Pub Date : 2025-03-19DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.02.016
Ming Guan , Peiquan Duan , Yao Chen , Tianshu Gong , Xiaojing Kang , Jingjing Chang , Zhikang Hu , Xinyi Wang , Liang Qu
Glass painting was a popular art form in both China and Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries, with reverse mirror painting being one of its most iconic examples. Typically crafted on tin amalgam mirror, reverse mirror paintings were both rare and valuable, though their fragility and instability of the tin amalgam coating made them difficult to preserve. Despite their historical significance, most research has focused primarily on the artistic characteristics and origins of these works, with limited attention given to the assessment of their condition, deterioration mechanisms, and manufacturing techniques. This study presents a comprehensive scientific analysis of a reverse mirror painting from the Hall of Mental Cultivation at the Palace Museum. Various methods were employed, including optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectrometry, macroscopic X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, microregion X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The study uncovered the painting's manufacturing techniques through morphological observation, literature review, and pigment identification. It also provided insights into the deterioration processes and mechanisms in different areas of the artwork, suggesting that its condition may be linked to exposure to oxygen. In conclusion, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the deterioration behavior and manufacturing techniques of reverse mirror paintings, offering valuable insights for their conservation.
{"title":"A study on the deterioration behavior and manufacturing techniques of reverse mirror painting from the hall of mental cultivation, palace museum","authors":"Ming Guan , Peiquan Duan , Yao Chen , Tianshu Gong , Xiaojing Kang , Jingjing Chang , Zhikang Hu , Xinyi Wang , Liang Qu","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.02.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.02.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Glass painting was a popular art form in both China and Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries, with reverse mirror painting being one of its most iconic examples. Typically crafted on tin amalgam mirror, reverse mirror paintings were both rare and valuable, though their fragility and instability of the tin amalgam coating made them difficult to preserve. Despite their historical significance, most research has focused primarily on the artistic characteristics and origins of these works, with limited attention given to the assessment of their condition, deterioration mechanisms, and manufacturing techniques. This study presents a comprehensive scientific analysis of a reverse mirror painting from the Hall of Mental Cultivation at the Palace Museum. Various methods were employed, including optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive spectrometry, macroscopic X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, microregion X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The study uncovered the painting's manufacturing techniques through morphological observation, literature review, and pigment identification. It also provided insights into the deterioration processes and mechanisms in different areas of the artwork, suggesting that its condition may be linked to exposure to oxygen. In conclusion, this research contributes to a deeper understanding of the deterioration behavior and manufacturing techniques of reverse mirror paintings, offering valuable insights for their conservation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"73 ","pages":"Pages 122-128"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-18DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.03.001
Sofie Dierickx , Hans Beeckman , Ivan Josipovic , Célia Charkaoui , Siska Genbrugge , Julien Volper , Blanca Van Houtte Alonso , Matthieu Boone , Wannes Hubau , JanVan den Bulcke
Wood identification of cultural heritage objects is vital for facilitating their international travel, providing invaluable information for conservation strategies and improving our understanding of the objects’ historical and cultural context. To date, wood identification is most commonly performed using techniques that rely on sampling, which is especially undesirable for valuable cultural objects. X-ray micro-tomography (µCT) offers a non-destructive alternative for gaining insight into the material composition of objects. It is a tool for identifying the wood species by visualizing the internal wood structure without changing the object. However, obtaining sufficiently high-resolution anatomical images that can be used for identification remains a challenge, particularly when examining diverse heritage objects.
This study applies µCT for the wood identification of 20 heritage objects from the Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA, Belgium), showcasing the efficacy of this non-invasive technique. Despite variations in the size, shape, and material composition of the objects, successful wood identification was achieved for all objects. Since two objects contained more than one wood species, the total number of identifications was 22, of which 18 were to the species level. For the four remaining samples, wood identification was achieved at the genus level (3 samples) or identified as a liana (1 sample).
Additionally, by obtaining a wood identification through X-ray µCT images, the physical and mechanical properties of the wood species were discussed in relation to the objects' original context and function. Specifically, lightweight wood species were found in objects with a portable function such as masks and a toy, while low-durability wood used in a funerary object could be linked to its symbolic role. Two musical instruments were identified as being made from wood species known for their acoustic qualities. These findings highlight the significant potential of advanced non-destructive imaging using µCT for wood identification, providing much-needed material and contextual insights into previously understudied museum collections.
{"title":"Bridging technology and culture: X-ray µCT-based wood identification of Sub-Saharan African heritage","authors":"Sofie Dierickx , Hans Beeckman , Ivan Josipovic , Célia Charkaoui , Siska Genbrugge , Julien Volper , Blanca Van Houtte Alonso , Matthieu Boone , Wannes Hubau , JanVan den Bulcke","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.03.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.03.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Wood identification of cultural heritage objects is vital for facilitating their international travel, providing invaluable information for conservation strategies and improving our understanding of the objects’ historical and cultural context. To date, wood identification is most commonly performed using techniques that rely on sampling, which is especially undesirable for valuable cultural objects. X-ray micro-tomography (µCT) offers a non-destructive alternative for gaining insight into the material composition of objects. It is a tool for identifying the wood species by visualizing the internal wood structure without changing the object. However, obtaining sufficiently high-resolution anatomical images that can be used for identification remains a challenge, particularly when examining diverse heritage objects.</div><div>This study applies µCT for the wood identification of 20 heritage objects from the Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA, Belgium), showcasing the efficacy of this non-invasive technique. Despite variations in the size, shape, and material composition of the objects, successful wood identification was achieved for all objects. Since two objects contained more than one wood species, the total number of identifications was 22, of which 18 were to the species level. For the four remaining samples, wood identification was achieved at the genus level (3 samples) or identified as a liana (1 sample).</div><div>Additionally, by obtaining a wood identification through X-ray µCT images, the physical and mechanical properties of the wood species were discussed in relation to the objects' original context and function. Specifically, lightweight wood species were found in objects with a portable function such as masks and a toy, while low-durability wood used in a funerary object could be linked to its symbolic role. Two musical instruments were identified as being made from wood species known for their acoustic qualities. These findings highlight the significant potential of advanced non-destructive imaging using µCT for wood identification, providing much-needed material and contextual insights into previously understudied museum collections.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"73 ","pages":"Pages 110-121"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143643697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-15DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.02.018
Manli Sun , Haoyang Kang , Weijia Mao , Nuo Xu , Yating Lin , Kai Deng
The importance of soft capping, one preventive conservation method on earthen sites, is increasingly felt, particularly to rammed earth relics, whereas actual resistance abilities of soft-capped soil against short and intensive rains remains unclear. In this research, we used two specific herbaceous plants to soft cap large-scale rammed soil samples. Strength tests and simulation experiments were used to unveil erosion characteristics. Root structures were specifically observed to further reveal their influence on consolidation performances. Results indicate that pulling resistance of soft-capped rammed soil samples increases a lot. Compression by ramming and soil aggregation owing to secretions released by roots lead to significant improvement of the whole stability. When exposed to precipitation, the soil mass of soft-capping samples decreases sharply, whereas diverse root growth patterns impact soil erosion degree. More horizontally extended roots at the early growth stage of herbaceous plants help reduce the occurrence of surface deterioration like cracks, collapses, and gullies to a large extent. By contrast, those grow more fibrous roots in all directions can both decrease sectional deformation and maintain the whole stability. This is the first study concerning how and to what degree soft capping could consolidate rammed soil, which sheds light on prospective application of herbaceous plants with distinct roots to meet diverse conservation needs of rammed soil relics.
{"title":"Soft capping help rammed soil resists rainfalls: A simulation experiment of consolidation performance of soft capping on rammed soil under precipitation","authors":"Manli Sun , Haoyang Kang , Weijia Mao , Nuo Xu , Yating Lin , Kai Deng","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.02.018","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.02.018","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The importance of soft capping, one preventive conservation method on earthen sites, is increasingly felt, particularly to rammed earth relics, whereas actual resistance abilities of soft-capped soil against short and intensive rains remains unclear. In this research, we used two specific herbaceous plants to soft cap large-scale rammed soil samples. Strength tests and simulation experiments were used to unveil erosion characteristics. Root structures were specifically observed to further reveal their influence on consolidation performances. Results indicate that pulling resistance of soft-capped rammed soil samples increases a lot. Compression by ramming and soil aggregation owing to secretions released by roots lead to significant improvement of the whole stability. When exposed to precipitation, the soil mass of soft-capping samples decreases sharply, whereas diverse root growth patterns impact soil erosion degree. More horizontally extended roots at the early growth stage of herbaceous plants help reduce the occurrence of surface deterioration like cracks, collapses, and gullies to a large extent. By contrast, those grow more fibrous roots in all directions can both decrease sectional deformation and maintain the whole stability. This is the first study concerning how and to what degree soft capping could consolidate rammed soil, which sheds light on prospective application of herbaceous plants with distinct roots to meet diverse conservation needs of rammed soil relics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"73 ","pages":"Pages 102-109"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143629456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-15DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.02.020
Iñaki Vázquez-de la Fuente, Sara Puente-Muñoz, Nagore Prieto-Taboada, Gorka Arana, Juan Manuel Madariaga
Marble is vulnerable to metallic leaching, resulting in structural damage and the alteration of its appearance. With an increase in the use of steel in heritage works, there is a high risk of iron mobilisation, which can result in the orange staining on nearby surfaces. This issue becomes especially relevant when dealing with marble structures of historical significance. To address this, conservators seek cleaning materials tailored to the specific structure without causing harm to the original surface. Agar, a substance that has been extensively studied, proves to be effective as a hydrogel by creating a controlled water release system, accommodating the needs of conservators for optimal cleanliness without compromising the material. In order to enhance cleaning efficiency, chelating agents like EDTA can be incorporated into the agar hydrogel composition. However, drawbacks such as microbiological growth and resultant damage on the surface of the original material must be considered. To overcome these challenges, alternative natural cleaning materials like gels made of kudzu and konjac are explored, combined with green chelating agents such as citrate, l-cysteine and oxalate. Different analytical techniques were used to characterize the mock-ups, before and after the staining, and to evaluate their cleaning potential, such us Raman spectroscopy, colorimetry, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Moreover, two reproducible and easily applicable methods to generate iron staining in marble mock-ups have been developed because of their absence in the literature. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of goethite and lepidocrocite, the main minerals in real iron staining. Using XRF spectroscopy, it was found that the leachate method produced a staining with the highest amount of iron, while the Mohr method produced more homogeneous staining. Konjac gels were found to be the most effective for removing iron staining from marble surfaces when compared to other gels. In addition, konjac gels require less energy in their preparation because no heat is used in their preparation. Their efficiency is further enhanced by the addition of the chelators l-cysteine and citrate, being an ideal alternative to EDTA in cleaning iron staining from marble surfaces. The use of EDTA chelator is not recommended on marble surfaces due to its high affinity for calcium and the fact that, unlike the l-cysteine and citrate chelators, it is highly toxic to the environment.
{"title":"Using novel natural gels for the cleaning of iron leachates on marble","authors":"Iñaki Vázquez-de la Fuente, Sara Puente-Muñoz, Nagore Prieto-Taboada, Gorka Arana, Juan Manuel Madariaga","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.02.020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.02.020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marble is vulnerable to metallic leaching, resulting in structural damage and the alteration of its appearance. With an increase in the use of steel in heritage works, there is a high risk of iron mobilisation, which can result in the orange staining on nearby surfaces. This issue becomes especially relevant when dealing with marble structures of historical significance. To address this, conservators seek cleaning materials tailored to the specific structure without causing harm to the original surface. Agar, a substance that has been extensively studied, proves to be effective as a hydrogel by creating a controlled water release system, accommodating the needs of conservators for optimal cleanliness without compromising the material. In order to enhance cleaning efficiency, chelating agents like EDTA can be incorporated into the agar hydrogel composition. However, drawbacks such as microbiological growth and resultant damage on the surface of the original material must be considered. To overcome these challenges, alternative natural cleaning materials like gels made of kudzu and konjac are explored, combined with green chelating agents such as citrate, <span>l</span>-cysteine and oxalate. Different analytical techniques were used to characterize the mock-ups, before and after the staining, and to evaluate their cleaning potential, such us Raman spectroscopy, colorimetry, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Moreover, two reproducible and easily applicable methods to generate iron staining in marble mock-ups have been developed because of their absence in the literature. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of goethite and lepidocrocite, the main minerals in real iron staining. Using XRF spectroscopy, it was found that the leachate method produced a staining with the highest amount of iron, while the Mohr method produced more homogeneous staining. Konjac gels were found to be the most effective for removing iron staining from marble surfaces when compared to other gels. In addition, konjac gels require less energy in their preparation because no heat is used in their preparation. Their efficiency is further enhanced by the addition of the chelators <span>l</span>-cysteine and citrate, being an ideal alternative to EDTA in cleaning iron staining from marble surfaces. The use of EDTA chelator is not recommended on marble surfaces due to its high affinity for calcium and the fact that, unlike the <span>l</span>-cysteine and citrate chelators, it is highly toxic to the environment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"73 ","pages":"Pages 93-101"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-13DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.02.014
Mahsa Esmaeillou , Mohammad Sohrabi , Hamideh Ofoghi , Miguel Blázquez , Sergio Pérez-Ortega , Asunción de los Ríos
This study examines the role played by the endolithic thallus of the lichen-forming fungi Bagliettoa sp., an apparently undescribed species, in the biodeterioration of Persepolis, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Iran. This species produces abundant large reproductive bodies (perithecia) creating micropits with aesthetic impacts that persist even after the lichen is no longer present. The aim of this study was to gain insight into how these micropits develop and their effects on colonized limestone. By both light and electron microscopy, the various stages of micropit development were examined from the emergence of perithecia on the stone surface until their decay. The potential for other microorganisms to colonize these micropits and the surrounding stone was also assessed through metabarcoding analysis. Our results indicate that the formation and emergence of perithecia caused more pronounced structural damage to the limestone than reported biogeochemical processes attributed to the endolithic spread of symbiont cells within the stone. As the thallus and perithecium disintegrate, micropits fill with mineral fragments, while micrite and algal layers vanish. This eventually leads to the removal of up 0.5 mm of stone surface, leaving behind a surface marked by empty, shallow micropits. Bacterial colonies were observed at all defined stages, initially associated with the micrite layer and later with perithecium remnants. No specific signs of biodeterioration activity on the limestone could be attributed to these bacterial colonies. Metabarcoding results revealed a lower bacterial diversity in micropits with healthy perithecia and a greater abundance of cyanobacteria compared to empty micropits or those containing only perithecium remnants. However, no significant differences in bacterial community structure were detected across the different micropit stages, suggesting that new taxa rarely become established during micropit development. Our study provides new insight into the effects of endolithic lichens associated with perithecium micropit formation. Knowledge of this biodeterioration mechanism is essential for the design of preservation strategies for Persepolis and other sites featuring the dominance of these lichens.
{"title":"Biodeterioration effects of the endolithic Bagliettoa sp. (lichenized verrucariaceae) on the limestones of persepolis, UNESCO world heritage site","authors":"Mahsa Esmaeillou , Mohammad Sohrabi , Hamideh Ofoghi , Miguel Blázquez , Sergio Pérez-Ortega , Asunción de los Ríos","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.02.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.02.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the role played by the endolithic thallus of the lichen-forming fungi <em>Bagliettoa</em> sp., an apparently undescribed species, in the biodeterioration of Persepolis, a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Iran. This species produces abundant large reproductive bodies (perithecia) creating micropits with aesthetic impacts that persist even after the lichen is no longer present. The aim of this study was to gain insight into how these micropits develop and their effects on colonized limestone. By both light and electron microscopy, the various stages of micropit development were examined from the emergence of perithecia on the stone surface until their decay. The potential for other microorganisms to colonize these micropits and the surrounding stone was also assessed through metabarcoding analysis. Our results indicate that the formation and emergence of perithecia caused more pronounced structural damage to the limestone than reported biogeochemical processes attributed to the endolithic spread of symbiont cells within the stone. As the thallus and perithecium disintegrate, micropits fill with mineral fragments, while micrite and algal layers vanish. This eventually leads to the removal of up 0.5 mm of stone surface, leaving behind a surface marked by empty, shallow micropits. Bacterial colonies were observed at all defined stages, initially associated with the micrite layer and later with perithecium remnants. No specific signs of biodeterioration activity on the limestone could be attributed to these bacterial colonies. Metabarcoding results revealed a lower bacterial diversity in micropits with healthy perithecia and a greater abundance of cyanobacteria compared to empty micropits or those containing only perithecium remnants. However, no significant differences in bacterial community structure were detected across the different micropit stages, suggesting that new taxa rarely become established during micropit development. Our study provides new insight into the effects of endolithic lichens associated with perithecium micropit formation. Knowledge of this biodeterioration mechanism is essential for the design of preservation strategies for Persepolis and other sites featuring the dominance of these lichens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"73 ","pages":"Pages 82-92"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143620081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-13DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.02.017
Nada Hamed Jammaz , Mohamed Moustafa Ibrahim , Rania A. Eloriby , Nasser Morgan
A novel plasma technique has been used for the first time in cleaning Islamic glass lamps samples covered with soot. Pulsed high voltage high frequency power supply was designed to sustain a gas discharge between a cathodic metallic pin and anodic water electrode. The glass samples were immersed completely inside the water and discharge take place over the surface of the water in open air. Different kinds of active species were formed over and inside the water surface including hydroxyl group (OH), atomic oxygen (O), atomic hydrogen (H) molecular hydrogen (H2), Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and UV radiation. The cleaning mechanisms will be discussed in this research at different discharge current, 0.268, 0.36 and 0.4A at exposure time range from 5 min. to 20 min., applied at fixed frequency (10 kHz) and sustaining voltage (500v). All currents successfully cleaned 95.5% from soot from the bare glass surfaces (parts without enamel). Cleaning results of enameled surfaces varied from current to another, at 0.268A plasma could clean 76% from the soot and at 0.36A, plasma could clean 65% from the soot. The third current (0.4A) causes destruction for the enamel by removing parts from them. It could be concluded that, small current is considered the safest and successful one to be used in cleaning the Islamic glass samples despite the relatively long time of exposure to plasma. The previous results will enable us to consider the possibility of using this novel technique in cleaning historical Islamic glass lamps pieces in various museums and archaeological stores.
{"title":"A novel plasma electrolysis cleaning technique applied on Islamic glass lamps: An experimental study","authors":"Nada Hamed Jammaz , Mohamed Moustafa Ibrahim , Rania A. Eloriby , Nasser Morgan","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.02.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.02.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A novel plasma technique has been used for the first time in cleaning Islamic glass lamps samples covered with soot. Pulsed high voltage high frequency power supply was designed to sustain a gas discharge between a cathodic metallic pin and anodic water electrode. The glass samples were immersed completely inside the water and discharge take place over the surface of the water in open air. Different kinds of active species were formed over and inside the water surface including hydroxyl group (OH), atomic oxygen (O), atomic hydrogen (H) molecular hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>), Hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) and UV radiation. The cleaning mechanisms will be discussed in this research at different discharge current, 0.268, 0.36 and 0.4A at exposure time range from 5 min. to 20 min., applied at fixed frequency (10 kHz) and sustaining voltage (500v). All currents successfully cleaned 95.5% from soot from the bare glass surfaces (parts without enamel). Cleaning results of enameled surfaces varied from current to another, at 0.268A plasma could clean 76% from the soot and at 0.36A, plasma could clean 65% from the soot. The third current (0.4A) causes destruction for the enamel by removing parts from them. It could be concluded that, small current is considered the safest and successful one to be used in cleaning the Islamic glass samples despite the relatively long time of exposure to plasma. The previous results will enable us to consider the possibility of using this novel technique in cleaning historical Islamic glass lamps pieces in various museums and archaeological stores.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"73 ","pages":"Pages 73-81"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143610288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-12DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.02.012
Mònica López-Prat , Stephane Chaignepain , Irena Kralj Cigić , Lea Legan , Simona Mileto , Domenico Miriello , Noor Agha Noori , Polonca Ropret , Barbara Štuhec , Caroline Tokarski , Alessandra Pecci
This work is part of a broader research project aimed at understanding the technology of making Buddhist monumental terracruda (air-dried clay) sculptures and contributing to the design of specific recovery protocols and conservation treatments for archaeological examples. Previous studies have been mainly based on information obtained through the comparative study of traditional knowledge preserved in India and petrographic, mineralogical, chemical and botanical characterization performed on Afghan examples from Buddhist sites of Tepe Narenj and Qol-e-tut (5th to 11th centuries).
Here the focus is to verify the hypothesis of the addition of possible organic binding substances to elaborate the modelling pastes on the examples of Tepe Narenj and Qol-e-tut, with particular interest in the search for gums, as these compounds had been identified by analyses of other Afghan examples and their use is documented in India today for the finishing layers of the type of sculptures under study.
So far, the studies that have looked for organic binders have done so with the aim of analysing painting techniques. However, ancient sacred texts (8th - 17th centuries CE) mention a wide use of organic substances also in the preparation of clays. In a pioneering approach aimed at elucidating their presence in the modelling pastes, we used a staggered analytical approach as part of a European IPERIONHS project with first, FTIR analyses to verify their inclusion and if possible, their specific groups and secondly, GC–MS analyses to characterize them. Finally, we used a structural analytical approach based on MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to study the polysaccharides and access their taxonomic information.
The results suggest that multiple organic binders were added, and the use of gums has been confirmed. Although this represents only a first step in the study of the use of organic binders in the modelling pastes and plasters of monumental terracruda sculpture, the results appear to be consistent with the complex processes described in ancient sacred literature related to their preparation.
{"title":"The use of organic binders in monumental terracruda sculpture: Integrating Sanskrit texts with spectroscopic and spectrometric data in the study of Tepe Narenj and Qol-e-tut examples (Kabul, Afghanistan, 5th to 11th centuries CE)","authors":"Mònica López-Prat , Stephane Chaignepain , Irena Kralj Cigić , Lea Legan , Simona Mileto , Domenico Miriello , Noor Agha Noori , Polonca Ropret , Barbara Štuhec , Caroline Tokarski , Alessandra Pecci","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.02.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.02.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work is part of a broader research project aimed at understanding the technology of making Buddhist monumental <em>terracruda</em> (air-dried clay) sculptures and contributing to the design of specific recovery protocols and conservation treatments for archaeological examples. Previous studies have been mainly based on information obtained through the comparative study of traditional knowledge preserved in India and petrographic, mineralogical, chemical and botanical characterization performed on Afghan examples from Buddhist sites of Tepe Narenj and Qol-e-tut (5th to 11th centuries).</div><div>Here the focus is to verify the hypothesis of the addition of possible organic binding substances to elaborate the modelling pastes on the examples of Tepe Narenj and Qol-e-tut, with particular interest in the search for gums, as these compounds had been identified by analyses of other Afghan examples and their use is documented in India today for the finishing layers of the type of sculptures under study.</div><div>So far, the studies that have looked for organic binders have done so with the aim of analysing painting techniques. However, ancient sacred texts (8th - 17th centuries CE) mention a wide use of organic substances also in the preparation of clays. In a pioneering approach aimed at elucidating their presence in the modelling pastes, we used a staggered analytical approach as part of a European IPERION<img>HS project with first, FTIR analyses to verify their inclusion and if possible, their specific groups and secondly, GC–MS analyses to characterize them. Finally, we used a structural analytical approach based on MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to study the polysaccharides and access their taxonomic information.</div><div>The results suggest that multiple organic binders were added, and the use of gums has been confirmed. Although this represents only a first step in the study of the use of organic binders in the modelling pastes and plasters of monumental <em>terracruda</em> sculpture, the results appear to be consistent with the complex processes described in ancient sacred literature related to their preparation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"73 ","pages":"Pages 62-72"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143601640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 2021 the Codex of Türi, dating from 1454, came into the hands of conservators. The manuscript, bound in Gothic style, with oak boards covered in leather, was in poor condition. The leather covering the boards and the text block were partially detached, the binding was loose, and the thread was broken. In the first stage of conservation, the leather was removed from the covers. The exposed oak boards allowed for dendrochronological analysis to determine the age of the wood used for the covers. Additionally, 87Sr/86Sr isotope analysis was conducted to assess the origin of the cover wood.
The dendrochronological study showed that the wood used for the covers was from trees felled in the same late medieval period as the Codex was written. While the felling of the tree for the back cover dated to around the year of the completion of writing the codex, the outermost preserved tree ring of the front cover was 88 years older, but no sapwood was preserved on this. A non-functional round hole, repaired with a wooden plug, was observed in the front cover. The hole is a remnant of the earlier usage of the board before it was adjusted to the cover of the manuscript. This suggests that the front cover was used for a different purpose previously.
The dendrochronological dating indicated different origins for the cover boards. The ring series of the front cover are similar to oak chronologies from north-central Poland, while the back-cover oak has most probably grown somewhere in western Latvia/Lithuania.
The dendrochronological study was compared with strontium isotope analysis of the boards. Strontium isotope analysis interpreted using a modelling approach supports the likelihood that the wood of the front cover grew in the region around the Lower Vistula River and the back cover grew in western Latvia/Lithuania. Detailed baseline maps for these regions are missing but this study on few items has nevertheless yielded very interesting results.
{"title":"New evidence of re-use of an oak panel in Estonia: Covers of the fifteenth century Codex of Türi","authors":"Alar Läänelaid , Kristina Sohar , Aoife Daly , Alicia Van Ham-Meert , Päärn Paiste , Kaspar Kolk , Kadri Paloveer , Raivo Suni","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.02.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.02.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In 2021 the Codex of Türi, dating from 1454, came into the hands of conservators. The manuscript, bound in Gothic style, with oak boards covered in leather, was in poor condition. The leather covering the boards and the text block were partially detached, the binding was loose, and the thread was broken. In the first stage of conservation, the leather was removed from the covers. The exposed oak boards allowed for dendrochronological analysis to determine the age of the wood used for the covers. Additionally, <sup>87</sup>Sr/<sup>86</sup>Sr isotope analysis was conducted to assess the origin of the cover wood.</div><div>The dendrochronological study showed that the wood used for the covers was from trees felled in the same late medieval period as the Codex was written. While the felling of the tree for the back cover dated to around the year of the completion of writing the codex, the outermost preserved tree ring of the front cover was 88 years older, but no sapwood was preserved on this. A non-functional round hole, repaired with a wooden plug, was observed in the front cover. The hole is a remnant of the earlier usage of the board before it was adjusted to the cover of the manuscript. This suggests that the front cover was used for a different purpose previously.</div><div>The dendrochronological dating indicated different origins for the cover boards. The ring series of the front cover are similar to oak chronologies from north-central Poland, while the back-cover oak has most probably grown somewhere in western Latvia/Lithuania.</div><div>The dendrochronological study was compared with strontium isotope analysis of the boards. Strontium isotope analysis interpreted using a modelling approach supports the likelihood that the wood of the front cover grew in the region around the Lower Vistula River and the back cover grew in western Latvia/Lithuania. Detailed baseline maps for these regions are missing but this study on few items has nevertheless yielded very interesting results.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"73 ","pages":"Pages 52-61"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143592604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-06DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.02.013
Antoine Laurent , Benjamin Coupry , Baptiste Brument , Jean Mélou , Yvain Quéau , Carole Fritz , Jean-Denis Durou
There are mainly two families of photographic 3D reconstruction techniques. Photogrammetry techniques work according to the principle of triangulation, from the matching of different views, while photometric techniques link the appearance of a 3D point to the orientation of its normal, relative to that of the incident light. While photogrammetry allows to find the global shape of a 3D scene, if it is sufficiently textured, photometric techniques highlight the details of the relief, as long as the model linking the lighting to the shape and reflectance of the scene is sufficiently realistic. In this work, we compare these different approaches with some others in the context of reconstructing archaeological features. After discussing their advantages and disadvantages, we describe a promising new method combining both families in a multi-view, multi-lighting context.
{"title":"Combining geometric and photometric 3D reconstruction techniques for cultural heritage","authors":"Antoine Laurent , Benjamin Coupry , Baptiste Brument , Jean Mélou , Yvain Quéau , Carole Fritz , Jean-Denis Durou","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.02.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.02.013","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>There are mainly two families of photographic 3D reconstruction techniques. Photogrammetry techniques work according to the principle of triangulation, from the matching of different views, while photometric techniques link the appearance of a 3D point to the orientation of its normal, relative to that of the incident light. While photogrammetry allows to find the global shape of a 3D scene, if it is sufficiently textured, photometric techniques highlight the details of the relief, as long as the model linking the lighting to the shape and reflectance of the scene is sufficiently realistic. In this work, we compare these different approaches with some others in the context of reconstructing archaeological features. After discussing their advantages and disadvantages, we describe a promising new method combining both families in a multi-view, multi-lighting context.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"73 ","pages":"Pages 43-51"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143551895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-04DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.02.009
Giuseppe Angileri , Alessandra Cernaro , Marco Ferrero , Ornella Fiandaca
The approach to architectural restoration within a BIM environment, i.e. the so-called H-BIM, although now essentially mandatory, still presents application challenges and methodologies that are not yet fully recognised. In this context, the restoration of Modern architecture is of particular interest, given the relative proximity in time of the construction of the buildings and the specific deterioration problems that these constructions typically face in an accelerated form.
The use of digital tools, which such modelling entails, not only effectively supports the restoration process, but also significantly interacts with the study and knowledge of the building.
This article focuses on the increase in knowledge associated with the modelling process. The aim is to demonstrate how the understanding of the building necessary for creating the model (learning to model), in addition to external bibliographical or documentary sources, as well as survey and in situ analysis, is increased the modelling activity itself, according to a process of “learning by modelling”.
The methodological proposal is presented and applied on a particularly significant case study: the “Casa delle Armi”, a building designed in Rome by the architect Luigi W. Moretti in 1933–36, during the Fascist regime. The building is entirely clad in thin slabs of Carrara marble. This marble cladding was the first and archetype of many similar applications carried out in the same years, and has suffered considerable deterioration, for which a particularly complex restoration process is currently underway.
In this article, the procedure used to obtain a historicised H-BIM model of the façade is described and discussed, as well as the advantages and the challenges associated with modelling. Furthermore, the limitations and possible developments of this approach are highlighted, emphasising the knowledge gained from the convergence of the two operational lines (learning to model and learning by modelling).
In the appendix, a brief reconstruction of the life phases of the “Casa delle Armi” is provided, integrating the outlined method with documentary and bibliographical information.
{"title":"Learning by modelling in H-BIM environment to develop a framework for restoration. Application to the stone cladding of Casa delle Armi of Luigi W. Moretti in Rome","authors":"Giuseppe Angileri , Alessandra Cernaro , Marco Ferrero , Ornella Fiandaca","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.02.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.02.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The approach to architectural restoration within a BIM environment, i.e. the so-called H-BIM, although now essentially mandatory, still presents application challenges and methodologies that are not yet fully recognised. In this context, the restoration of Modern architecture is of particular interest, given the relative proximity in time of the construction of the buildings and the specific deterioration problems that these constructions typically face in an accelerated form.</div><div>The use of digital tools, which such modelling entails, not only effectively supports the restoration process, but also significantly interacts with the study and knowledge of the building.</div><div>This article focuses on the increase in knowledge associated with the modelling process. The aim is to demonstrate how the understanding of the building necessary for creating the model (learning to model), in addition to external bibliographical or documentary sources, as well as survey and in situ analysis, is increased the modelling activity itself, according to a process of “learning by modelling”.</div><div>The methodological proposal is presented and applied on a particularly significant case study: the “Casa delle Armi”, a building designed in Rome by the architect Luigi W. Moretti in 1933–36, during the Fascist regime. The building is entirely clad in thin slabs of Carrara marble. This marble cladding was the first and archetype of many similar applications carried out in the same years, and has suffered considerable deterioration, for which a particularly complex restoration process is currently underway.</div><div>In this article, the procedure used to obtain a historicised H-BIM model of the façade is described and discussed, as well as the advantages and the challenges associated with modelling. Furthermore, the limitations and possible developments of this approach are highlighted, emphasising the knowledge gained from the convergence of the two operational lines (learning to model and learning by modelling).</div><div>In the appendix, a brief reconstruction of the life phases of the “Casa delle Armi” is provided, integrating the outlined method with documentary and bibliographical information.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"73 ","pages":"Pages 28-42"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号