Dmitry Girenko, Bohdan Murashevych, Alexander Velichenko
BACKGROUND
Technologies and preparations that provide a fast and powerful microbicidal effect are vital for the prevention and treatment of infections. Active chlorine compounds, especially sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), play an important role both as pharmaceuticals and as disinfectants. However, the stringent requirements for biomedical solutions do not allow the use of most traditional technologies for their synthesis. The paper describes the concept, architecture and individual components of an electrolyzer and its optimal operating parameters for obtaining high-purity NaOCl preparations.
RESULTS
The synthesis of target NaOCl solutions is expediently carried out by electrolysis of approx. 9.0 g L−1 NaCl solutions in original flow cells with a coaxial arrangement of electrodes. The optimal anode is a titanium tube with a catalytic RuO2–IrO2 coating. The cathode should be made of smooth titanium or of heat-treated platinized titanium. The initial electrolyte must be fed into the cell using a peristaltic pump. At a current load of 2 A and the use of two series-connected cells, the proposed technology ensures the production of 8.7 L h−1 of a solution containing 500 mg L−1 NaOCl and less than 1.0 mg L−1 NaClO3. An electrolyzer with three flow cells allows for the continuous production at 9.2 L h−1 of a 1000 mg L−1 NaOCl solution containing no more than 6 mg L−1 NaClO3.
Carlos A. Montenegro-Herrera, Mariana Manzoni Maroneze, María E. Rodríguez-Alegría, Alfredo Martinez
BACKGROUND
This study investigated the effects of different culture modes – autotrophy, mixotrophy and heterotrophy – on polyglucan accumulation and molecular weight distribution in four Galdieria sulphuraria strains. Understanding the impact of these culture modes helps optimize the production of reserve carbohydrates and modify their molecular properties for biotechnological applications.
RESULTS
The mixotrophic cultivation synergistically positively impacted microalgae growth, reserve polyglucan accumulation and productivity. Significant interaction effects between strain and culture mode were observed for all evaluated kinetic parameters, including biomass concentration (P = 9.06E−09), biomass productivity (P = 2.34E−06) and specific growth rate (P = 6.01E–15). The strain G. sulphuraria SAG 107.79 exhibited the highest glycogen accumulation, reaching 20.1% (w/w) under mixotrophic conditions, compared to 13.6% (w/w) and 5.1% (w/w) under heterotrophic and autotrophic modes, respectively. Culture mode also significantly affected the molecular weight distribution of polyglucans. Autotrophic cultures displayed a bimodal distribution, which may indicate the coexistence of α- and β-particle populations, while heterotrophic cultures showed a unimodal profile. The polydispersity index ranged from 1.65 to 9.18, indicating heterogeneity of the molecular weight of the polymer chains. Interestingly, under mixotrophic growth conditions, a high-molecular-weight polymer was obtained compared to the heterotrophic mode.
Enrico Mendes Saggioro, Bianca Miguel de Souza-Chaves, Morgana Bosio, Maria Emília Quinta-Ferreira, Rosa Quinta-Ferreira, Márcia Dezotti
BACKGROUND
This study focuses on utilizing the electrochemical oxidation (EO) process to eliminate psychoactive substances and aims to assess the impact of EO-treated water on the neuronal activity of rat hippocampus (specifically the CA3 region). The effectiveness of the ruthenium–iridium (Ru/Ir) EO process in degrading a mixture of carbamazepine and four benzodiazepines (alprazolam, clonazepam, diazepam and lorazepam) was evaluated in ultrapure (UP) water under various pH levels (ranging from 3 to 10), current densities (30–50 A m−2) and electrolyte concentrations (0.5 and 1.0 g L−1 NaCl). Ru/Ir were used as anode materials, with all pharmaceutical compounds initially present at a concentration of 100 μg L−1 in the mixture. Experiments were also conducted with surface water (SW) and municipal wastewater (MWW).
RESULTS
The optimal conditions, achieved at a current density of 50 A m−2, pH 7 and 1.0 g NaCl L−1, led to complete degradation of the compounds in 5 min. Higher removal efficiency were observed in UP water compared to real matrices, indicating greater competition for radicals in complex compositions. When using MWW, residual pharmaceuticals were detected even after 120 min of reaction. Neurotoxicity studies revealed varying impacts on reactive oxygen species production, with SW-treated solutions showing reversible effects and MWW-treated solutions displaying irreversible increases, highlighting the significance of Ru/Ir electrodes in EO processes.
Cobalt is a valuable metal whose total annual supply from recycling is projected to be 34 000 t by 2030, primarily from batteries. Supported liquid membrane (SLM) technology is emerging as a promising technology alternative to conventional hydrometallurgy for cobalt recovery.
RESULTS
This work featured the development of a novel physics-based computational fluid dynamics simulation for cobalt extraction from acetate-buffered synthetic Co–Ni solution in a hollow-fiber SLM system. The system involved cobalt and nickel, both at 0.167 mol L−1 initial concentration, sodium acetate buffer at 0.5 mol L−1 and pH adjusted to 5.85 with KOH or H2SO4. The process module had 57 m2 active surface area with a single fiber modeled as a cylindrical tube of 200 μm in diameter and 0.85 m in length in the Poiseuille flow regime with a total flow rate of 5.5 L min−1. At the fiber wall, an acidic organophosphorus SLM was present, where ion exchange between Co2+ and H+ occurred. Using experimental cobalt mass transfer rates dependent on Co2+concentration and the acetate pKa, simulation results within 5% of operational data were obtained for outlet Co2+concentration and pH. Parametric effects of feed flow rate and buffer concentration were explored to enhance system design and performance.
You Ma, Bo-Yu Liu, Tian-Yu Li, Hang Yang, Han Meng, Guo-Xiang Wang, Dong-Lin Li, Yu-Dong Chen, Wen-Ming Xie
BACKGROUND
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in wastewater treatment systems plays a crucial role in the adsorption removal of antibiotics; however, this adsorption process remains underexplored. In this study, the effect of DOM components (protein, humic substances and polysaccharide) on the adsorption removal of trimethoprim (TMP) by activated sludge at environmentally relevant concentrations was investigated.
RESULTS
The humic substance had a positive effect on TMP adsorption, whose adsorption capacity was increased from 6.05 to 10.82 and 7.48 μg g−1 volatile suspended solids (P < 0.05), respectively, when 60 mg L−1 humic acid and fulvic acid were added. The negatively charged protein (30 mg L−1) had an inhibition effect on TMP adsorption process, in which the adsorption capacity was reduced by 24.1% (P < 0.05). However, the positively charged protein had a minor promotional effect. The polysaccharides (10 mg L−1) had a negligible effect on TMP adsorption.
Miljojka D. Mijailović, Vanja M. Tadić, Ivan B. Krstić, Jelena M. Avramović, Ana V. Veličković, Andjela T. Zahitović, Vlada B. Veljković, Miljana S. Krstić
Background
This study investigated the hydrodistillation process for extracting essential oil from sweet flag (Acorus calamus) rhizomes. The primary objectives were to evaluate the influence of the water-to-rhizome ratio on both the yield and chemical composition of the essential oil and to model the extraction kinetics.
Results
The water-to-rhizome ratio was found to significantly influence the yield of essential oil, with the highest yield (1.36 ±0.01%) obtained at a ratio of 11:1. However, variations in this ratio did not result in significant changes in the chemical composition of the oil. A first-order kinetic model was identified as the most suitable for describing the hydrodistillation process, offering simplicity and strong agreement with experimental data.
With the rapid development of society and demand for meat and dairy products, China generates a large amount of livestock manure each year. However, the low utilization rate of cattle manure has led to environmental problems such as soil imbalance, water eutrophication and ammonia emissions. Weathered coal, owing to its low calorific value, low ignition point and poor caking property, is often abandoned. Both weathered coal and cattle manure present dual environmental challenges of pollution and resource wastage. Their combined utilization through solid-state anaerobic fermentation provides a promising strategy for sustainable clean energy production and waste valorization. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms driving such synergistic enhancement remain poorly understood.
RESULT
Co-fermentation of weathered coal and cow manure resulted in a 4.5-fold increase in biomethane production compared to cow manure mono-fermentation. Gas chromatography, humus/ammonia quantification and metagenomic analyses revealed that Bacillota, Bacteroidales, Methanocalculus and Methanosarcina were the dominant microbial consortia supporting enhanced methane yield. Metagenomic functional annotation indicated a significant upregulation of cofactor and vitamin biosynthesis, methane metabolism, and nitrogen cycling pathways. Additionally, enhanced phenylalanine metabolism – characterized by increased phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity – was positively correlated with elevated humus content during co-fermentation.
Jun Chen, Dawei Teng, Xue Li, Dong Lv, Mingxia Du, Xu Gao, Zhenni Liu, Jun Zhang, Kaiqi Yao, Chunnian Da, Mengqiu Xu
BACKGROUND
Antibiotics are widely used in antiviral treatment, but their persistence poses a significant threat to the ecological environment. Advanced oxidation processes based on peroxymonosulfate (PMS) have shown great promise in the decomposition of antibiotics. Flower micro-mesoporous composite activators of CoS2/f-Al2O3 were synthesized via a hydrothermal synthesis method with flower Al2O3 (f-Al2O3) and CoS2 and applied to the activation of PMS.
RESULTS
The f-Al2O3 was constructed from flower-like pore structures stacked with nanosheets, which facilitated the uniform loading and dispersion of the active component of CoS2 with relatively low resistance, and the reduced sulfur species S2− promoted the regeneration of Co2+ on the activator surface. Compared with other systems in water, CoS2/f-Al2O3 activated PMS resulted in the highest decomposition ratio of 97.67% for enrofloxacin (ENR) after 30 min. CoS2 in the CoS2/f-Al2O3 composite served as the active site, where the presence of sulfur species notably increased the Co(III)/Co(II) redox cycling rate. The f-Al2O3 support played a crucial role in improving the dispersion and stability of CoS2, and these synergistic effects collectively facilitated the efficiency of the CoS2/f-Al2O3/PMS system in decomposing ENR through electron transfer and reactive oxygen species generation.
Hannah Sofiah Roslan, Ana Najwa Mustapa, Suhaiza Hanim Hanipah, Nurin Qistina Adriana Mohammad Suhaimi
Background
Accidental oil spills threaten ecosystems and water resources, while synthetic absorbents like polypropylene contribute to long-term pollution. This study explores the potential of a novel biodegradable hybrid biopolymer composed of sodium alginate (ALG) and soy protein isolate (SPI) for oil spill remediation. The ALG/SPI aerogel absorbent was synthesised via a sol–gel method. Surface modification of the ALG/SPI to enhance its hydrophobicity was performed through two techniques: (i) liquid immersion and (ii) scCO2 adsorption. The reusability, biodegradation, and toxicity tests of the ALG/SPI absorbent were evaluated, aligning with the growing concern about sustainability and reliance on synthetic or non-biodegradable materials.
Results
ALG/SPI aerogels biodegraded rapidly (80–86% mass loss in 5 weeks) while maintaining buoyancy after oil uptake. MTMS silanisation with both techniques produced superhydrophobic/oleophilic surfaces (water contact angles: surface 124–143°, cross-section 118–146°), enhancing oil selectivity and performance. The optimised 1% ALG/1.5% SPI (ALG/SPI 1:1.5) exhibited the highest contact angle of 143o, achieving 89.8% oil–water separation efficiency with 13-cycle reusability through MTMS liquid immersion. FTIR, TGA, and FESEM post-testing supported an environmentally benign profile, positioning ALG/SPI aerogels as a promising alternative to synthetic absorbents.
Laura D. Páez-Angarita, Laura X. Henao, Sebastián Jaramillo-Toro, Valentina Quezada, Silvia Restrepo, Juan C. Cruz, Johana Husserl
BACKGROUND
This study presents the development and application of magnetite/silver-pDMAEMA-PEG-BUFII nanobioconjugates as an advanced plasmid delivery system in bacteria. These nanobioconjugates demonstrated superior efficiency compared to traditional methods in four challenging applications: (i) genomic editing in Gram-positive bacteria; (ii) CRISPR/Cas9-mediated antibiotic resistance control; (iii) large plasmid delivery; and (iv) transformation in complex environmental matrices such as soil.
RESULTS
Functionalization with pDMAEMA improved plasmid loading, while PEGylation enhanced stability, dispersity, and cellular uptake. The system enabled high-efficiency transformation in Streptomyces JH010, overcoming low conjugation efficiency observed with conventional approaches. In Escherichia coli, the nanobioconjugates facilitated effective CRISPR/Cas9-based resensitization to antibiotics, achieving higher transformation and genome-editing efficiencies than traditional competent-cell methods. Furthermore, the nanobioconjugates achieved large plasmid delivery without requiring conjugation or phage-based methods, thereby simplifying transformation procedures. In soil environments, plasmid transfer was significantly enhanced compared to transformation in chemically/competent cells, demonstrating potential for bioremediation and environmental applications. Characterization confirmed successful multi-functionalization, enhanced colloidal stability, and low toxicity across bacterial models. The magnetic properties of the nanoparticles further enable potential recovery and reuse, reducing environmental impact.
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