Department of Agriculture (<strong>USDA</strong>) IPMP-Global fit software was used to calculate <span>d</span>-values from Weibull models and <em>z</em>-values from Linear models. Weibull model <span>d</span>-values were 19.80, 12.80, 10.40, 8.70, and 8.06 s for the APEC, and 8.00, 8.55, 5.30, 5.96, and 4.77 s for the non-pathogenic <em>E. coli</em> when heated at 75, 80, 85, 90, and 95°C, respectively. The <em>z</em>-values from Linear models were 51.6 and 81.3°C for APEC and non-pathogenic <em>E. coli</em>, respectively. Our results indicate the non-pathogenic <em>E. coli</em> may not be an ideal candidate for use as a pathogenic <em>E. coli</em> surrogate due to its lower thermal resistance than the tested APEC strain. However, these data validate the Linear and Weibull models are appropriate for predicting thermal inactivation of <em>E. coli</em> in broiler mash feed with a higher initial moisture content.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"34 4","pages":"Article 100584"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144886137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-07-15DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2025.100580
Linguo Wang , Lingyan Jiang , Tao Zhu , Feng Wang , Guangjin Lin
Combination immunization offers several benefits, such as reducing vaccination frequency, minimizing stress responses, and lowering labor costs. This study aimed to develop a combined immunization strategy using mixed vaccines, and to analyze the feasibility of incorporating inactivated vaccines into this regimen. Furthermore, the study validated the practical effects of combination immunization with a mixture of multiple inactivated vaccines. The study is composed of three parts. Initially, the ND-AI H9 bivalent inactivated vaccine and the AI H5/H7 trivalent inactivated vaccine were mixed. The physicochemical properties of the resulting suspension, including particle size, stability, and endotoxin levels, were analyzed to assess the feasibility of the mixed vaccine. Then the mixed vaccine was administered to SPF chickens, and antibody titers were measured to preliminarily evaluate the immunization efficacy of the combined vaccination approach. Finally, the combined immunization strategy was implemented in a large-scale layer farm, with antibody titers being monitored to assess its immunization effectiveness in a production setting. After mixing the ND-AI H9 vaccine with the AI H5/H7 vaccine, the particle size of the suspension fell between the two original vaccines, with the similar distribution pattern as the single vaccines. After seven days of storage, the suspension showed no separation, no microbial contamination, and very low endotoxin levels. When SPF chickens were immunized with the mixed vaccine, the antibody titers against ND and AI had no significant difference compared to that of single vaccine immunization. Following the application of the combined immunization program using the mixed vaccine in a large-scale layer farm, the neutralizing antibody levels for the targeted disease met expectations, with high positivity rates and low coefficients of variation. These results demonstrate that the combined immunization, employing mixed inactivated vaccines for poultry, is feasible, easy-to-implement and effective. It reduces injection frequency and stress, conserves resources, and offers a rapidly efficient method for widespread application. This strategy also holds significant implications for the development of multivalent inactivated vaccines. It should be noted that all vaccines utilized in the present study were inactivated oil-emulsion poultry vaccines, the administration of which was executed in accordance with the farm-specific immunization schedule and under the direct supervision of the veterinarian through a combined immunization protocol.
{"title":"Feasibility analysis and study on immune effects of combined immunization with mixed inactivated vaccines in chickens","authors":"Linguo Wang , Lingyan Jiang , Tao Zhu , Feng Wang , Guangjin Lin","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100580","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100580","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Combination immunization offers several benefits, such as reducing vaccination frequency, minimizing stress responses, and lowering labor costs. This study aimed to develop a combined immunization strategy using mixed vaccines, and to analyze the feasibility of incorporating inactivated vaccines into this regimen. Furthermore, the study validated the practical effects of combination immunization with a mixture of multiple inactivated vaccines. The study is composed of three parts. Initially, the ND-AI H9 bivalent inactivated vaccine and the AI H5/H7 trivalent inactivated vaccine were mixed. The physicochemical properties of the resulting suspension, including particle size, stability, and endotoxin levels, were analyzed to assess the feasibility of the mixed vaccine. Then the mixed vaccine was administered to SPF chickens, and antibody titers were measured to preliminarily evaluate the immunization efficacy of the combined vaccination approach. Finally, the combined immunization strategy was implemented in a large-scale layer farm, with antibody titers being monitored to assess its immunization effectiveness in a production setting. After mixing the ND-AI H9 vaccine with the AI H5/H7 vaccine, the particle size of the suspension fell between the two original vaccines, with the similar distribution pattern as the single vaccines. After seven days of storage, the suspension showed no separation, no microbial contamination, and very low endotoxin levels. When SPF chickens were immunized with the mixed vaccine, the antibody titers against ND and AI had no significant difference compared to that of single vaccine immunization. Following the application of the combined immunization program using the mixed vaccine in a large-scale layer farm, the neutralizing antibody levels for the targeted disease met expectations, with high positivity rates and low coefficients of variation. These results demonstrate that the combined immunization, employing mixed inactivated vaccines for poultry, is feasible, easy-to-implement and effective. It reduces injection frequency and stress, conserves resources, and offers a rapidly efficient method for widespread application. This strategy also holds significant implications for the development of multivalent inactivated vaccines. It should be noted that all vaccines utilized in the present study were inactivated oil-emulsion poultry vaccines, the administration of which was executed in accordance with the farm-specific immunization schedule and under the direct supervision of the veterinarian through a combined immunization protocol.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"34 4","pages":"Article 100580"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144702302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a contagious viral disease in young chickens that weakens immunity and causes significant economic losses. This review provides an update on IBD prevalence in Ethiopian chickens from 2000 to 2023. The review follows PRISMA guidelines and uses a random-effects model with the DerSimonian-Laird method. Of 245 retrieved studies, 22 studies (31 independent reports) were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled IBD prevalence was 67% (95% CI 56–75%; I² = 98.8%). Regionally, prevalence ranged from 85% in Addis Ababa (95% CI 81–89%) to 56% in southern NNP (95% CI 29–80%). Similarly, pooled prevalence was higher in serological studies (71%; 95% CI 60–80%) than in molecular (54%; 95% CI 20–85%) or postmortem studies (31%; 95% CI 29–33%). Pooled prevalence was also higher in exotic chickens (65%; 95% CI 50–77%) than in indigenous chickens (61%; 95% CI 46–74%) and higher in adults (70%; 95% CI 60–78%) than in younger birds (65%; 95% CI 51–76%). Female chickens had a higher pooled prevalence (68%; 95% CI 55–79%) than males (62%; 95% CI 48–74%). Both classical virulent (cvIBDV) and very virulent (vvIBDV) serotype I genotypes have been identified in Ethiopia. The review underscores the urgent need for ongoing surveillance and national interventions to reduce IBD prevalence, which threatens poultry production and reproductive performance.
传染性法氏囊病（IBD）是雏鸡的一种传染性病毒性疾病，它会削弱鸡的免疫力并造成重大的经济损失。本综述提供了2000年至2023年埃塞俄比亚鸡中IBD流行情况的最新情况。该综述遵循PRISMA指南，并使用随机效应模型和dersimonan - laird方法。在检索到的245项研究中，有22项研究（31份独立报告）被纳入系统评价和荟萃分析。合并IBD患病率为67% （95% CI 56-75%; I²= 98.8%）。从地区来看，亚的斯亚贝巴的患病率为85% (95% CI 81-89%)， NNP南部的患病率为56% （95% CI 29-80%）。同样，血清学研究的总患病率（71%,95% CI 60-80%）高于分子研究（54%,95% CI 20-85%）或死后研究（31%,95% CI 29-33%）。外来鸡的总患病率（65%,95% CI 50-77%）也高于本地鸡（61%,95% CI 46-74%），成年鸡（70%,95% CI 60-78%）高于雏鸡（65%,95% CI 51-76%）。母鸡的总患病率（68%;95% CI 55-79%）高于雄性（62%;95% CI 48-74%）。在埃塞俄比亚已经发现了经典毒力（cvIBDV）和非常毒力（vvIBDV）血清I型基因型。审查强调迫切需要持续监测和国家干预措施，以减少威胁家禽生产和繁殖性能的IBD患病率。
{"title":"The prevalence of infectious bursal disease in chickens in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Abebe Tibebu , Adane Bahiru , Teklu Yitbarek , Yechale Teshome , Habtamu Tamrat , Yeshwas Ferede Alemu , Ayalew Assefa , Sefinew Alemu Mekonnen","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100617","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100617","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is a contagious viral disease in young chickens that weakens immunity and causes significant economic losses. This review provides an update on IBD prevalence in Ethiopian chickens from 2000 to 2023. The review follows PRISMA guidelines and uses a random-effects model with the DerSimonian-Laird method. Of 245 retrieved studies, 22 studies (31 independent reports) were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The pooled IBD prevalence was 67% (95% CI 56–75%; I² = 98.8%). Regionally, prevalence ranged from 85% in Addis Ababa (95% CI 81–89%) to 56% in southern NNP (95% CI 29–80%). Similarly, pooled prevalence was higher in serological studies (71%; 95% CI 60–80%) than in molecular (54%; 95% CI 20–85%) or postmortem studies (31%; 95% CI 29–33%). Pooled prevalence was also higher in exotic chickens (65%; 95% CI 50–77%) than in indigenous chickens (61%; 95% CI 46–74%) and higher in adults (70%; 95% CI 60–78%) than in younger birds (65%; 95% CI 51–76%). Female chickens had a higher pooled prevalence (68%; 95% CI 55–79%) than males (62%; 95% CI 48–74%). Both classical virulent (cvIBDV) and very virulent (vvIBDV) serotype I genotypes have been identified in Ethiopia. The review underscores the urgent need for ongoing surveillance and national interventions to reduce IBD prevalence, which threatens poultry production and reproductive performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"34 4","pages":"Article 100617"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145358502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-25DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2025.100629
Ali Reza Ghiasvand , Hassan Shirzadi , Hossein Ali Ghasemi , Kamran Taherpour , Shokoufeh Hasanvand , Ali Khatibjoo
Arginine (Arg) is an essential amino acid for poultry due to their lack of a functional urea cycle, and it plays a critical role in growth, metabolism, and immune function. This study aimed to determine the optimal dietary digestible Arg levels for maximizing growth performance and processing yields, while also assessing its impact on meat quality and immune response in Japanese quails. A total of 600 meat-type Japanese quails were assigned to five dietary groups with varying digestible Arg concentrations (0.75 %, 1.00 %, 1.25 %, 1.50 %, and 1.75 %), ensuring adequate levels of other amino acids. Arginine requirements were estimated using both linear one-slope broken-line and quadratic broken-line models. The optimal digestible Arg levels for body weight gain, feed efficiency, and carcass yield during the first 21 days were 1.24 % and 1.61 %, 1.49 % and 1.70 %, and 1.20 % and 1.48 %, respectively, based on the linear and quadratic broken-line models. Meat quality parameters showed no significant differences; however, malondialdehyde concentrations in the thigh and pectoral muscles were significantly lower in Japanese quails fed 1.25 % and 1.50 % Arg diets (P < 0.05), indicating improved oxidative stability. Additionally, birds fed the 1.25 % Arg diet exhibited significantly higher IgG and total antibody responses against sheep red blood cells compared to those fed the 1.75 % Arg diet (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the optimal dietary digestible Arg level for Japanese quails during the starter phase is estimated at 1.49 %, based on the linear broken-line model for feed efficiency with the highest r² value. Furthermore, a minimum of 1.25 % digestible Arg is required to support favorable oxidative stability and immune function.
{"title":"Arginine responses in meat-type Japanese quails from 1 to 21 days: Growth performance, meat quality, and immune response","authors":"Ali Reza Ghiasvand , Hassan Shirzadi , Hossein Ali Ghasemi , Kamran Taherpour , Shokoufeh Hasanvand , Ali Khatibjoo","doi":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.japr.2025.100629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Arginine (Arg) is an essential amino acid for poultry due to their lack of a functional urea cycle, and it plays a critical role in growth, metabolism, and immune function. This study aimed to determine the optimal dietary digestible Arg levels for maximizing growth performance and processing yields, while also assessing its impact on meat quality and immune response in Japanese quails. A total of 600 meat-type Japanese quails were assigned to five dietary groups with varying digestible Arg concentrations (0.75 %, 1.00 %, 1.25 %, 1.50 %, and 1.75 %), ensuring adequate levels of other amino acids. Arginine requirements were estimated using both linear one-slope broken-line and quadratic broken-line models. The optimal digestible Arg levels for body weight gain, feed efficiency, and carcass yield during the first 21 days were 1.24 % and 1.61 %, 1.49 % and 1.70 %, and 1.20 % and 1.48 %, respectively, based on the linear and quadratic broken-line models. Meat quality parameters showed no significant differences; however, malondialdehyde concentrations in the thigh and pectoral muscles were significantly lower in Japanese quails fed 1.25 % and 1.50 % Arg diets (<em>P</em> < 0.05), indicating improved oxidative stability. Additionally, birds fed the 1.25 % Arg diet exhibited significantly higher IgG and total antibody responses against sheep red blood cells compared to those fed the 1.75 % Arg diet (<em>P</em> < 0.05). In conclusion, the optimal dietary digestible Arg level for Japanese quails during the starter phase is estimated at 1.49 %, based on the linear broken-line model for feed efficiency with the highest <em>r</em>² value. Furthermore, a minimum of 1.25 % digestible Arg is required to support favorable oxidative stability and immune function.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Applied Poultry Research","volume":"34 4","pages":"Article 100629"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145462411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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