Hong Qian, Michael Kessler, Jian Zhang, Yi Jin, Meichen Jiang
Aim
Globally, biodiversity is unevenly distributed, as a result of varying environmental conditions and regionally different historical processes. The influence of the latter on current diversity patterns is poorly understood. We explore geographic patterns of matches and mismatches between phylogenetic relatedness metrics measuring different depths of evolutionary history and investigate the effects of evolutionary legacy at different evolutionary depths on species density of ferns.
Methods
We divided the globe into 392 geographic regions on land, and collated species lists of ferns for each geographic region. We related species richness to phylogenetic metrics reflecting different depths of evolutionary history (standardized effect sizes of mean nearest taxon distance and mean pairwise distance, MNTDses and MPDses, respectively) for ferns in regional floras across the world.
Location
Global.
Time Period
Current.
Taxon
Ferns.
Results
We show that different centers of fern diversity have strikingly different phylogenetic composition. We find that overall fern species diversity is negatively correlated with both MNTDses and MPDses, so that regions with high species diversity tend to have clustered species assemblages, whereas species-poor regions tend to have overdispersed species assemblages. At the global extent, MNTDses and MPDses together explained 62.2%, 19.3%, and 65.7% of the variation in species diversity for all ferns as a whole, non-polypod ferns, and polypods, respectively.
Main Conclusions
Our study suggests that current geographic patterns of fern species richness are driven, at least in part, by evolutionary history of ferns, which varies among biogeographic regions.
{"title":"Evolutionary causes of global patterns of species richness in regional fern floras across the world","authors":"Hong Qian, Michael Kessler, Jian Zhang, Yi Jin, Meichen Jiang","doi":"10.1111/jbi.14835","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jbi.14835","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Globally, biodiversity is unevenly distributed, as a result of varying environmental conditions and regionally different historical processes. The influence of the latter on current diversity patterns is poorly understood. We explore geographic patterns of matches and mismatches between phylogenetic relatedness metrics measuring different depths of evolutionary history and investigate the effects of evolutionary legacy at different evolutionary depths on species density of ferns.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We divided the globe into 392 geographic regions on land, and collated species lists of ferns for each geographic region. We related species richness to phylogenetic metrics reflecting different depths of evolutionary history (standardized effect sizes of mean nearest taxon distance and mean pairwise distance, MNTD<sub>ses</sub> and MPD<sub>ses</sub>, respectively) for ferns in regional floras across the world.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Global.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Time Period</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Current.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Taxon</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ferns.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We show that different centers of fern diversity have strikingly different phylogenetic composition. We find that overall fern species diversity is negatively correlated with both MNTD<sub>ses</sub> and MPD<sub>ses</sub>, so that regions with high species diversity tend to have clustered species assemblages, whereas species-poor regions tend to have overdispersed species assemblages. At the global extent, MNTD<sub>ses</sub> and MPD<sub>ses</sub> together explained 62.2%, 19.3%, and 65.7% of the variation in species diversity for all ferns as a whole, non-polypod ferns, and polypods, respectively.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our study suggests that current geographic patterns of fern species richness are driven, at least in part, by evolutionary history of ferns, which varies among biogeographic regions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15299,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biogeography","volume":"51 8","pages":"1429-1437"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140173211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Octavio Rojas-Soto, Juan S. Forero-Rodríguez, Alejandra Galindo-Cruz, Claudio Mota-Vargas, Keisy D. Parra-Henao, Alexander Peña-Peniche, Javier Piña-Torres, Karen Rojas-Herrera, Juan D. Sánchez-Rodríguez, Felipe A. Toro-Cardona, Carlos D. Trinidad-Domínguez
Aim
The calibration area (CA) corresponds to the geographic region used by different algorithms that estimate the species' environmental preferences and delimit its geographic distribution. This study intended to identify, test and compare current literature's most commonly employed approaches and methods for CA creation, highlighting the differences with the accessible area (M), a frequently misapplied concept.
Location
Global.
Taxon
Arthropods, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
Methods
We conducted a literature review and analysed 129 recent articles on species distribution that use correlative models to identify the methods used to establish the CA and their frequency. We also evaluated seven of the most widely used methods for 31 species from different taxa.
Results
We found that the most frequently used methods in literature corresponded to biogeographic entities (BE). Moreover, according to our evaluation, those methods that seek to establish the CA through the accessible area approach (including BE and ‘grinnell’) were the best evaluated. Finally, we highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the analysed methods in selecting CA.
Main Conclusions
Although we cannot fail to recognize the usefulness and validity of the different methods to establish CAs, we suggest calibrating ecological niche and species distribution models in light of explicit a priori hypotheses regarding the extent of accessible areas (M) as a delimitation of the CA, which theoretically includes the species' dispersal ability and its barriers. We recommend using the BE method, which is simple to establish and highly operational.
目的校准区（CA）是指不同算法所使用的地理区域，这些算法用于估算物种的环境偏好并划定其地理分布。本研究旨在识别、测试和比较当前文献中最常用的建立校准区的方法和手段，并强调其与可进入区域（M）--一个经常被误用的概念--的不同之处。方法我们进行了文献综述，分析了最近129篇使用相关模型研究物种分布的文章，以识别用于建立校准区的方法及其使用频率。结果我们发现，文献中最常用的方法与生物地理实体（BE）相对应。此外，根据我们的评估，那些试图通过可进入区域方法（包括生物地理实体和 "格林奈尔"）建立 CA 的方法得到了最好的评价。最后，我们强调了所分析方法在选择 CA 方面的优缺点。主要结论虽然我们不能不承认不同方法在建立 CA 方面的实用性和有效性，但我们建议根据明确的先验假设来校准生态位和物种分布模型，将可进入区域（M）的范围作为 CA 的划界，这在理论上包括物种的扩散能力及其障碍。我们建议使用 BE 方法，该方法易于建立且操作性强。
{"title":"Calibration areas in ecological niche and species distribution modelling: Unravelling approaches and concepts","authors":"Octavio Rojas-Soto, Juan S. Forero-Rodríguez, Alejandra Galindo-Cruz, Claudio Mota-Vargas, Keisy D. Parra-Henao, Alexander Peña-Peniche, Javier Piña-Torres, Karen Rojas-Herrera, Juan D. Sánchez-Rodríguez, Felipe A. Toro-Cardona, Carlos D. Trinidad-Domínguez","doi":"10.1111/jbi.14834","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jbi.14834","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The calibration area (CA) corresponds to the geographic region used by different algorithms that estimate the species' environmental preferences and delimit its geographic distribution. This study intended to identify, test and compare current literature's most commonly employed approaches and methods for CA creation, highlighting the differences with the accessible area (M), a frequently misapplied concept.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Global.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Taxon</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Arthropods, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We conducted a literature review and analysed 129 recent articles on species distribution that use correlative models to identify the methods used to establish the CA and their frequency. We also evaluated seven of the most widely used methods for 31 species from different taxa.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We found that the most frequently used methods in literature corresponded to biogeographic entities (BE). Moreover, according to our evaluation, those methods that seek to establish the CA through the <i>accessible area</i> approach (including BE and ‘grinnell’) were the best evaluated. Finally, we highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the analysed methods in selecting CA.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Although we cannot fail to recognize the usefulness and validity of the different methods to establish CAs, we suggest calibrating ecological niche and species distribution models in light of explicit a priori hypotheses regarding the extent of accessible areas (M) as a delimitation of the CA, which theoretically includes the species' dispersal ability and its barriers. We recommend using the BE method, which is simple to establish and highly operational.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15299,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biogeography","volume":"51 8","pages":"1416-1428"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140148603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Michaël Guillon, Fernando Martínez-Freiría, Nahla Lucchini, Sylvain Ursenbacher, Yann Surget-Groba, Masa Kageyama, Frédéric Lagarde, Hervé Cubizolle, Olivier Lourdais
Aim
Ecological niche-based models (ENM) frequently rely on bioclimatic variables (BioV) to reconstruct biogeographic scenarios for species evolution, ignoring mechanistic relations. We tested if climatic predictors relevant to species hydric and thermal physiology better proximate distribution patterns and support location of Pleistocene refugia derived from phylogeographic studies.
Location
The Western Palaearctic.
Taxon
Vipera berus and Zootoca vivipara, two cold-adapted species.
Methods
We used two sets of variables, that is physiologically meaningful climatic variables (PMV) and BioV, in a multi-algorithm ENM approach, to compare their ability to predict current and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) species ranges. We estimated current and LGM permafrost extent to address spatially the cold hardiness dissimilarity between both species.
Results
PMV explained more accurately the current distribution of these two cold-adapted species and identified the importance of summer temperature and solar radiation that constrain activity in cold habitats. PMV also provide a better insight than BioV predictors on LGM distribution. By including notably, the permafrost extent, PMV-based models gave parsimonious putative arrangement and validity of refugia for each clade and subclade in accordance with phylogeographic data. Northern refugia were also identified from 48 to 52° N for V. berus and from 50 to 54° N for Z. vivipara.
Main Conclusions
Our hybrid approach based on PMV generated more realistic predictions for both current (biogeographical validation) and past distributions (phylogeographic validation). By combining constraints during the activity period (summer climatic niche) and those inherent to the wintering period (freeze tolerance), we managed to identify glacial refuges in agreement with phylogeographic hypotheses concerning post-glacial routes and colonization scenarios.
{"title":"Inferring current and Last Glacial Maximum distributions are improved by physiology-relevant climatic variables in cold-adapted ectotherms","authors":"Michaël Guillon, Fernando Martínez-Freiría, Nahla Lucchini, Sylvain Ursenbacher, Yann Surget-Groba, Masa Kageyama, Frédéric Lagarde, Hervé Cubizolle, Olivier Lourdais","doi":"10.1111/jbi.14828","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jbi.14828","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Ecological niche-based models (ENM) frequently rely on bioclimatic variables (BioV) to reconstruct biogeographic scenarios for species evolution, ignoring mechanistic relations. We tested if climatic predictors relevant to species hydric and thermal physiology better proximate distribution patterns and support location of Pleistocene refugia derived from phylogeographic studies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The Western Palaearctic.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Taxon</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Vipera berus</i> and <i>Zootoca vivipara</i>, two cold-adapted species.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We used two sets of variables, that is physiologically meaningful climatic variables (PMV) and BioV, in a multi-algorithm ENM approach, to compare their ability to predict current and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) species ranges. We estimated current and LGM permafrost extent to address spatially the cold hardiness dissimilarity between both species.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>PMV explained more accurately the current distribution of these two cold-adapted species and identified the importance of summer temperature and solar radiation that constrain activity in cold habitats. PMV also provide a better insight than BioV predictors on LGM distribution. By including notably, the permafrost extent, PMV-based models gave parsimonious putative arrangement and validity of refugia for each clade and subclade in accordance with phylogeographic data. Northern refugia were also identified from 48 to 52° N for <i>V. berus</i> and from 50 to 54° N for <i>Z. vivipara</i>.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our hybrid approach based on PMV generated more realistic predictions for both current (biogeographical validation) and past distributions (phylogeographic validation). By combining constraints during the activity period (summer climatic niche) and those inherent to the wintering period (freeze tolerance), we managed to identify glacial refuges in agreement with phylogeographic hypotheses concerning post-glacial routes and colonization scenarios.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15299,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biogeography","volume":"51 8","pages":"1400-1415"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140148719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adam Klimeš, Rafael Molina-Venegas, Angelino Carta, Milan Chytrý, Luisa Conti, Lars Götzenberger, Michal Hájek, Michal Horsák, Borja Jiménez-Alfaro, Jitka Klimešová, Francisco E. Méndez-Castro, David Zelený, Gianluigi Ottaviani
Aim
The influence of species phylogenetic relatedness on the formation of insular assemblages remains understudied in functional island biogeography, especially for terrestrial habitat islands (i.e. distinct habitat patches embedded in a matrix that differ in the prevailing environmental conditions). Here, we tested three eco-evolutionary hypotheses: (1) functional specialization of species (i.e. specialism) is associated with phylogenetic clustering at the habitat archipelago scale, (2) such clustering increases with insularity at the habitat island scale and (3) traits indicative of effective local persistence strategies shape island specialism.
Location
Terrestrial habitat islands, Europe (Fens in the Western Carpathians, Outcrops in Moravia and Mountaintops in the Cantabrian Range).
Taxon
Angiosperms.
Methods
We assessed the phylogenetic relatedness of habitat specialists in three different archipelagos composed of terrestrial habitat islands based on phylogenetic signals and phylogenetic diversity (PD) measures. We estimated the effect of insularity on PD using linear models and the effect of persistence traits on specialism using phylogenetic logistic regressions.
Results
Our hypotheses were largely not supported. Outcrop and mountaintop specialist assemblages did not exhibit any phylogenetic structuring, whereas fen specialists were clustered at the archipelago scale. Therefore, insularity seems not to act as a selective force for phylogenetic structure, and ecologically important persistence traits do not operate as precursors of specialism.
Main Conclusions
Our results show that species phylogenetic relatedness plays a minor role in shaping habitat island specialist assemblages. Furthermore, the effects of phylogenetic relatedness on assemblages of island specialists are system and scale dependent. Finally, accounting for species' phylogenetic relatedness on persistence traits yielded results similar to previous studies, which corroborates the positive relationship between insularity and functional traits (indicative of enhanced plant persistence abilities with increasing within-archipelago insularity).
{"title":"Weak phylogenetic effect on specialist plant assemblages and their persistence on habitat islands","authors":"Adam Klimeš, Rafael Molina-Venegas, Angelino Carta, Milan Chytrý, Luisa Conti, Lars Götzenberger, Michal Hájek, Michal Horsák, Borja Jiménez-Alfaro, Jitka Klimešová, Francisco E. Méndez-Castro, David Zelený, Gianluigi Ottaviani","doi":"10.1111/jbi.14833","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jbi.14833","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The influence of species phylogenetic relatedness on the formation of insular assemblages remains understudied in functional island biogeography, especially for terrestrial habitat islands (i.e. distinct habitat patches embedded in a matrix that differ in the prevailing environmental conditions). Here, we tested three eco-evolutionary hypotheses: (1) functional specialization of species (i.e. specialism) is associated with phylogenetic clustering at the habitat archipelago scale, (2) such clustering increases with insularity at the habitat island scale and (3) traits indicative of effective local persistence strategies shape island specialism.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Terrestrial habitat islands, Europe (Fens in the Western Carpathians, Outcrops in Moravia and Mountaintops in the Cantabrian Range).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Taxon</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Angiosperms.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We assessed the phylogenetic relatedness of habitat specialists in three different archipelagos composed of terrestrial habitat islands based on phylogenetic signals and phylogenetic diversity (PD) measures. We estimated the effect of insularity on PD using linear models and the effect of persistence traits on specialism using phylogenetic logistic regressions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our hypotheses were largely not supported. Outcrop and mountaintop specialist assemblages did not exhibit any phylogenetic structuring, whereas fen specialists were clustered at the archipelago scale. Therefore, insularity seems not to act as a selective force for phylogenetic structure, and ecologically important persistence traits do not operate as precursors of specialism.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our results show that species phylogenetic relatedness plays a minor role in shaping habitat island specialist assemblages. Furthermore, the effects of phylogenetic relatedness on assemblages of island specialists are system and scale dependent. Finally, accounting for species' phylogenetic relatedness on persistence traits yielded results similar to previous studies, which corroborates the positive relationship between insularity and functional traits (indicative of enhanced plant persistence abilities with increasing within-archipelago insularity).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15299,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biogeography","volume":"51 9","pages":"1723-1733"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140127267","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sheng-Dan Wu, Huan-Wen Peng, Lian Lian, Rosa Del C. Ortiz, Andrey S. Erst, Florian Jabbour, Wei Wang
Aim
Drylands cover about 41% of Earth's land surface and are home to fragile biota with high levels of endemism. Two hypothetical models, i.e., cradle and museum, have been proposed to account for present-day species diversity in an ecoregion or biome. We investigated macroevolutionary patterns to test these two different models in Nitrariaceae, a characteristic component of the Eurasian dryland ecosystem. We also used this family to explore the intercontinental disjunct distribution pattern between the deserts of Eurasia and western North America, known as the Madrean–Tethyan disjunction.
Location
Drylands in the Northern Hemisphere.
Taxon
Nitrariaceae (Sapindales, Angiosperms).
Method
We sampled all 16 of the currently recognized extant species of Nitrariaceae and 59 species from the eight other families of Sapindales. A fossil-calibrated phylogeny was generated using 12 fossil constraints. The ancestral range and climate niche of Nitrariaceae were reconstructed, and diversification rates were estimated.
Results
The most recent common ancestor of Nitrariaceae likely inhabited arid habitats with low rainfall in the temperate zone in the Late Cretaceous, which geographically corresponds to present-day Central Asia. The western North American Peganum mexicanum split from its Central Asian sister group at approximately 39 Ma. Net diversification rates of Nitrariaceae experienced a significant increase around 11 Ma. Within Sapindales, at least seven arid species originated markedly prior to the Miocene.
Main Conclusions
The North Atlantic land bridge and global cooling climate in the Late Eocene might have driven the formation of the present-day disjunct distribution of Nitrariaceae between arid Central Asia and western North America. Nitrariaceae originated in the Late Cretaceous and exhibited long-term climate niche conservatism, but experienced a rapid diversification in the late Miocene of Eurasia in response to orogenetic and climatic changes. These findings suggest that Eurasian drylands serve as both evolutionary cradles and museums for the diversity of Nitrariaceae and likely for other arid-adapted lineages.
目的旱地约占地球陆地面积的 41%，是具有高度特有性的脆弱生物群落的家园。人们提出了两种假设模式，即摇篮模式和博物馆模式，来解释生态区或生物群落中现今的物种多样性。我们研究了宏观进化模式，以检验这两种不同模式在欧亚旱地生态系统的特征成分--氮杂科（Nitrariaceae）中的应用。我们还利用该科探索了欧亚大陆沙漠与北美西部沙漠之间的洲际分离分布模式，即所谓的马德里亚-泰坦分离模式。方法我们对目前已知的全部16个Nitrariaceae现生物种以及无患子科（Sapindales）其他8个科的59个物种进行了取样。利用 12 个化石约束条件生成了化石校准的系统发生。结果Nitrariaceae最近的共同祖先很可能居住在晚白垩世温带降雨量低的干旱生境中，其地理位置相当于今天的中亚。北美西部的 Peganum mexicanum 在大约 39 Ma 时从中亚姊妹群中分离出来。Nitrariaceae 的净多样化率在 11 Ma 前后经历了一次显著的增长。在无患子科（Sapindales）中，至少有7个干旱物种明显起源于中新世之前。Nitrariaceae起源于晚白垩世，表现出长期的气候生态位保守性，但在欧亚大陆中新世晚期随着造山运动和气候的变化经历了快速的多样化。这些研究结果表明，欧亚干旱地区既是Nitrariaceae多样性的进化摇篮和博物馆，也很可能是其他适应干旱的类群的进化博物馆。
{"title":"Eurasian drylands are both evolutionary cradles and museums of Nitrariaceae diversity","authors":"Sheng-Dan Wu, Huan-Wen Peng, Lian Lian, Rosa Del C. Ortiz, Andrey S. Erst, Florian Jabbour, Wei Wang","doi":"10.1111/jbi.14832","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jbi.14832","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Drylands cover about 41% of Earth's land surface and are home to fragile biota with high levels of endemism. Two hypothetical models, i.e., cradle and museum, have been proposed to account for present-day species diversity in an ecoregion or biome. We investigated macroevolutionary patterns to test these two different models in Nitrariaceae, a characteristic component of the Eurasian dryland ecosystem. We also used this family to explore the intercontinental disjunct distribution pattern between the deserts of Eurasia and western North America, known as the Madrean–Tethyan disjunction.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Drylands in the Northern Hemisphere.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Taxon</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Nitrariaceae (Sapindales, Angiosperms).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We sampled all 16 of the currently recognized extant species of Nitrariaceae and 59 species from the eight other families of Sapindales. A fossil-calibrated phylogeny was generated using 12 fossil constraints. The ancestral range and climate niche of Nitrariaceae were reconstructed, and diversification rates were estimated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The most recent common ancestor of Nitrariaceae likely inhabited arid habitats with low rainfall in the temperate zone in the Late Cretaceous, which geographically corresponds to present-day Central Asia. The western North American <i>Peganum mexicanum</i> split from its Central Asian sister group at approximately 39 Ma. Net diversification rates of Nitrariaceae experienced a significant increase around 11 Ma. Within Sapindales, at least seven arid species originated markedly prior to the Miocene.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The North Atlantic land bridge and global cooling climate in the Late Eocene might have driven the formation of the present-day disjunct distribution of Nitrariaceae between arid Central Asia and western North America. Nitrariaceae originated in the Late Cretaceous and exhibited long-term climate niche conservatism, but experienced a rapid diversification in the late Miocene of Eurasia in response to orogenetic and climatic changes. These findings suggest that Eurasian drylands serve as both evolutionary cradles and museums for the diversity of Nitrariaceae and likely for other arid-adapted lineages.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15299,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biogeography","volume":"51 8","pages":"1387-1399"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140116462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Zhijun Xia, Jani Heino, Jianwei Wang, Tao Chang, Mingzheng Li
Aim
If the positive occupancy–abundance relationship prevails, locally abundant species are widely distributed. Although broadly supported, studies on lake fishes have thus far contributed little to this topic, especially at intermediate and small spatial scales. Here, the main objective was to investigate the relationship between occupancy and abundance of lake fish species within a large lake, as well as examine the relative importance of ecological niches, functional traits and phylogenetic relatedness in forming the relationship.
Location
Poyang Lake, China.
Taxon
Fishes.
Methods
We calculated occupancy and mean abundance for 78 fish species and estimated niche position and niche breadth for each species based on a set of environmental variables. Additionally, we generated four functional trait vectors and one phylogenetic vector, describing trait similarity and phylogenetic relatedness, respectively. Linear models, hierarchical partitioning analyses and boosted regression trees were used in combination to explore the relative role of niche position, niche breadth, trait vectors and phylogenetic relatedness in determining fish occupancy, abundance and their relationship.
Results
Occupancy and mean abundance of fish species in Poyang Lake showed a significantly positive and rather strong interspecific relationship. Interspecific variations in fish occupancy and abundance were well accounted for by niche position, followed by niche breadth. Nonetheless, trait vectors and phylogenetic relatedness were of minor importance in affecting fish occupancy and abundance. Additionally, occupancy was better explained than abundance by the predictor variables used, which was shown by both linear models and boosted regression trees.
Main Conclusions
This study suggests that the positive correlation between occupancy and abundance also occurs in lake fish species. Furthermore, ecological niche features, especially niche position, were more important than functional traits and phylogenetic relatedness in accounting for occupancy and abundance of fish species in Poyang Lake.
{"title":"Niche position accounts for the positive occupancy–abundance relationship of lake fishes","authors":"Zhijun Xia, Jani Heino, Jianwei Wang, Tao Chang, Mingzheng Li","doi":"10.1111/jbi.14830","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jbi.14830","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>If the positive occupancy–abundance relationship prevails, locally abundant species are widely distributed. Although broadly supported, studies on lake fishes have thus far contributed little to this topic, especially at intermediate and small spatial scales. Here, the main objective was to investigate the relationship between occupancy and abundance of lake fish species within a large lake, as well as examine the relative importance of ecological niches, functional traits and phylogenetic relatedness in forming the relationship.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Poyang Lake, China.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Taxon</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fishes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We calculated occupancy and mean abundance for 78 fish species and estimated niche position and niche breadth for each species based on a set of environmental variables. Additionally, we generated four functional trait vectors and one phylogenetic vector, describing trait similarity and phylogenetic relatedness, respectively. Linear models, hierarchical partitioning analyses and boosted regression trees were used in combination to explore the relative role of niche position, niche breadth, trait vectors and phylogenetic relatedness in determining fish occupancy, abundance and their relationship.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Occupancy and mean abundance of fish species in Poyang Lake showed a significantly positive and rather strong interspecific relationship. Interspecific variations in fish occupancy and abundance were well accounted for by niche position, followed by niche breadth. Nonetheless, trait vectors and phylogenetic relatedness were of minor importance in affecting fish occupancy and abundance. Additionally, occupancy was better explained than abundance by the predictor variables used, which was shown by both linear models and boosted regression trees.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study suggests that the positive correlation between occupancy and abundance also occurs in lake fish species. Furthermore, ecological niche features, especially niche position, were more important than functional traits and phylogenetic relatedness in accounting for occupancy and abundance of fish species in Poyang Lake.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":15299,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biogeography","volume":"51 8","pages":"1374-1386"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140075863","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thainá Lessa, Juliana Stropp, Joaquín Hortal, Richard J. Ladle
The gap between the number of described species and the number of species that actually exist is known as the Linnean shortfall and is of fundamental importance for biogeography and conservation. Unsurprisingly, there have been many attempts to quantify its extent for different taxa and regions. In this Perspective, we argue that such forecasts remain highly problematic because the extent of the shortfall does depend not only on the rates of exploration (sampling undescribed taxa) on which estimates have been commonly based but also on the rates of taxonomic change (lumping and splitting). These changes highly depend on the species concepts adopted and the information and methods used to delimit species. Commonly used methods of estimating the number of unknown species (e.g. discovery curves, taxon ratios) can underestimate or overestimate the Linnean shortfall if they do not effectively account for trends and rates of taxonomic change. A further complication is that the history of taxonomic change is not well documented for most taxa and is not typically available in biodiversity databases. Moreover, wide geographic and taxonomic variation in the adoption of species concepts and delimitation methods mean that comparison of estimates of the Linnean shortfall between taxa and even for the same taxon between regions may be unreliable. Given the high likelihood of future taxonomic changes for most major taxa, we propose two main strategies to consider the influence of taxonomic change on estimates of unknown species: (i) a highly conservative approach to estimating the Linnean shortfall, restricting analysis to groups and regions where taxonomies are relatively stable and (ii) explicitly incorporating metrics of taxonomic change into biodiversity models and estimates. In short, relevant estimates of the number of known and unknown species will only be achieved by accounting for the dynamic nature of the taxonomic process itself.
{"title":"How taxonomic change influences forecasts of the Linnean shortfall (and what we can do about it)?","authors":"Thainá Lessa, Juliana Stropp, Joaquín Hortal, Richard J. Ladle","doi":"10.1111/jbi.14829","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jbi.14829","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The gap between the number of described species and the number of species that actually exist is known as the Linnean shortfall and is of fundamental importance for biogeography and conservation. Unsurprisingly, there have been many attempts to quantify its extent for different taxa and regions. In this <i>Perspective</i>, we argue that such forecasts remain highly problematic because the extent of the shortfall does depend not only on the rates of exploration (sampling undescribed taxa) on which estimates have been commonly based but also on the rates of taxonomic change (lumping and splitting). These changes highly depend on the species concepts adopted and the information and methods used to delimit species. Commonly used methods of estimating the number of unknown species (e.g. discovery curves, taxon ratios) can underestimate or overestimate the Linnean shortfall if they do not effectively account for trends and rates of taxonomic change. A further complication is that the history of taxonomic change is not well documented for most taxa and is not typically available in biodiversity databases. Moreover, wide geographic and taxonomic variation in the adoption of species concepts and delimitation methods mean that comparison of estimates of the Linnean shortfall between taxa and even for the same taxon between regions may be unreliable. Given the high likelihood of future taxonomic changes for most major taxa, we propose two main strategies to consider the influence of taxonomic change on estimates of unknown species: (i) a highly conservative approach to estimating the Linnean shortfall, restricting analysis to groups and regions where taxonomies are relatively stable and (ii) explicitly incorporating metrics of taxonomic change into biodiversity models and estimates. In short, relevant estimates of the number of known and unknown species will only be achieved by accounting for the dynamic nature of the taxonomic process itself.</p>","PeriodicalId":15299,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biogeography","volume":"51 8","pages":"1365-1373"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140075820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mollie Mills, Danielle Schreve, Owen Middleton, Christopher J. Sandom
<div> <section> <h3> Aim</h3> <p>Many species have suffered anthropogenic range contraction and no longer occupy all available suitable environmental conditions. This is particularly problematic for the construction of habitat suitability models (HSMs), which assume that a species' contemporary range reflects its full species–environment relationship. HSMs therefore risk underestimating suitable environment areas, and misinforming conservation decisions. Incorporating historic (centuries-old) records partly reduces this bias, but even these records are also subject to human disturbance. We incorporated fossil records of the critically endangered saiga antelope (<i>Saiga tatarica</i>, L., 1776), alongside historic and current records, into current and future habitat suitability models. Saiga has experienced drastic range contraction and may have a truncated species–environment relationship. The results allowed us to test whether its current habitat provides optimal environmental conditions, or whether saiga should be considered a refugee species.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Location</h3> <p>Northern Hemisphere.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Taxon</h3> <p><i>Saiga tatarica</i> (Bovidae, Artiodactyla).</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>We collated historic and fossil saiga occurrence records from published literature, museum archives and global databases. Modern occurrence records were obtained from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List assessment. Four bioclimatic variables were downloaded from Worldclim.org. HSMs were generated through Maxent, using the <i>maxnet</i> package in R. Three HSMs were developed: present only, present historic and present fossil. Each of these models was projected onto current and two future (2070) climate change scenarios.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>Saiga fossil records increased the predicted suitable environment area by 783% and 1416% for current and future climate projections respectively. Our results suggest the saiga is not a refugee species but occupies only a portion of its potential environmental niche. The saiga's contemporary range is predicted environmentally suitable throughout all models and projections, and therefore in situ conservation management is recommended.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Main Conclusions</h3> <p>This study highlights the importanc
{"title":"Going back for the future: Incorporating Pleistocene fossil records of saiga antelope into habitat suitability models","authors":"Mollie Mills, Danielle Schreve, Owen Middleton, Christopher J. Sandom","doi":"10.1111/jbi.14831","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jbi.14831","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Many species have suffered anthropogenic range contraction and no longer occupy all available suitable environmental conditions. This is particularly problematic for the construction of habitat suitability models (HSMs), which assume that a species' contemporary range reflects its full species–environment relationship. HSMs therefore risk underestimating suitable environment areas, and misinforming conservation decisions. Incorporating historic (centuries-old) records partly reduces this bias, but even these records are also subject to human disturbance. We incorporated fossil records of the critically endangered saiga antelope (<i>Saiga tatarica</i>, L., 1776), alongside historic and current records, into current and future habitat suitability models. Saiga has experienced drastic range contraction and may have a truncated species–environment relationship. The results allowed us to test whether its current habitat provides optimal environmental conditions, or whether saiga should be considered a refugee species.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Northern Hemisphere.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Taxon</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Saiga tatarica</i> (Bovidae, Artiodactyla).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We collated historic and fossil saiga occurrence records from published literature, museum archives and global databases. Modern occurrence records were obtained from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List assessment. Four bioclimatic variables were downloaded from Worldclim.org. HSMs were generated through Maxent, using the <i>maxnet</i> package in R. Three HSMs were developed: present only, present historic and present fossil. Each of these models was projected onto current and two future (2070) climate change scenarios.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Saiga fossil records increased the predicted suitable environment area by 783% and 1416% for current and future climate projections respectively. Our results suggest the saiga is not a refugee species but occupies only a portion of its potential environmental niche. The saiga's contemporary range is predicted environmentally suitable throughout all models and projections, and therefore in situ conservation management is recommended.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study highlights the importanc","PeriodicalId":15299,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biogeography","volume":"51 8","pages":"1351-1364"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jbi.14831","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140075824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fabio Mologni, Peter J. Bellingham, Ewen K. Cameron, Anthony E. Wright
<div> <section> <h3> Aim</h3> <p>Investigating the extent of insular invasions by non-native species (i.e., the number of islands they occupy) is central to island conservation. However, interrelationships among plant life history traits, naturalization histories, and island characteristics in determining island occupancy by non-native plant species are poorly understood. We investigated whether island occupancy by different non-native plant species declines in relation to their year of first naturalization and whether periods of first naturalization differ among growth forms, dispersal modes, and biogeographic origins. Then, we asked if non-native plants that naturalized more recently occur more frequently on islands that are large, less isolated, and close to urban areas. We contrasted trends across growth forms, dispersal modes, and biogeographic origins.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Location</h3> <p>264 offshore islands in northern Aotearoa New Zealand.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Taxa</h3> <p>Vascular plant species.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>We combined field surveys and published data for 767 non-native plant species on the islands. We categorized each species according to its growth form (<i>n</i> = 3), dispersal mode (<i>n</i> = 4) and biogeographic origin (<i>n</i> = 5) and identified its year of first naturalization in Aotearoa New Zealand. We tested our hypotheses using ANCOVA and generalized linear models (GLMs).</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>There were similar declines in island occupancy in relation to the year of first naturalization in Aotearoa New Zealand across all trait and biogeographic origin categories. First naturalization times of herbaceous species, those with unspecialized dispersal modes, and those originating from Eurasia and the Mediterranean basin were disproportionately earlier than other categories. Non-native plants with more recent first naturalization occur more frequently on large islands close to urban areas, but not on less isolated ones. Relationships with island characteristics did not differ among trait and biogeographic origin categories.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Main Conclusions</h3> <p>Overall, time of first naturalization was more important than trait and biogeographic origin categories in explaining non-native plant invasion patterns on islands. Since there we
{"title":"Time since first naturalization is key to explaining non-native plant invasions on islands","authors":"Fabio Mologni, Peter J. Bellingham, Ewen K. Cameron, Anthony E. Wright","doi":"10.1111/jbi.14825","DOIUrl":"10.1111/jbi.14825","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Investigating the extent of insular invasions by non-native species (i.e., the number of islands they occupy) is central to island conservation. However, interrelationships among plant life history traits, naturalization histories, and island characteristics in determining island occupancy by non-native plant species are poorly understood. We investigated whether island occupancy by different non-native plant species declines in relation to their year of first naturalization and whether periods of first naturalization differ among growth forms, dispersal modes, and biogeographic origins. Then, we asked if non-native plants that naturalized more recently occur more frequently on islands that are large, less isolated, and close to urban areas. We contrasted trends across growth forms, dispersal modes, and biogeographic origins.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Location</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>264 offshore islands in northern Aotearoa New Zealand.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Taxa</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Vascular plant species.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We combined field surveys and published data for 767 non-native plant species on the islands. We categorized each species according to its growth form (<i>n</i> = 3), dispersal mode (<i>n</i> = 4) and biogeographic origin (<i>n</i> = 5) and identified its year of first naturalization in Aotearoa New Zealand. We tested our hypotheses using ANCOVA and generalized linear models (GLMs).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There were similar declines in island occupancy in relation to the year of first naturalization in Aotearoa New Zealand across all trait and biogeographic origin categories. First naturalization times of herbaceous species, those with unspecialized dispersal modes, and those originating from Eurasia and the Mediterranean basin were disproportionately earlier than other categories. Non-native plants with more recent first naturalization occur more frequently on large islands close to urban areas, but not on less isolated ones. Relationships with island characteristics did not differ among trait and biogeographic origin categories.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Main Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Overall, time of first naturalization was more important than trait and biogeographic origin categories in explaining non-native plant invasion patterns on islands. Since there we","PeriodicalId":15299,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Biogeography","volume":"51 8","pages":"1340-1350"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2024-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jbi.14825","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140046598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rui-E Nie, Lu-Lu Li, Anderson Feijó, Mei-Xia Yang, Ming Bai, Thomas J. Creedy, Xu Jin, Jia-Sheng Hao, Yong-Ying Ruan, Hua-Xi Liu, Beulah H. Garner, Ladislav Bocak, Xing-Ke Yang, Alfried P. Vogler
<div> <section> <h3> Aim</h3> <p>Knowledge of taxonomy and species distributions in highly diverse lineages of invertebrates remains too incomplete for the study of biogeographical patterns at the global scale. This limits the understanding of processes leading to the formation and maintenance of boundaries between major biogeographical realms. Site-based metagenomic approaches may provide an alternative source of data for inference of historical processes of in situ speciation and interchange among biogeographical regions. We applied the methodology to explore the historical biogeography of the Qinling Mountains at the boundary of the Oriental and Palaearctic regions.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Location</h3> <p>The focal area in the Qinling Mountains; sites in Borneo, Panama, and Spain, representing the Oriental, Neotropical and Palaearctic faunas.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Time Period</h3> <p>Contemporary.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Major Taxa Studied</h3> <p>Chrysomelidae, a group of ~40,000 species with worldwide distribution.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Methods</h3> <p>Mass-trapped insects were subjected to deep Illumina DNA sequencing and mitochondrial genome assembly, followed by phylogenetic analysis and historical biogeographical inference on a dated tree. The methodology produced 622 mitogenomes (304 newly sequenced) each representing a morphologically distinct species.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Results</h3> <p>Ancestral area reconstruction revealed that the Qinling fauna is a composite of distinct clades that, respectively, have Oriental or Palaearctic ancient origins, while in situ speciation and local clade formation were limited. The global diversity of Chrysomelidae consists of regionalised deep clades at the level of the major zoogeographic realms, which remain recognisable where these realms abut in the Qinling mountains. Yet, the Qinling fauna is clearly distinct from the source areas although local lineage ages are generally <20 Ma.</p> </section> <section> <h3> Main Conclusions</h3> <p>The Qinling fauna is a composite of clades that have either Oriental or Palaearctic origin, indicating the important role of immigration at the realm boundary. Global site-based phylogenetic analyses based on metagenomic sequenc
目的对于研究全球范围的生物地理格局而言，对高度多样化的无脊椎动物系的分类和物种分布的了解仍然太不全面。这限制了对主要生物地理区域之间边界形成和维持过程的了解。基于地点的元基因组学方法可为推断生物地理区域间原地物种分化和交换的历史进程提供另一种数据来源。我们将该方法应用于探索位于东方和古北地区交界处的秦岭的历史生物地理学。地点秦岭重点地区；婆罗洲、巴拿马和西班牙的地点，代表东方、新热带和古北动物群。方法对大量捕获的昆虫进行深度 Illumina DNA 测序和线粒体基因组组装，然后在一棵年代树上进行系统发育分析和历史生物地理推断。结果 重建秦岭动物群的祖先区域发现，秦岭动物群是一个由不同支系组成的复合体，这些支系分别起源于东方或古北界，而原地物种分化和地方支系的形成是有限的。全球蝶形目动物的多样性由主要动物地理区系层面上的区域化深支系组成，这些支系在秦岭动物地理区系相邻的地方仍可识别。主要结论秦岭动物群是一个由起源于东方或古北界的支系组成的复合体，这表明在动物界边界上移民的重要作用。基于元基因组测序的全球位点系统发育分析可以解决以往难以解决的问题，即即使没有完善的分类学，也可以对研究较少的类群进行历史生物地理学研究。
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