Journal of Cultural Heritage最新文献

{"title":"Church bells tuning temperament evaluation through spectral acoustic emission matching","authors":"Marco Casazza ,&nbsp;Rosa Fiorillo ,&nbsp;Fabrizio Barone","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Church bells, as historical artifacts and musical instruments, represent a unique intersection between tangible and intangible elements of cultural heritage. While previous works suggested that systematic bell tuning only emerged in the 18th century, this work hypothesizes and presents experimental evidence indicating otherwise. Focusing on the bells of Salerno Cathedral (Italy), casted between the 13th and 19th centuries, we investigated whether their tuning reference evolved coherently with the historical evolution of Western music theory or followed independent standards. A non-invasive spectral analysis was applied to identify tonal components and compare them with historical musical temperaments. Results show that reference tuning systems were already in use by the 13th century, centuries earlier than previously documented. A consistent evolution in tuning, matching the historical development of temperaments, was also observed. These findings suggest the existence of a non-formalized implicit know-how in bell-making, having important implications for heritage conservation. The proposed approach also provides a preliminary diagnostic tool to support the identification of a church bell features for its functional restoration, supporting the recognition of this know-how as a part of the intangible heritage related to church bells.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"77 ","pages":"Pages 109-116"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145577793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Biodeterioration aspects of the 16th century icon “Deesis tier of thirteen figures” by the fungus Iodophanus sp. STG-150: a range of materials for biodegradation and selection of target antiseptics","authors":"Daria A. Avdanina ,&nbsp;Olga B. Vorobyova ,&nbsp;Anna A. Ermolyuk ,&nbsp;Nikolay P. Simonenko ,&nbsp;Ivan A. Volkov ,&nbsp;Liudmila A. Alexandrova ,&nbsp;Maxim V. Jasko ,&nbsp;Dmitry A. Makarov ,&nbsp;Maxim A. Khomutov ,&nbsp;Elena N. Khurs ,&nbsp;Alexey R. Khomutov ,&nbsp;Olga B. Riabova ,&nbsp;Vadim A. Makarov ,&nbsp;Egor V. Troyan ,&nbsp;Michael V. Shitov ,&nbsp;Alexander A. Zhgun","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;div&gt;&lt;div&gt;Cultural heritage objects—particularly, paintings—consist of materials that can be deteriorated by specialized microorganisms. In this regard, it is imperative to both delineate their biodegradation capacity as well as select target antiseptics that can prevent this process, while remaining inert towards the painting materials. This study characterized the fungus &lt;em&gt;Iodophanus&lt;/em&gt; sp. STG-150, belonging to the &lt;em&gt;Pezizaceae&lt;/em&gt; family, which was isolated from bio-lesion sites of the 16th century painting “Deesis Tier of 13 Figures”—a unique habitat that has not been described before. To analyse their ability to degrade painting materials, cells of the STG-150 strain were inoculated onto crafted mock layers that were coloured with individual painting materials, including basis, adhesives, egg yolk emulsion and tempera paints, watercolour, and varnishes. STG-150 was able to actively grow on basis (pavoloka), adhesives (sturgeon glue and mordant), egg yolk emulsion, and ochre-pigment. Contrastingly, moderate growth was observed on watercolour black and varnishes (linseed oil, acrylic varnish). The addition of cobalt green, strontian yellow, cadmium red, and grey-green to the egg yolk resulted in significant antifungal resistance. Furthermore, the addition of zinc white and burnt sienna completely inhibited STG-150 growth. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it was observed that STG-150 produced two morphological forms of mycelium on the egg yolk emulsion and ochre-pigment—vegetative and aerial with conidia. All other art materials revealed only vegetative mycelium. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) also detected areas of STG-150 growth at the periphery of the inoculation site that were invisible to the eye. Mineral pigments as an antiseptic cannot be used to protect paintings from biodegradation, as they introduce unwanted colouration and degrade the original colour. Consequently, a targeted selection of new generation antiseptics were developed for the protection of paintings against STG-150: (i) nucleoside derivatives: &lt;em&gt;N&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/em&gt;-dodecyl-5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine (Ala 54), &lt;em&gt;N&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/em&gt;-dodecyl-5-methylcytidine (Ala 106), 3′-amino-&lt;em&gt;N&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/em&gt;-dodecyl-5-methyl-2′,3′-dideoxycytidine (SOV4); (ii) sulphur-containing heterocyclic compounds: 3,5-dinitropyridin-2-yl thiocyanate – (М1), 4-nitro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-5-yl thiocyanate (M2), 3-cyano-5-nitropyridin-2-yl thiomorpholine-4-carbodithioate (M3), and ethyl 1‑hydroxy-6-thioxo-1,6-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate (М4); as well as (iii) &lt;em&gt;H&lt;/em&gt;-phosphinic amino acid analogues: 1-Aminoethyl-&lt;em&gt;H&lt;/em&gt;-phosphinic acid (Ala-pH), &lt;span&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;-amino-2-methylpropyl-&lt;em&gt;H&lt;/em&gt;-phosphinic acid (Val-pH), 1-amino-3-methylthiopropyl-&lt;em&gt;H&lt;/em&gt;-phosphinic acid (Met-pH), and &lt;span&gt;l&lt;/span&gt;-amino-2-carboxyethyl-&lt;em&gt;H&lt;/em&gt;-phosphinic acid (Asp-α-pH). Their effects completely suppressed the growth of &lt;em&gt;Iodophanus&lt;/em&gt; sp. STG-150. Further exploratio","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"77 ","pages":"Pages 96-108"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145577754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detachments detection at the ‘Grand Stairway’ in the Room 38 of the Domus Aurea using the PICUS system","authors":"Francesca Mariani ,&nbsp;Michele Lo Giudice ,&nbsp;Alessandro Salvini ,&nbsp;Stefano Borghini ,&nbsp;Giosué Caliano","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The purpose of this research was the diagnosis of the detachments and the analysis of the subsequent stabilization intervention of antique roman plaster in Room 38 of the <em>Domus Aurea</em>. We carefully assessed the extent of the detachments in the fresco-decorated plaster before initiating the stabilization intervention. Two methods were implemented: manual auscultation and automatic scanning using the PICUS system. Both produced a map representing the defects prior and after the intervention. The comparison between the map obtained by the auscultation method and the PICUS map shows that they can be superimposed. The map obtained with the PICUS system highlights the most severe defects using a colorimetric scale, which is normally not used in a manual scan. The PICUS system has proven to be a valid support to the classical manual auscultation to prepare the map of the defects of antique, damaged cultural heritage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"77 ","pages":"Pages 81-86"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145577756","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental artistic research on the basis of the galvanography technique by Franz von Kobell (1840)","authors":"Valentina Ljubic Tobisch ,&nbsp;Anna Artaker ,&nbsp;Martin Klobassa ,&nbsp;Wolfgang Kautek","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.10.022","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.10.022","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Technical and methodological aspects of the production of galvanographs, a printing technique from the 1840s, were investigated both in a techno-historical and experimental manner. This new graphic technique was invented by Franz von Kobell in Munich. The businessman and owner of the paper shop Theyer &amp; Hardtmuth, Franz Theyer, further developed and optimized the technique in the first Austrian laboratory for electrotyping in Vienna. The presented investigations support a better and more accurate identification of galvanographically generated printing plates and prints. The historical printing plates examined showed the use of various conventional graphic techniques and tools in combination with galvanography. Traces of a dry needle, wooden spatulas, roulettes and various burins indicated the use of mixed techniques. Experiments conducted showed that viscosity, heterogeneity, layer thickness and composition of the paints influenced the electrodeposited copper layer. The best results were achieved with a conductive powder layer over the paint, with graphite proving to be superior to silver.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"77 ","pages":"Pages 87-95"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145577755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The key role of Pb-Bi, Pb-Te-Se and S-Fe-Te-Se inclusions, microstructures, and corrosion processes in reconstructing Etruscan metallurgy at Pyrgi (Latium, Italy)","authors":"Marta Porcaro ,&nbsp;Laura M. Michetti ,&nbsp;Alessandro Conti ,&nbsp;Giacomo Mazzotta ,&nbsp;Tilde de Caro ,&nbsp;Matteo Paciucci ,&nbsp;Antonio Doménech-Carbó ,&nbsp;Caterina De Vito","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.10.021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.10.021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The archaeological site of Pyrgi (Santa Severa, Rome, Italy) has yielded a diverse range of metal artifacts that provide valuable insights into the Etruscans' metallurgical knowledge and material selection practices. This study focuses on micro-inclusions, microstructure, chemical composition, and corrosive process of arrowheads, nails, and <em>aes rude</em>. Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), micro-Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemical analysis, <em>i.e.</em>, Voltammetry of Immobilized Particles (VIMP), and Mott-Schottky (MS) were used. The nails and <em>aes rude</em> are pure copper, with minor contents of tin and lead, while the arrowheads are ternary bronze alloy (Cu-Sn-Pb). The microstructures of nails and <em>aes rude</em> are characterized by the presence of Pb-Bi, Pb-Te-Se, and S-Te-Se-Fe micro-inclusions within the metal matrix, which provide insights into smelting processes, the nature of the ores used, and technological capabilities. The variability of inclusions suggests the use of polymetallic minerals as starting materials. Tellurium and selenium suggest refining practices and smelting techniques that were not fully optimized. The corrosion patinas are composed of cuprite, malachite, and trihydroxychlorides. The Mott-Schottky analysis highlighted variations in the electrochemical response of the corrosion layers, suggesting different alteration conditions among areas of Pyrgi. These results contribute to the exploration of Etruscan metallurgical choices and techniques, highlighting variations in smelting processes, raw materials, and processing practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"77 ","pages":"Pages 67-80"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145577753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling layered legacies: A retrogressive method and GIS for mapping historical device distribution in the water-dependent landscape of the vistula delta","authors":"Jakub Kołodziejczak,&nbsp;Lucyna Nyka","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.10.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.10.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polders are particular territories where centuries-long land reclamation processes led to the emergence of highly anthropogenic landscapes with dikes, canals, ditches and drainage devices - windmills and pumping stations. The dependence on pumping action was visually evident in the landscape for many centuries, underscoring the identification of polders as both spatial concepts and balanced hydraulic systems. However, knowledge of the centuries-long locations of pumping devices in the Vistula Delta area as historic hydraulic components of landscape remains limited and is seldom incorporated into landscape planning procedures. The goal of this study is to present the process of unveiling the layered patterns of distribution of the historical drainage devices between the 18th and 21st centuries, and to advocate for the development of tools and procedures to facilitate the integration of this knowledge into heritage preservation and contemporary planning. The retrogressive method and geographic information technologies are applied for the investigation of the historic landscape components in the selected study area between the Tina and Balewka rivers in the Vistula Delta. The transfer of historic components of landscape - non-existent windmills and pump stations - as time-related layers in the GIS system enables the identification of most drainage windmills and other vanished drainage devices in an analysed case study area. This layered mapping made it possible to pinpoint locations where drainage windmills and historic pumping stations existed for centuries, strengthening the evidence for spatial continuity in drainage infrastructure.</div><div>The analysis demonstrates that the retrogressive method, when combined with GIS and historical cartographic analysis, allows for a precise reconstruction of the layered spatial distribution and historical transformation of drainage infrastructure in the Vistula Delta area. Key sites of ‘drainage technology heritage’ were identified in Różany and Markusy, where surviving landscape features and physical remnants testify to the long-term evolution of hydraulic systems. By representing these historical structures as GIS layers, the approach provides a systematic framework for integrating water management heritage into conservation and spatial planning practices. This approach addresses gaps in heritage documentation, promotes sustainable landscape management, and lays the groundwork for extending retrogressive mapping to broader areas, thereby enhancing the recognition, valorization, and preservation of the distinctive hydraulic and spatial heritage of the Vistula Delta area. The findings support the anchoring of planning solutions for the Vistula Delta polder areas in heritage values and extend an understanding of which elements require effective exposition and protection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"77 ","pages":"Pages 37-50"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145527941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative evaluation of fossil bone bioconsolidation via two endogenous bacterial strains: Bacillus subtilis and Sporosarcina pasteurii","authors":"Silvia Marín-Ortega ,&nbsp;Manuel Ángel Iglesias-Campos ,&nbsp;M․ Àngels Calvo i Torras","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.10.024","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.10.024","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This research evaluates microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) generated by means of two endogenous bacterial strains inhabiting <em>Titanochelon richardi</em> (formerly <em>Cheirogaster richardi</em>) fossil bone remains; in this case, <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> and <em>Sporosarcina pasteurii.</em> Both bacterial strains were inoculated on different samples to study their possible effectiveness and to verify whether an improvement in the cohesion and mechanical strength of the fossil surface is achieved by the formation of a bioconsolidated carbonate matrix within the specimen. Treatment chemical compatibility was also considered as well as non-occurrence of noticeable changes in the main properties and appearance of the substrate. Several methods were used to analyse and compare samples before and after treatment and the benefits and limitations of both treatments, including ATP analysis, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy, X-ray Diffraction, surface roughness analysis, pH and conductivity measurements, weight monitoring, water absorption tests, Vickers microindentation, peeling tape test and spectrophotometry. Results indicate that both strains, with some differences between them, significantly improved fossil hardness and cohesion by filling pores, valleys and fissures and by binding disaggregated particles with minimal impact on surface topography and appearance. Weight, pH and conductivity hardly changed, while porosity was reduced but not blocked.</div><div>Overall, bioconsolidation with both strains proved to be effective and highly compatible with carbonate fossil bones, making it a feasible, suitable and alternative treatment for these substrates. Furthermore, bacterial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation is a safe and environmentally sustainable technique for consolidation treatments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"77 ","pages":"Pages 51-66"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145527911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrophobic interface delaying wet-heat aging of acidified paper by reducing oxidation and acid hydrolysis rates of cellulose","authors":"Bei He ,&nbsp;Junli Ren ,&nbsp;Daodao Hu ,&nbsp;Pujun Jin ,&nbsp;Huiping Xing ,&nbsp;Meiming Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.10.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.10.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hydrophilic cellulose derivatives have been widely used in the reinforcement of aged paper documents, but their impact on the durability of treated paper has not received sufficient attention. In this work, hydrophilic cationic cellulose (CMCC) and alkyl ketene dimer grafted cationic cellulose (AKD-g-CMCC) were used for comparative evaluation of anti-aging performance of treated acidified paper. The results indicate that CMCC treatment can more effectively improve the mechanical properties of acidified paper in the initial stage, but its wet-heat aging resistance is inferior to AKD-g-CMCC treatment. This is because hydrophilic CMCC is more prone to moisture absorption and oxidation in humid and heat environments, which further accelerating the oxidation and acid hydrolysis rates of cellulose in its reinforced paper. After AKD grafting, the alkyl chain segments form hydrophobic interfaces, effectively reducing the moisture absorption and oxidation of CMCC in high humidity environments. Moreover, it also strengthens the surface hydrophobicity and reduces air permeability of the treated paper, delaying the oxidation and acid hydrolysis rates of cellulose in acidified paper by blocking the invasion of water and oxygen. Therefore, this study will provide important references for the selection of reinforcement materials for paper documents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"77 ","pages":"Pages 26-36"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145527592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Virtual reconstruction on original color of color-faded painting on bronze mirrors supported by non-destructive spectroscopic techniques","authors":"Xuening Wang ,&nbsp;Youzhen Cai ,&nbsp;Qinglin Ma ,&nbsp;Fenghao Wen ,&nbsp;Liang Qu ,&nbsp;Linlin Li ,&nbsp;Zhimin Li","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.10.026","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.10.026","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Virtual reconstruction of color-faded painting on bronze mirrors relies on limited information. Existing techniques face significant difficulties in the recognition and reconstruction of missing patterns at both structural and iconographic levels. Painting on bronze in burial environments is prone to decay, fading, contamination, and corrosion, leading to defective areas. Reconstruction of patterns is crucial for archeology and art history. Moreover, the complex and irregular patterns of painting pose a further challenge. A method is proposed to resolve these issues. Concretely, pigment types, particle sizes, painting stratigraphy and technique were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy; these data were used to re-create the original color palette of the painting. The exact distribution of each pigment and the color patterns were ascertained by macroscopic X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging to re-create the line drawing. Digital coloring of the line drawing with palette values virtually reconstructs the original colors and appearance of the painting on the bronze mirrors under ideal conditions. The study demonstrates improvements in the faithful reproduction of the original colors on painted bronze and provides new perspectives for the study of painted bronzes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"77 ","pages":"Pages 1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145493116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two birds with one stone: The method for both surface protection and integral reinforcement of gypsum mortar in historic constructions","authors":"Ximan Wang ,&nbsp;Lu Wang ,&nbsp;Zixuan Wang ,&nbsp;Yan Liu ,&nbsp;Fuwei Yang ,&nbsp;Kun Zhang ,&nbsp;Manli Sun ,&nbsp;Yunxia Shen ,&nbsp;Xiaoqin Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.10.025","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.10.025","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Gypsum mortar was widely used in many historic constructions. However, it is easy to be corroded by water from rain or damp. For the purpose of both surface protection and integral consolidation of the weathering gypsum mortar, a novel conservation method was explored in this study. The strategy is introducing the solutions of calcium hydroxy glycolate and diammonium hydrogen phosphate into the gypsum mortar one by one. X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy were employed to study the action mechanism of the method. Mechanical strength, compatibility and weather resistance tests were used to investigate the protective performance. The highly positive results show that the proposed method has a broad prospect in the conservation of the gypsum mortar in the historical buildings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"77 ","pages":"Pages 15-25"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145493115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}