Rongze Lin, Linjing Zhong, Fulin Hu, Ke Yin, Shaoqu Xie
BACKGROUND
The efficient separation of isobutanol–ethanol–water azeotropes remains a critical bottleneck in the advancement of sustainable isobutanol production, where conventional distillation is both energy-intensive and inefficient. Here, we report a low-energy, salt-assisted separation strategy employing alkaline potassium salts, with K2CO3 demonstrating exceptional dewatering capability.
RESULTS
Under near-saturation conditions, a single-step salting-out process enables the recovery of over 99.8 wt% of isobutanol and ethanol from aqueous mixtures. However, due to the inherent limitations of the salting-out equilibrium, a one-step process cannot fully eliminate residual water. To address this, we introduce a sequential two-step salting-out strategy, which reduces the water content in the organic-rich phase to 3.44 wt%, effectively surpassing the dehydration performance of conventional methods.
Siti Kholijah Abdul Mudalip, Dai-Viet N. Vo, Sumaiya Zainal Abidin
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Ivan V Shamanaev, Ilya V Yakovlev, Alexander V Toktarev, Vera P Pakharukova, Evgeny Yu Gerasimov, Olga B Lapina
BACKGROUND
SAPO-11 is known to be an active and selective component of isomerization catalysts. Ni2P/SAPO-11 catalysts are promising in one-step hydrodeoxygenation–hydroisomerization (HDO-HIS) of fatty acid-based feedstocks. But strong interaction with the support and inappropriate acidity can result in low activity and selectivity. Boron is a promising modifier which is capable of solving both of the problems.
RESULTS
SAPO-11 powders were synthesized using different Si/Al ratios (0.05, 0.10, 0.15). Boron was used as a modifier ((B)SAPO-11) to tune the acidity and surface properties of the materials (B/Al = 0.15). A 70:30 mass ratio of (B)SAPO-11 and AlOOH was used to synthesize supports for Ni2P catalysts. The catalysts were prepared by in situ phosphidation of Ni/(B)SAPO-11-Al2O3 and were tested in methyl palmitate HDO-HIS in a continuous-flow reactor at T = 290–340 °C, P = 2.0 MPa, LHSV = 5.3 h−1, H2/liquid = 600 N cm3 cm−3. The supports and catalysts were studied using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, N2 physisorption, NH3 temperature-programmed desorption, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and 11B and 31P solid-state NMR. Boron was shown to decrease cracking activity resulting in higher yield of long-chain alkanes.
The design of efficient anode materials is critical for enhancing microbial fuel cell (MFC) performance, as electrode-microorganism interactions largely determine the electron transfer efficiency. Biochar derived from natural biomass has been recognized as an excellent substitute for conventional MFC anodes. In this context, KOH-activated biochar (BC-KOH) and carbon nanotube-loaded biochar (BC-CNT) were synthesized from reed straw as MFC anodes, enabling a systematic evaluation of the respective contributions of specific surface area and electrical conductivity to the electrocatalytic performance of biomass-based electrodes.
RESULTS
The BC-KOH anode achieved the highest maximum power density (455.5 mW m−2) in MFC, surpassing the pristine biochar (223.42 mW m−2) and graphite felt (402.63 mW m−2) anodes by 104.86% and 13.13%, respectively. Attributable to its high specific surface area (1197.7 m2 g−1), which provided abundant electroactive sites for microbial electron transfer and yielded an exceptional bilayer capacitance of 0.547 mF cm−2. Meanwhile, the BC-CNT anode exhibited a maximum power density of 332.12 mW m−2 (48.65% higher than pristine biochar), as its conductive nanotube network facilitated bacterial electron transfer and consequently reduced the charge transfer resistance to 47.97 Ω, compared to 96.12 Ω for the pristine biochar anode.
3-Chloro-4-fluoroaniline (4), a key intermediate in synthesizing quinolone drugs and pesticides, is widely used in the fine chemical industry. Existing synthetic methods face challenges such as high raw material costs, toxic reagents, safety hazards from by-products, high energy consumption, impurities in crude products, and increasing post-processing expenses. In order to overcome these challenges, the present study focuses on the optimization of the synthetic route utilizing o-dichlorobenzene as the primary feedstock, a reagent widely adopted in existing industrial-scale manufacturing processes.
RESULTS
This study represents the initial phase, wherein 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene (2) is synthesized via the nitration of o-dichlorobenzene (1) employing a mixed acid system consisting of concentrated nitric acid and sulfuric acid. Compared to the initial process, this optimized approach significantly minimizes the formation of dinitrobenzene by-products, thereby effectively reducing the safety risks associated with industrial-scale production. In the second step, the reaction utilizes potassium fluoride, tetramethylammonium chloride, and N,N-dimethylformamide as key reagents, which effectively lower both the process temperature and reaction time. Additionally, the product can be directly used in subsequent reactions without requiring distillation, thereby significantly improving process efficiency and reducing overall production costs. This optimized procedure produces 3-chloro-4-fluoronitrobenzene (3) with high purity (98.26%) and an excellent yield (88.34%). In the third step of the process optimization, a reduction in both reaction temperature and dehalogenation byproducts was achieved compared to the initial conditions. This modification not only mitigated potential safety hazards but also enhanced the atom economy of the reaction. In the final step, purified 3 was subjected to catalytic hydrogenation at 40 °C under 0.95 MPa H₂ in ethanol, affording compound 4 with a purity of >99% and a yield of >96%. The overall yield of the process reached approximately 72%.
Mesotrione, a key herbicide for weed management and yield improvement in broad-leaved crops including corn, is synthesized with 2-nitro-4-methylsulfonylbenzoic acid (NMSBA) as an important intermediate. The commercial synthesis of NMSBA typically begins with the nitration of 4-methylsulfonyltoluene to form 2-nitro-4-methanesulfonyltoluene (NMST), followed by oxidation with nitric acid. However, the utilization of nitric acid gives rise to severe environmental and ecological concerns due to its corrosive nature and inherent hazards. Consequently, there is an imperative need to develop a sustainable and green oxidation process for the conversion of NMST to NMSBA in order to mitigate the reliance on chemical oxidants and their associated environmental impacts.
RESULTS
The synthesis of NMSBA, a catalytic system composed of Co, Mn, Br and sandwich-type polyoxometalate, has been developed to aid the oxidation of NMST to NMSBA by air. The sandwich-type polyoxometalate (POM) {K10CoxMn4−x(H2O)2P2W18O68} was synthesized and the best Co/Mn atomic ratio was determined to be 1.5:2.5. The doping of Ce in the POM as a counter-cationic metal improved the selectivity to NMSBA, and the best Ce/K atomic ratio was determined to be 1:7. The immobilization of {CeK7Co1.5Mn2.5(H2O)2P2W18O68} on activated carbon (AC) not only enhanced the reaction rate and the production of NMSBA but also reduced the amount of POM used. The optimal loading amount of the POM on AC was 20%.
Tahreem Khan, Muhammad Jamshed Latif, Sarmed Ali, Saba Jamil, Shamsa Bibi, Wajiha Ashfaq, Shanza Rauf Khan
BACKGROUND
Porous carbon (PC) and nitrogen-doped porous carbon (NDPC) were synthesized using a hydrothermal method. Glucose served as the precursor for PC formation through polymerization and carbonization, while urea acted as the nitrogen source for NDPC synthesis. Activation with potassium hydroxide (KOH) created active sites on NDPC, facilitating the incorporation of manganese (Mn) nanoparticles through an adsorption method. Mn-PC and Mn-NDPC were further used for the catalytic reduction of harmful compounds from water.
RESULTS
Various characterization techniques confirmed successful synthesis and modification; for instance, SEM revealed a sheet-like morphology for PC, oval shapes for Mn-PC, and rod/cubic structures for Mn-NDPC. STEM analysis highlighted pore integration with Mn nanoparticles, and EDX confirmed the presence of Mn, C, and O elements. XRD analysis indicated that MnO2 exhibited high crystallinity with a monoclinic structure, while PC demonstrated lower crystallinity with a triclinic phase. BET analysis showed that Mn-NDPC exhibited a higher surface area compared to Mn-PC. Both Mn-PC and Mn-NDPC were evaluated as catalysts for nitroarene reductions (2-NP, 4-NP, 2,4-DNP, and PA). Key catalytic parameters, including rate constant (kapp), reduction time, percentage reduction, and half-life, were assessed.
Copper ion contamination in wastewater presents significant environmental and health challenges. Hydrogels, particularly those with three-dimensional networks based on sodium alginate (SA), are promising adsorbents. This study aimed to develop an enhanced hydrogel adsorbent by crosslinking SA with Ca2+ (forming SC hydrogel) and subsequently modifying it via in situ formation of magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) to create SC-Mg(OH)2, specifically targeting efficient Cu2+ removal.
RESULTS
The formation mechanism and structure of SC-Mg(OH)2 were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Under optimized conditions (pH = 5, 298.15 K, adsorbent dosage 1 g L−1, initial Cu2+ concentration 100 mg L−1, contact time 480 min), the composite hydrogel achieved a high Cu2+ removal efficiency of 95.75% and a maximum adsorption capacity of 253.37 mg g−1. The adsorption kinetics conformed to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R2 = 0.99977). When adsorption reached equilibrium, it fitted the Langmuir isotherm model (R2 = 0.99128) with a negative ΔG, which indicated that the reaction involved spontaneous chemical adsorption and monolayer adsorption.
Calef Sánchez-Trasviña, Erick Sánchez-Salguero, Claudia Angélica García-Alonso, Marion Brunck, Karla Mayolo-Deloisa
BACKGROUND
Research on breastmilk passive immunity requires enriching antibodies from complex samples for downstream assays. Currently, most chromatographic IgG purification processes meet the required purity level but could compromise the tridimensional structure of IgG and, therefore, their functionality. This work aims to establish mild chromatography strategies, using the Melon™ Gel Purification Kit, to purify IgG from human plasma and colostrum. The effect of multiple experimental parameters, such as purification steps, initial protein concentration, and sample volume, was tested. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) was used as a complementary step. The in vitro functionality of the enriched IgG from both tissues was tested by a phagocytosis assay with peripheral blood neutrophils and E. coli bioparticles.
RESULTS
In human plasma, the initial protein concentration was inversely proportional to the IgG purity, being linear in the range between 1.5 and 4.5 mg mL−1, where the IgG purity ranged between 55 and 97%. The adjustment of plasma samples at 1.5 mg mL−1 of total protein increased the IgG purity up to 98% in a single purification step. On the other hand, when the protein concentration of colostrum samples was adjusted, IgG purity reached only 9.3%. The maximum IgG purity of colostrum samples was 25% after two purification steps. The remaining contaminant proteins can be eliminated by SEC. Finally, IgG samples showed significant enhanced phagocytosis by peripheral blood neutrophils.
Johan León, Gabriela Ortiz, Oscar Álvarez, Andres Fernando Gonzalez Barrios, Alejandro Maranon, Camilo Hernandez, Camilo Ayala, Alicia Porras
BACKGROUND
Cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) is an agro-industrial residue from cashew production that has gained relevance due to its possibilities to generate valuable by-products. Although lab-scale CNSL extraction has been studied in terms of yield and energy efficiency, the effect of industrial-scale extraction and nut pre-treatment methods on the physicochemical properties of the extract remains underexplored. Thus, this work focuses on using a multiscale approach to study the relationship between the most common extraction (Soxhlet and mechanical pressing) and pre-treatment processes (roasting and steaming) with CNSL chemical composition and its physicochemical properties.
RESULTS
The study revealed minimal variations (<0.5% w/w) on phenolic lipids mass fraction of different CNSL samples. However, Soxhlet extracted samples revealed an increase of 2.9%–6.7% (w/w) of cardanol content, as well as 50% lower viscosity and 34% lower saponification value than pressed CNSL samples. Additionally, the study demonstrated that pre-treatment operation influences CNSL composition since CNSL from raw nuts exhibits 35% less amount of phenolic lipids than pre-treated samples. Samples from raw nuts also exhibited vibration of ester groups on their FTIR spectra, which may indicate the presence of diacylglycerols.
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