Pub Date : 2025-04-24DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.04.003
Aldo Ramírez-Arellano , Edgar Mauricio Muñoz-Silva , Mayra Antonio-Cruz , Juan Irving Vasquez-Gomez
This paper proposes an automatic approach for the 3D recognition of the structural state of uniquely built cultural heritage with severe and very severe damage. For this purpose, a 3D reconstruction (point cloud) mapped to voxels of built cultural heritage is used. Then, Deng entropy is computed for the resulting voxel map, and the corresponding information dimension is obtained by applying the box-covering method. The entropy and information dimension data sequences are combined into one sequence, called the Deng sequence. This is in order to quantify the occupied space in voxel map of built cultural heritage. Deng sequence is used as the input for a bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory neural network (bLSTMnn) to automatically classify the structural state of built cultural heritage. The main consideration is that few models of built cultural heritage are available due to their uniqueness. Hence, a small dataset created by authors using Computer-Aided Design tools is used for the training of the bLSTMnn. A cross-method is applied to validate the bLSTMnn. The proposed approach is successfully applied to recognize the current structural state of a unique Mexican cultural heritage building with very severe damage.
{"title":"Deng entropy and LSTM neural network to classify built cultural heritage with severe damage","authors":"Aldo Ramírez-Arellano , Edgar Mauricio Muñoz-Silva , Mayra Antonio-Cruz , Juan Irving Vasquez-Gomez","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.04.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.04.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper proposes an automatic approach for the 3D recognition of the structural state of uniquely built cultural heritage with severe and very severe damage. For this purpose, a 3D reconstruction (point cloud) mapped to voxels of built cultural heritage is used. Then, Deng entropy is computed for the resulting voxel map, and the corresponding information dimension is obtained by applying the box-covering method. The entropy and information dimension data sequences are combined into one sequence, called the Deng sequence. This is in order to quantify the occupied space in voxel map of built cultural heritage. Deng sequence is used as the input for a bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory neural network (bLSTMnn) to automatically classify the structural state of built cultural heritage. The main consideration is that few models of built cultural heritage are available due to their uniqueness. Hence, a small dataset created by authors using Computer-Aided Design tools is used for the training of the bLSTMnn. A cross-method is applied to validate the bLSTMnn. The proposed approach is successfully applied to recognize the current structural state of a unique Mexican cultural heritage building with very severe damage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"73 ","pages":"Pages 286-294"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143869828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-21DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.04.002
Elisa Fernández-Tudela , Rafael Zarzuela Sánchez , Marina Goñalons Lapiedra , Almoraima Gil , Darío Bernal Casasola , Miguel Ángel Cau-Ontiveros , Enrique García Riaza , Jaume Cardell Perelló , Manuel Bethencourt Núñez
The ceramic materials from the Ses Fontanelles wreck are an exceptional find due to the large number of amphorae with preserved inscriptions and their state of preservation. The presence of Tituli Picti is uncommon, and even less so in ceramics altered in an underwater environment. The bibliography on the conservation of these elements is scarce. This manuscript presents the results of a comparative study of two consolidation products: one based on nanoparticles (Nano Estel 1:1) and the other on an acrylic resin based on organic solvents (Paraloid B72 3 % in acetone).This preliminary study aims to establish a methodology for the treatment of the inscriptions painted on Roman amphorae from the Ses Fontanelles wreck (Mallorca), 4th century AD. A suite of analytical techniques was employed, encompassing surface analysis via Scanning Electron Microscopy - Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) for the identification of crystalline phases, hardness and micro-indentation testing, peeling test, and measurements of aesthetic alterations using a spectrophotometer and glossmeter. The results obtained from these analyses were found to be highly congruent, underscoring the effectiveness of a long-standing acrylic resin and the potential of the silica nanoparticle-based product, which has seen a surge in utilization. This study also paves the way for further research in this area, as it opens up new avenues for exploration and the potential discovery of additional findings.
{"title":"Assessment of consolidants for the preservation of Tituli Picti on amphorae from the Ses Fontanelles late Roman shipwreck (Mallorca, Spain): An analytical approach","authors":"Elisa Fernández-Tudela , Rafael Zarzuela Sánchez , Marina Goñalons Lapiedra , Almoraima Gil , Darío Bernal Casasola , Miguel Ángel Cau-Ontiveros , Enrique García Riaza , Jaume Cardell Perelló , Manuel Bethencourt Núñez","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.04.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.04.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ceramic materials from the Ses Fontanelles wreck are an exceptional find due to the large number of amphorae with preserved inscriptions and their state of preservation. The presence of <em>Tituli Picti</em> is uncommon, and even less so in ceramics altered in an underwater environment. The bibliography on the conservation of these elements is scarce. This manuscript presents the results of a comparative study of two consolidation products: one based on nanoparticles (Nano Estel 1:1) and the other on an acrylic resin based on organic solvents (Paraloid B72 3 % in acetone).This preliminary study aims to establish a methodology for the treatment of the inscriptions painted on Roman amphorae from the Ses Fontanelles wreck (Mallorca), 4th century AD. A suite of analytical techniques was employed, encompassing surface analysis via Scanning Electron Microscopy - Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) for the identification of crystalline phases, hardness and micro-indentation testing, peeling test, and measurements of aesthetic alterations using a spectrophotometer and glossmeter. The results obtained from these analyses were found to be highly congruent, underscoring the effectiveness of a long-standing acrylic resin and the potential of the silica nanoparticle-based product, which has seen a surge in utilization. This study also paves the way for further research in this area, as it opens up new avenues for exploration and the potential discovery of additional findings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"73 ","pages":"Pages 267-276"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-21DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.03.011
Izabela Gonçalves da Silva , Iago de Souza Reis , Roberto Weider de Assis Franco , Benigno Sanchez , Maria Cristina Canela
The present study seeks to understand the interaction between paintings and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) present in museum environments, evaluating the stability of inorganic pigments and predicting possible risks to cultural heritage. The VOC chosen in this study to determine these effects on pigments were those studied most frequently, such as acetic acid, formic acid, and formaldehyde, and in addition hexanal and 2-butanone oxime, also found in museum environments. Accelerated laboratory ageing tests were carried out with models of oil paintings or powdered pigment, prepared from malachite, lead white and gypsum and exposed to the VOC-saturated atmosphere. After 42 days of exposure, FTIR-ATR analyses confirmed the formation of metal carboxylates such as lead acetate, formate and hexanoate, as well as copper acetate and hexanoate. These degradation products are caused by VOC attack on the paint surface. For some models, colorimetric analysis also identified significant total color variation (∆E), with differences visible to the naked eye, in addition to decreased lightness. The lead white and gypsum changed from white to a yellowish color. Malachite tended to turn blue when exposed to acetic acid. All samples exposed to 2-butanone oxime showed ∆E > 5 an acceptable tolerance limit, thus reiterating the importance of the effect of this particular VOC. In EPR and color analysis, carried out with powdered malachite, exposure to acetic acid, hexanal and formic acid resulted in similar EPR spectra, decreased lighting (L⁎) and color shift to blue. Exposure to 2-butanone oxime caused an elongated axial Cu (II) site (g// > g⊥), reduced lighting, and a slight color difference. However, exposure conditions occurred at high concentrations of atmospheric contaminants, which is uncommon in natural museum environments, this study demonstrates what can occur over years of exposure, reiterating the importance of studies involving indoor air quality and its effect on historical heritage.
{"title":"Effect of volatile organic compounds on the stability of inorganic pigments in oil-based paintings","authors":"Izabela Gonçalves da Silva , Iago de Souza Reis , Roberto Weider de Assis Franco , Benigno Sanchez , Maria Cristina Canela","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.03.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.03.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The present study seeks to understand the interaction between paintings and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) present in museum environments, evaluating the stability of inorganic pigments and predicting possible risks to cultural heritage. The VOC chosen in this study to determine these effects on pigments were those studied most frequently, such as acetic acid, formic acid, and formaldehyde, and in addition hexanal and 2-butanone oxime, also found in museum environments. Accelerated laboratory ageing tests were carried out with models of oil paintings or powdered pigment, prepared from malachite, lead white and gypsum and exposed to the VOC-saturated atmosphere. After 42 days of exposure, FTIR-ATR analyses confirmed the formation of metal carboxylates such as lead acetate, formate and hexanoate, as well as copper acetate and hexanoate. These degradation products are caused by VOC attack on the paint surface. For some models, colorimetric analysis also identified significant total color variation (∆E), with differences visible to the naked eye, in addition to decreased lightness. The lead white and gypsum changed from white to a yellowish color. Malachite tended to turn blue when exposed to acetic acid. All samples exposed to 2-butanone oxime showed ∆<em>E</em> > 5 an acceptable tolerance limit, thus reiterating the importance of the effect of this particular VOC. In EPR and color analysis, carried out with powdered malachite, exposure to acetic acid, hexanal and formic acid resulted in similar EPR spectra, decreased lighting (L<sup>⁎</sup>) and color shift to blue. Exposure to 2-butanone oxime caused an elongated axial Cu (II) site (g// > <em>g</em><sub>⊥</sub>), reduced lighting, and a slight color difference. However, exposure conditions occurred at high concentrations of atmospheric contaminants, which is uncommon in natural museum environments, this study demonstrates what can occur over years of exposure, reiterating the importance of studies involving indoor air quality and its effect on historical heritage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"73 ","pages":"Pages 277-285"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143851368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-19DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.04.001
Maria Catarina Paz , Ana Paula Falcão , César Augusto Garcia , Miguel Esteves , Nuno Afonso , Maria Paula Mendes
Historical botanical gardens hold a significant place in cultural heritage. They serve as interpretive repositories of past botanical knowledge and practices, showcase plant collections cultivated over centuries, provide space for the emergence of new ecologies, offer numerous human well-being benefits, and supply vital regulating ecosystem services, which are especially important in urban areas. Nowadays, however, plants within urban historical botanical gardens can be at risk due to urban development. Therefore, it is crucial to achieve a comprehensive understanding of these spaces to help implement protective measures and support proper urban planning of the surrounding areas.
This study investigates the subsurface of the Botanical Garden of Lisbon (JBL), which is subject to nearby construction works that may alter groundwater flow and depth. We employed a methodology designed for minimal on-site disturbance and high adaptability to the spatial constraints typical of these spaces. Two non-invasive applied geophysical techniques were used: ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Our main objectives were: (1) to assess groundwater levels in the construction area and establish the piezometric surface, and (2) to determine if the tree-root zones reach the saturated zone, establish a groundwater baseline, and suggest protective measures.
The establishment of the piezometric surface and the delimitation of the tree-root zone, extending up to 3.0 m in depth, revealed that tree-root zones can reach groundwater levels. This finding underscores the critical need for vigilant monitoring and management of groundwater levels during excavation activities, as decreased lateral groundwater contributions from the potential excavation site can adversely affect groundwater levels in the plant beds.
These findings and methodology can be applied to urban botanical gardens worldwide, as many of these gardens face similar challenges due to urbanization and environmental changes.
{"title":"Determination of baseline groundwater levels for tree conservation in urban historical botanical gardens using applied geophysics","authors":"Maria Catarina Paz , Ana Paula Falcão , César Augusto Garcia , Miguel Esteves , Nuno Afonso , Maria Paula Mendes","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Historical botanical gardens hold a significant place in cultural heritage. They serve as interpretive repositories of past botanical knowledge and practices, showcase plant collections cultivated over centuries, provide space for the emergence of new ecologies, offer numerous human well-being benefits, and supply vital regulating ecosystem services, which are especially important in urban areas. Nowadays, however, plants within urban historical botanical gardens can be at risk due to urban development. Therefore, it is crucial to achieve a comprehensive understanding of these spaces to help implement protective measures and support proper urban planning of the surrounding areas.</div><div>This study investigates the subsurface of the Botanical Garden of Lisbon (JBL), which is subject to nearby construction works that may alter groundwater flow and depth. We employed a methodology designed for minimal on-site disturbance and high adaptability to the spatial constraints typical of these spaces. Two non-invasive applied geophysical techniques were used: ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). Our main objectives were: (1) to assess groundwater levels in the construction area and establish the piezometric surface, and (2) to determine if the tree-root zones reach the saturated zone, establish a groundwater baseline, and suggest protective measures.</div><div>The establishment of the piezometric surface and the delimitation of the tree-root zone, extending up to 3.0 m in depth, revealed that tree-root zones can reach groundwater levels. This finding underscores the critical need for vigilant monitoring and management of groundwater levels during excavation activities, as decreased lateral groundwater contributions from the potential excavation site can adversely affect groundwater levels in the plant beds.</div><div>These findings and methodology can be applied to urban botanical gardens worldwide, as many of these gardens face similar challenges due to urbanization and environmental changes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"73 ","pages":"Pages 256-266"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143847924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-18DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.03.010
Yunpeng Wang (王云鹏) , Quanlong Dai (代全龙) , Zhimin Li (李志敏) , Fangzhi Liu (刘芳志) , Han Yu (于涵) , Zhihua Gan (甘志华) , Qinglin Ma (马清林)
Bronze weaponry crafted by the Wu-Yue states represents the zenith of weapon-casting technology in China during the Eastern Zhou era. Among these relics, swords and spears with dark rhombic patterns have astonishingly retained their pristine condition after thousands of years of subterranean burial. This remarkable preservation has generated considerable scholarly interest. However, obtaining suitable specimens for in-depth study has long been a challenge. This study utilizes metallurgical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) to analyze two bronze swords with dark rhombic patterns from the Dahan Cemetery in Tengzhou City, Shandong Province. The analysis reveals that the rhombic pattern consists of a dense δ-phase layer, with some areas showing an outer ε-phase layer, indicating a hot tinning technique. Tin-plating experiments were conducted using various methods to simulate this tinning process. The results suggest that when a mixture of tin soap and tin powder is applied to the bronze surface and heated, a dark rhomboid pattern appears, similar to that found on the famous Sword of Gou Jian. A silver-white layer enriched with tin was discovered beneath the dark rhombic pattern through additional surface polishing. The residual tin soap on the bronze swords demonstrated notable resistance to corrosion; however, under acidic conditions, it tended to transform into organic acids, which could erode the α-phase of the bronze, leading to discoloration and darkening of the sword.
{"title":"An experimental research on the rhombic pattern swords of Wu and Yue states during the Eastern Zhou Period, China","authors":"Yunpeng Wang (王云鹏) , Quanlong Dai (代全龙) , Zhimin Li (李志敏) , Fangzhi Liu (刘芳志) , Han Yu (于涵) , Zhihua Gan (甘志华) , Qinglin Ma (马清林)","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.03.010","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.03.010","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bronze weaponry crafted by the Wu-Yue states represents the zenith of weapon-casting technology in China during the Eastern Zhou era. Among these relics, swords and spears with dark rhombic patterns have astonishingly retained their pristine condition after thousands of years of subterranean burial. This remarkable preservation has generated considerable scholarly interest. However, obtaining suitable specimens for in-depth study has long been a challenge. This study utilizes metallurgical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) to analyze two bronze swords with dark rhombic patterns from the Dahan Cemetery in Tengzhou City, Shandong Province. The analysis reveals that the rhombic pattern consists of a dense δ-phase layer, with some areas showing an outer ε-phase layer, indicating a hot tinning technique. Tin-plating experiments were conducted using various methods to simulate this tinning process. The results suggest that when a mixture of tin soap and tin powder is applied to the bronze surface and heated, a dark rhomboid pattern appears, similar to that found on the famous Sword of Gou Jian. A silver-white layer enriched with tin was discovered beneath the dark rhombic pattern through additional surface polishing. The residual tin soap on the bronze swords demonstrated notable resistance to corrosion; however, under acidic conditions, it tended to transform into organic acids, which could erode the α-phase of the bronze, leading to discoloration and darkening of the sword.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"73 ","pages":"Pages 249-255"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143847923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-15DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.03.014
Anna Wawrzyk , Natalia Pydyn , Aleksandra Papis , Margrit Bormann , Krzysztof Kraśnicki , Filip Bielec , Maria Szymankiewicz , Beata Gutarowska , Justyna Szulc , Sławomir Wilczyński
The aim of this study was to test the biocidal effectiveness of the disinfection technique using 90 % ethanol in the form of mist on wall painting layers in the block with inventory number A-28 located in the A-BSM.
Using the DNA sequencing and MALDI TOF methods, species of bacteria and fungi inhabiting the wall surfaces were identified. Then, 90 % ethanol in the form of mist was applied to the surfaces. The number and species composition of bacteria and fungi as well as the colour of the painting layers were determined before and after disinfection.
On the surface of the 10 examined areas, 10 species of bacteria, 3 species of yeast and 7 species of mould were identified, some of which are opportunistic pathogens. After the use of ethanol in the form of a mist, the reduction in the number of bacteria was 70.4 % to > 99 %, and of fungi was in the range of 78.2 % - > 99 %. It was also shown that disinfection with ethanol in the form of a mist did not affect the colour components of the painting layers.
To sum up, disinfection of painting layers using 90 % ethanol in the form of mist has a high biocidal effectiveness and does not cause a change in the colour of the painting layers, so it can be used for decontamination on the interior walls of historic buildings in A-BSM.
{"title":"Identification of microorganisms harmful to human health inhabiting historical surfaces using MALDI TOF mass spectrometry and DNA sequencing and their elimination using ethanol in the mist form","authors":"Anna Wawrzyk , Natalia Pydyn , Aleksandra Papis , Margrit Bormann , Krzysztof Kraśnicki , Filip Bielec , Maria Szymankiewicz , Beata Gutarowska , Justyna Szulc , Sławomir Wilczyński","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.03.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.03.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim of this study was to test the biocidal effectiveness of the disinfection technique using 90 % ethanol in the form of mist on wall painting layers in the block with inventory number A-28 located in the A-BSM.</div><div>Using the DNA sequencing and MALDI TOF methods, species of bacteria and fungi inhabiting the wall surfaces were identified. Then, 90 % ethanol in the form of mist was applied to the surfaces. The number and species composition of bacteria and fungi as well as the colour of the painting layers were determined before and after disinfection.</div><div>On the surface of the 10 examined areas, 10 species of bacteria, 3 species of yeast and 7 species of mould were identified, some of which are opportunistic pathogens. After the use of ethanol in the form of a mist, the reduction in the number of bacteria was 70.4 % to > 99 %, and of fungi was in the range of 78.2 % - > 99 %. It was also shown that disinfection with ethanol in the form of a mist did not affect the colour components of the painting layers.</div><div>To sum up, disinfection of painting layers using 90 % ethanol in the form of mist has a high biocidal effectiveness and does not cause a change in the colour of the painting layers, so it can be used for decontamination on the interior walls of historic buildings in A-BSM.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"73 ","pages":"Pages 238-248"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143830075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-11DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.03.012
Alvaro R. Serrano-Chacón , Emilio J. Mascort-Albea , Rocío Romero-Hernández , Jacinto Canivell , Fernando Muñoz-Chavero , Eduardo Hidalgo-Fort , Antonio Jaramillo-Morilla
The remains of fortifications are commonly found embedded in the contemporary urban fabric of historic cities. Due to their typological nature, these heritage assets are usually elements of great size and impact on the urban landscape. Their location within cities exposes them to very specific risks, such as pollution, vibration, biodegradation, and anthropic factors, which must be taken into account for the proper conservation and maintenance of such remains.
The case of the medieval wall of Seville (Spain), built on rammed earth, shows specific factors of vulnerability, degradation, and erosion which prompt the need for non-destructive techniques (NDT). In the present research, vibration-based inspection is used and, specifically, when subjected to ambient vibrations. The collection of accelerations, which covered a period of nine months, was conducted in different parts of the structure under study by using mainly high-resolution accelerographs. These data allowed to perform an exhaustive dynamic characterisation of this defensive structure. Among other findings, it was determined that the filling of cracks and voids in the walls increased the fundamental frequency by about 2 %. In addition, no serious damage to the structure was found.
Knowledge of the historic buildings' condition is essential in order to determine the most appropriate intervention. To this end, a protocol for the global structural diagnosis of these buildings has been proposed. It is based on the recording of accelerations with low-cost accelerographs. Besides being an inexpensive protocol, it allows a quick decision making, since the dynamic characterization of the structure is performed by means of the fast Fourier transform.
Basically, the designed protocol is based on the variation of the fundamental frequency of the structure between two time instants. These values are used for the calculation of a damage index. By means of an exhaustive review of conventional masonry buildings tested in the laboratory, the damage index has been correlated with the state of the structure prior to collapse. Specifically, this threshold, which ranges from DS4 to DS5 according to the criteria of the European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (EMS-98), provides a valuable reference point for the structural assessment of historical box-shaped constructions with conventional masonry load-bearing walls.
This simplified procedure for structural diagnosis was applied in its initial phase at the White Tower. It was found that this protocol is able to identify the fundamental frequency of the structure with an error of <0.65 % in comparison to the results obtained through operational modal analysis methods.
{"title":"Structural assessment of the medieval city wall of Seville (Spain) using low-cost accelerometers","authors":"Alvaro R. Serrano-Chacón , Emilio J. Mascort-Albea , Rocío Romero-Hernández , Jacinto Canivell , Fernando Muñoz-Chavero , Eduardo Hidalgo-Fort , Antonio Jaramillo-Morilla","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.03.012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.03.012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The remains of fortifications are commonly found embedded in the contemporary urban fabric of historic cities. Due to their typological nature, these heritage assets are usually elements of great size and impact on the urban landscape. Their location within cities exposes them to very specific risks, such as pollution, vibration, biodegradation, and anthropic factors, which must be taken into account for the proper conservation and maintenance of such remains.</div><div>The case of the medieval wall of Seville (Spain), built on rammed earth, shows specific factors of vulnerability, degradation, and erosion which prompt the need for non-destructive techniques (NDT). In the present research, vibration-based inspection is used and, specifically, when subjected to ambient vibrations. The collection of accelerations, which covered a period of nine months, was conducted in different parts of the structure under study by using mainly high-resolution accelerographs. These data allowed to perform an exhaustive dynamic characterisation of this defensive structure. Among other findings, it was determined that the filling of cracks and voids in the walls increased the fundamental frequency by about 2 %. In addition, no serious damage to the structure was found.</div><div>Knowledge of the historic buildings' condition is essential in order to determine the most appropriate intervention. To this end, a protocol for the global structural diagnosis of these buildings has been proposed. It is based on the recording of accelerations with low-cost accelerographs. Besides being an inexpensive protocol, it allows a quick decision making, since the dynamic characterization of the structure is performed by means of the fast Fourier transform.</div><div>Basically, the designed protocol is based on the variation of the fundamental frequency of the structure between two time instants. These values are used for the calculation of a damage index. By means of an exhaustive review of conventional masonry buildings tested in the laboratory, the damage index has been correlated with the state of the structure prior to collapse. Specifically, this threshold, which ranges from DS4 to DS5 according to the criteria of the European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (EMS-98), provides a valuable reference point for the structural assessment of historical box-shaped constructions with conventional masonry load-bearing walls.</div><div>This simplified procedure for structural diagnosis was applied in its initial phase at the White Tower. It was found that this protocol is able to identify the fundamental frequency of the structure with an error of <0.65 % in comparison to the results obtained through operational modal analysis methods.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"73 ","pages":"Pages 225-235"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-11DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.03.013
M. Manso , V. Antunes , M.L. Carvalho
{"title":"Analytical techniques in art and cultural heritage: insights from TechnArt 2023","authors":"M. Manso , V. Antunes , M.L. Carvalho","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.03.013","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.03.013","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"73 ","pages":"Pages 236-237"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marble is known for its sensitivity to weathering. Therefore, marble sculptures can develop superficial and inner alterations when subjected to weather conditions. Addressing a complete condition report of these alterations is essential for defining the conservation conditions and planning restoration. However, while superficial alterations can be reported by simple visual inspections, the identification of inner defects necessitate more complex inspection methods. Besides, the evaluation of the conservation state of cultural heritage artefacts requires the use of non-destructive techniques. This research thus aims at investigating the influence of exposure to weather conditions on the degradation state of two Carrara marble sculptures from the Roman theater of Arles, France, as well as at answering specific conservation issues coming from curators. To do so, acoustic tomography coupled to photogrammetry was carried out to document the superficial state as well as to probe the inner state of the objects under study. A new method is tested to locate the transducer positions (without any sticky material): the 3D photogrammetric models of the sculptures were projected directly onto them to mark the transducer positions immediately on the model. The 3D models were then used to measure the distances between each emitter and receiver position. This approach also allows saving the transducer positions on the 3D model, which provides a digital record of measurement positions in case of additional future measurements. Overall, the degradation state of the sculptures studied coincides with their degree of exposure to weather conditions during Roman times, highlighting marble sensitivity to climatic conditions. Besides, depth profiles were estimated for visible cracks with the time-of-flight diffraction method and showed that the most worrying crack had not propagated inside the sculpture as much as curators feared, pointing out that acoustic techniques can be support tools for conservators.
{"title":"3D damage imaging of Carrara marble sculptures by acoustic tomography coupled to photogrammetry","authors":"Marie-Laure Chavazas , Jérémie Berthonneau , Cédric Payan , Éric Debieu , Philippe Bromblet","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.03.009","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.03.009","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Marble is known for its sensitivity to weathering. Therefore, marble sculptures can develop superficial and inner alterations when subjected to weather conditions. Addressing a complete condition report of these alterations is essential for defining the conservation conditions and planning restoration. However, while superficial alterations can be reported by simple visual inspections, the identification of inner defects necessitate more complex inspection methods. Besides, the evaluation of the conservation state of cultural heritage artefacts requires the use of non-destructive techniques. This research thus aims at investigating the influence of exposure to weather conditions on the degradation state of two Carrara marble sculptures from the Roman theater of Arles, France, as well as at answering specific conservation issues coming from curators. To do so, acoustic tomography coupled to photogrammetry was carried out to document the superficial state as well as to probe the inner state of the objects under study. A new method is tested to locate the transducer positions (without any sticky material): the 3D photogrammetric models of the sculptures were projected directly onto them to mark the transducer positions immediately on the model. The 3D models were then used to measure the distances between each emitter and receiver position. This approach also allows saving the transducer positions on the 3D model, which provides a digital record of measurement positions in case of additional future measurements. Overall, the degradation state of the sculptures studied coincides with their degree of exposure to weather conditions during Roman times, highlighting marble sensitivity to climatic conditions. Besides, depth profiles were estimated for visible cracks with the time-of-flight diffraction method and showed that the most worrying crack had not propagated inside the sculpture as much as curators feared, pointing out that acoustic techniques can be support tools for conservators.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"73 ","pages":"Pages 215-224"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143815568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-05DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.03.008
Massimo Melchiorre , Chiara Melchiorre , Marisa Moracci , Patrizia Irena Somma , Marta Markiewicz , Stefan Stolte , Pierfrancesco Cerruti , Francesco Ruffo , Andrea Carpentieri
In the restoration of canvas paintings, solvent mixtures derived from non-renewable sources are commonly employed (e.g. acetone, ethanol, and isooctane), which not only contribute to pollution but also pose potential health-risks to the operators. This research aims to introduce alternative biobased and eco-friendly solvents as possible replacements for common solvents used in artifact restoration. 5-methyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-one (LA-H,H), 2,2,5-trimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-one (LA-Me,Me), ethyl lactate (EL), and 2-ethylhexyl pelargonate (ARGO) were selected as biobased solvents candidates. They can be produced from biomass-derived synthons, including lactic acid (LA), which is obtained by carbohydrate fermentation, and pelargonic acid (PA), which is obtained by the oxidative cleavage of oleic acid and high-oleic vegetable oils. To rationalize their solvent properties, their Hansen parameters were used (dispersion δd, polarity δp, hydrogen-bonding δhb), enabling their placement within the Teas Triangle. Lactic acid-derived solvents, LA-H,H and LA-Me,Me, were prepared in multigram at lab-scale, and characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Their solvent abilities were tested by their application to ad-hoc prepared specimens with different film-forming substances. These tests were performed with both fresh and artificially-aged samples. Their evaporation behavior was studied through thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) while their ready biodegradability was investigated according to OECD guideline 301F as a key property influencing environmental impact. These solvent mixtures were then employed for the removal of oxidized terpenoid varnish from a 17th-century canvas painting, demonstrating their potential as green alternatives for restoration practices.
{"title":"Lactic acid-based compounds as green alternative solvents for cultural heritage: Application on canvas painting restoration","authors":"Massimo Melchiorre , Chiara Melchiorre , Marisa Moracci , Patrizia Irena Somma , Marta Markiewicz , Stefan Stolte , Pierfrancesco Cerruti , Francesco Ruffo , Andrea Carpentieri","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.03.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.03.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the restoration of canvas paintings, solvent mixtures derived from non-renewable sources are commonly employed (e.g. acetone, ethanol, and isooctane), which not only contribute to pollution but also pose potential health-risks to the operators. This research aims to introduce alternative biobased and eco-friendly solvents as possible replacements for common solvents used in artifact restoration. 5-methyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-one (LA-H,H), 2,2,5-trimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-one (LA-Me,Me), ethyl lactate (EL), and 2-ethylhexyl pelargonate (ARGO) were selected as biobased solvents candidates. They can be produced from biomass-derived synthons, including lactic acid (LA), which is obtained by carbohydrate fermentation, and pelargonic acid (PA), which is obtained by the oxidative cleavage of oleic acid and high-oleic vegetable oils. To rationalize their solvent properties, their Hansen parameters were used (dispersion δ<sub>d</sub>, polarity δ<sub>p</sub>, hydrogen-bonding δ<sub>hb</sub>), enabling their placement within the Teas Triangle. Lactic acid-derived solvents, LA-H,H and LA-Me,Me, were prepared in multigram at lab-scale, and characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Their solvent abilities were tested by their application to <em>ad-hoc</em> prepared specimens with different film-forming substances. These tests were performed with both fresh and artificially-aged samples. Their evaporation behavior was studied through thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) while their ready biodegradability was investigated according to OECD guideline 301F as a key property influencing environmental impact. These solvent mixtures were then employed for the removal of oxidized terpenoid varnish from a 17<sup>th</sup>-century canvas painting, demonstrating their potential as green alternatives for restoration practices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"73 ","pages":"Pages 206-214"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-04-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143783905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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