Journal of Cultural Heritage最新文献

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Assessing the structural integrity of the wax-resin lining of The Night Watch using 3D shearography

IF 3.5 2区综合性期刊 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Cultural Heritage

Pub Date : 2025-02-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.02.002

Nan Tao , Esther van Duijn , Lisette Vos , Ilse Steeman , Roger M. Groves , Katrien Keune , Petria Noble , Andrei G. Anisimov

Assessing the structural integrity of cultural heritage objects is of great importance for their structural conservation and long-term preservation. This paper focuses on the development of a non-destructive inspection (NDI) approach using 3D shearography to evaluate the structural integrity of wax-resin lined paintings, specifically for The Night Watch (1642), a large-format 17th-century canvas painting by Rembrandt van Rijn (1606–1669) that is on display in the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam. The Night Watch has a complex treatment history that has many old repairs of structural defects and damages (holes, tears, etc.) and three wax-resin relinings. In 2021, before a new structural intervention involving retensioning of the canvas support, it was vital to evaluate the structural integrity of the painting, specifically the condition of the treatment carried out in 1975–76 when, among other actions, several long cuts in the area of Captain Frans Banninck Cocq's breeches were repaired and an old canvas insert in the drum was replaced. To assess the structural condition, we applied 3D shearography to quantitatively analyse the in- and out-of-plane surface strains with controlled thermal loading. First, a safe loading procedure was developed by inspecting a representative wax-resin lined test painting where reference delaminations and structural repairs to canvas supports were reliably identified with 3D shearography by raising the temperature with 1-2 °C. As part of Operation Night Watch, in November 2021 an in-situ investigation was carried out in the Rijksmuseum gallery. Two areas of interest in The Night Watch, the restored slashes in the Captain's breeches (0.5 × 1 m) and the canvas insert in the drum (0.2 × 0.5 m), were inspected from the reverse of the painting. Results revealed no critical structural problems associated with the repaired slashes, nor with adhesion of the lining. For the patched canvas in the drum, it showed higher in- and out-of-plane strain variations. Overall, 3D shearography provided valuable non-destructive inspection results for assurances regarding the structural integrity of the 1975 repairs and the adhesion of the lining canvas in The Night Watch.

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引用次数: 0

Non-destructive examination of ancient vitreous materials from Southwest Asia: Synchrotron computed tomography at the BEATS beamline of SESAME

IF 3.5 2区综合性期刊 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Cultural Heritage

Pub Date : 2025-02-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.01.011

Gianluca Iori , Philipp Hans , Neva Maria Elisabetta Stucchi , Latif Ullah Khan , Abdellatif Saadaldin , Elena Possenti , Giulia Franceschin , Samah Al Khasoneh , Gian Luca Bonora , Gonca Dardeniz

The analysis of archaeological objects poses a set of challenges related to the fragility and uniqueness of the material and requires special non-invasive techniques. This article presents applications of Synchrotron X-ray Computed Tomography (SXCT) on archaeological vitreous materials, namely glass, faience, and Egyptian blue. Using five different case studies, we provide protocols developed at the beamline ID10-BEATS of SESAME (Jordan) to understand raw material, production, and degradation of vitreous assemblages from sub-mm to several cm in size. The use of high-resolution 3-dimensional X-ray imaging combined with phase-contrast generation allows to identify and differentiate ancient faience and pigment production technologies, quantify the severity and microstructure of glass corrosion, and assess the fracture and mechanical fragility of large artifacts and assemblies such as mosaics. The combination of SXCT with synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping and X-ray absorption near edge structure allows to examine complementary structural and chemical data of unique examples of the Southwest Asian cultural heritage. The availability of a SXCT facility at the heart of Southwest Asia facilitates and enhances the non-destructive examination and conservation of ancient vitreous materials of the region, proving the relevance of the technique for archaeologists, museums, and cultural heritage specialists.

{"title":"Non-destructive examination of ancient vitreous materials from Southwest Asia: Synchrotron computed tomography at the BEATS beamline of SESAME","authors":"Gianluca Iori , Philipp Hans , Neva Maria Elisabetta Stucchi , Latif Ullah Khan , Abdellatif Saadaldin , Elena Possenti , Giulia Franceschin , Samah Al Khasoneh , Gian Luca Bonora , Gonca Dardeniz","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.01.011","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.01.011","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The analysis of archaeological objects poses a set of challenges related to the fragility and uniqueness of the material and requires special non-invasive techniques. This article presents applications of Synchrotron X-ray Computed Tomography (SXCT) on archaeological vitreous materials, namely glass, faience, and Egyptian blue. Using five different case studies, we provide protocols developed at the beamline ID10-BEATS of SESAME (Jordan) to understand raw material, production, and degradation of vitreous assemblages from sub-mm to several cm in size. The use of high-resolution 3-dimensional X-ray imaging combined with phase-contrast generation allows to identify and differentiate ancient faience and pigment production technologies, quantify the severity and microstructure of glass corrosion, and assess the fracture and mechanical fragility of large artifacts and assemblies such as mosaics. The combination of SXCT with synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping and X-ray absorption near edge structure allows to examine complementary structural and chemical data of unique examples of the Southwest Asian cultural heritage. The availability of a SXCT facility at the heart of Southwest Asia facilitates and enhances the non-destructive examination and conservation of ancient vitreous materials of the region, proving the relevance of the technique for archaeologists, museums, and cultural heritage specialists.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"72 ","pages":"Pages 160-168"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143419459","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Rapid and non-destructive identification of the leather artifacts using FTIR-PCA 利用傅立叶变换红外光谱仪（FTIR-PCA）快速、无损地识别皮革制品

IF 3.5 2区综合性期刊 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Cultural Heritage

Pub Date : 2025-02-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.01.010

Mingrui Zhang , Zonghuan Ba , Jie Liu , Yong Lei , Mǎdǎlina Georgiana Albu Kaya , Keyong Tang

Due to the variations in deterioration and the diversity of tanning processes, the identification of leather artifacts is a challenge. In the present work, a non-destructive and rapid identification method is provided by combining Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) with principal component analysis (PCA). By analyzing a total of 4 types, encompassing with 30 model sets, this method has been proven effective in eliminating interference related to the deterioration and overcoming key obstacles in identifying the leather manufacturing process of the leather artifacts. Two pieces of leather artifacts representing different periods, regions, and animal types were studied using the proposed method. Further high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed to verify the identification results and method accuracy. In addition, by evaluating against the models, the alkaline treated sample showed higher reliability compared to the acid treated one. This method effectively addressed the challenges in accurately identifying the leather tanning processes and demonstrated the importance of analyzing and conserving a wider range collagen-based artifacts.

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引用次数: 0

Successful species identification of textile and hair cultural relics from Xiaohe cemetery by DNA barcoding

IF 3.5 2区综合性期刊 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Cultural Heritage

Pub Date : 2025-02-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.01.009

Xiaying Zhang , Xiaofeng Wu , Hailiang Yang , Hailing Zheng , Yang Zhou

The Xiaohe cemetery is located in the desert of the Lop Nur region of Xinjiang, and its excavated cultural relics include numerous textiles and animal hair. In this study, we examined the hair fiber morphology of two relics from Xiaohe cemetery, one being a fragment of a cloak and the other a hair sample, but were unable to identify the species of origin using this technique. Therefore, we employed DNA barcoding, which successfully identified both samples as deriving from goat (Capra hircus). Besides, three efficient methods for removing bacteria from hair fibers were established. However, the bacteria-removing treatments may have negative impacts on the species identification of cultural relics. This study provided a new molecular archaeological basis for the studies of various archaeological issues such as the development of textiles, the domestication of fur-bearing animals, as well as the origin and early development of agricultural and husbandry civilization in the Lop Nur region of Xinjiang.

引用次数: 0

Enhancing the culturability of bacteria present on archived audio-visual materials

IF 3.5 2区综合性期刊 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Cultural Heritage

Pub Date : 2025-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.01.008

Tereza Branysova, Nikola Zdrazilova, Kristyna Klikova, Hana Stiborova

Cultural heritage objects, rich with historical significance, face the persistent threat of biodeterioration, potentially resulting in irreplaceable losses. While both fungi and bacteria contribute to this process, bacterial involvement is often underrepresented in scholarly research compared to fungal studies. Although culture-independent methods provide comprehensive insights, the culture-dependent approach remains the primary approach in archive settings. Therefore, this study aims to optimise cultivation strategies to identify bacterial communities present on historical audio-visual materials stored in two Czech Republic archives, with an emphasis on enhancing captured diversity as well as numbers of colony-forming units. To accomplish this, various cultivation strategies were employed, including the use of multiple media types, prolonged cultivation time, diluted nutrient concentrations in the media, and the addition of a resuscitation-promoting factor (Rpf). Subsequent identification was conducted through either MALDI-TOF MS or Sanger sequencing. A total of 759 isolates, representing 26 distinct genera, were obtained, with the Bacillus and Micrococcus genera emerging as the most prevalent. The use of multiple media significantly increased the diversity of captured bacteria, with only 10 % and 20 % of genera shared across all media in the Trebon and Brno archives, respectively. The addition of Rpf enabled the capture of several additional genera, mostly from the Actinomycetota phylum. Additionally, distinct bacterial communities were associated with different binder types (albumen, collodion, and gelatine), with only six genera shared across all binder types, indicating metabolic versatility among these bacteria. These findings enhance our understanding of bacterial communities on audio-visual materials and underscore the importance of diverse cultivation strategies in capturing a comprehensive picture of microbial diversity in archival settings.

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引用次数: 0

New insights into the trade of glass beads along the Silk Road: Analysis of glass beads from Shengjindian, Xinjiang

IF 3.5 2区综合性期刊 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Cultural Heritage

Pub Date : 2025-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.01.003

Dong Wang , Rui Wen , Zihan Wang , Long Wang , Shiyuan Cao

The Shengjindian site, located in Turpan, Xinjiang, Northern China, occupies a key position at the crossroads of the Tianshan Mountain and the Tarim Basin Oasis corridors. Over 300 glass beads unearthed from the site's cemetery have been categorized into nine assemblies, dating back to the Western Han Dynasty (202 BC.-8 A.D.). Provenance analysis of these beads has revealed significant insights into the scale and complexity of the Silk Road trade during this period. Representative glass beads (78 samples) were selected for chemical compositional and microstructural analyses, identifying three chemical groups: soda-lime glass, potash glass, and lead barium glass. The soda-lime and potash glass primarily originated from Central Asia and India-Pakistan, while the lead barium glass was exclusively linked to the Central Plains of China. Microstructural analysis reveals most samples are drawn beads, with some metal foil glass beads. A unique “imitating turquoise glass bead” type was also identified for the first time. Additionally, some assemblies contain glass beads of diverse chemical compositions from different cultural regions, suggesting a distinctive beading trade pattern in Xinjiang. Bead traders from diverse regions transported glass beads to Xinjiang, where local residents personalized the bead assembly based on individual preferences. These findings highlight Xinjiang as a hub of the Silk Road and provide new insights into further understanding of the cultural exchange and trade networks associated with glass beads in Xinjiang, China.

{"title":"New insights into the trade of glass beads along the Silk Road: Analysis of glass beads from Shengjindian, Xinjiang","authors":"Dong Wang , Rui Wen , Zihan Wang , Long Wang , Shiyuan Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.01.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.01.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Shengjindian site, located in Turpan, Xinjiang, Northern China, occupies a key position at the crossroads of the Tianshan Mountain and the Tarim Basin Oasis corridors. Over 300 glass beads unearthed from the site's cemetery have been categorized into nine assemblies, dating back to the Western Han Dynasty (202 BC.-8 A.D.). Provenance analysis of these beads has revealed significant insights into the scale and complexity of the Silk Road trade during this period. Representative glass beads (78 samples) were selected for chemical compositional and microstructural analyses, identifying three chemical groups: soda-lime glass, potash glass, and lead barium glass. The soda-lime and potash glass primarily originated from Central Asia and India-Pakistan, while the lead barium glass was exclusively linked to the Central Plains of China. Microstructural analysis reveals most samples are drawn beads, with some metal foil glass beads. A unique “imitating turquoise glass bead” type was also identified for the first time. Additionally, some assemblies contain glass beads of diverse chemical compositions from different cultural regions, suggesting a distinctive beading trade pattern in Xinjiang. Bead traders from diverse regions transported glass beads to Xinjiang, where local residents personalized the bead assembly based on individual preferences. These findings highlight Xinjiang as a hub of the Silk Road and provide new insights into further understanding of the cultural exchange and trade networks associated with glass beads in Xinjiang, China.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"72 ","pages":"Pages 112-120"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143274300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Salt weathering of antique Dutch ceramic tiles

IF 3.5 2区综合性期刊 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Cultural Heritage

Pub Date : 2025-02-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.01.004

T. Chekai , R. Wijnhorst , P. Sénéchal , D. Grégoire , N. Shahidzadeh , H. Derluyn

Salt crystallization poses a significant threat to cultural heritage. We focus on understanding salt weathering in antique Dutch tiles, a composite layered material composed of a clay body and a ceramic glaze. Physico-mechanical properties of those tiles were quantified. The role of salt nature and glaze configuration (intact and crazed) in the weathering process were visualized and compared during several wetting-drying cycles by using different techniques such as X-ray tomography, SEM imaging, and confocal profilometry. Physico-mechanical properties are found to be mostly alike for intact and crazed tiles. Both sodium chloride and sodium sulfate contamination lead to the accumulation of salt, but with different accumulation patterns. While sodium chloride precipitation can be found throughout the entire clay body, sodium sulfate precipitation accumulates near the interface between the glaze and the clay body at the corners where the evaporation is the highest. Subsequently, damage in the form of cracks crossing the clay body and the glaze leads to material detachment. Sodium sulfate is particularly damaging during the rewetting cycles prior to drying due to the formation of the hydrated phase mirabilite. Conservation treatments based on the use of liquid water should thus be avoided on sodium sulfate contaminated tiles.

{"title":"Salt weathering of antique Dutch ceramic tiles","authors":"T. Chekai , R. Wijnhorst , P. Sénéchal , D. Grégoire , N. Shahidzadeh , H. Derluyn","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.01.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.01.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Salt crystallization poses a significant threat to cultural heritage. We focus on understanding salt weathering in antique Dutch tiles, a composite layered material composed of a clay body and a ceramic glaze. Physico-mechanical properties of those tiles were quantified. The role of salt nature and glaze configuration (intact and crazed) in the weathering process were visualized and compared during several wetting-drying cycles by using different techniques such as X-ray tomography, SEM imaging, and confocal profilometry. Physico-mechanical properties are found to be mostly alike for intact and crazed tiles. Both sodium chloride and sodium sulfate contamination lead to the accumulation of salt, but with different accumulation patterns. While sodium chloride precipitation can be found throughout the entire clay body, sodium sulfate precipitation accumulates near the interface between the glaze and the clay body at the corners where the evaporation is the highest. Subsequently, damage in the form of cracks crossing the clay body and the glaze leads to material detachment. Sodium sulfate is particularly damaging during the rewetting cycles prior to drying due to the formation of the hydrated phase mirabilite. Conservation treatments based on the use of liquid water should thus be avoided on sodium sulfate contaminated tiles.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"72 ","pages":"Pages 121-130"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143274301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Restoration and preservation of severely embrittled and curled historical photographs by glycerol triglycidyl ether emulsion

IF 3.5 2区综合性期刊 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Cultural Heritage

Pub Date : 2025-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.01.007

Jiaojiao Liu , Wenqiang Dong , Junchang Yang , Zhongwei Chen , Qingmeng Xu , Ran Chen

Historical photographs are an important category of cultural heritage and present a wealth of historical information. Unfortunately, these photographs are suffering from brittle curling, folding, and fracturing diseases, the previous strategies can correct mildly curled photographs but are inapplicable to severely brittle and extensively curled photographs. This study developed a new method based on the synergistic effects of the molecular plasticisation, cross-linking, and shaping of glycerol triglycidyl ether (GTE) to toughen, flatten, and restore embrittled and curled historical photographs. First, the effects of GTE treatment on the shrinkage and curl resistance of gelatine-based photographic films were evaluated at the macro and micro levels under accelerated humid-heat ageing conditions. Next, spectrophotometry and MATLAB calculations were used to characterise the colour difference, surface light absorption, and grey value of photographs before and after GTE treatment. Comprehensive evaluation revealed that GTE treatment combined with traditional craft techniques could successfully realise the plasticisation, flattening, restoration, and conservation of severely curled historical photographs. A storage apparatus for keeping the restored historical photographs was also devised. This study focuses on a typical practical case for the restoration, conservation, and durable preservation of curled gelatine-based historical photographs and offers theoretical and technical support for the conservation of these valuable historical artefacts.

{"title":"Restoration and preservation of severely embrittled and curled historical photographs by glycerol triglycidyl ether emulsion","authors":"Jiaojiao Liu , Wenqiang Dong , Junchang Yang , Zhongwei Chen , Qingmeng Xu , Ran Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.01.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.01.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Historical photographs are an important category of cultural heritage and present a wealth of historical information. Unfortunately, these photographs are suffering from brittle curling, folding, and fracturing diseases, the previous strategies can correct mildly curled photographs but are inapplicable to severely brittle and extensively curled photographs. This study developed a new method based on the synergistic effects of the molecular plasticisation, cross-linking, and shaping of glycerol triglycidyl ether (GTE) to toughen, flatten, and restore embrittled and curled historical photographs. First, the effects of GTE treatment on the shrinkage and curl resistance of gelatine-based photographic films were evaluated at the macro and micro levels under accelerated humid-heat ageing conditions. Next, spectrophotometry and MATLAB calculations were used to characterise the colour difference, surface light absorption, and grey value of photographs before and after GTE treatment. Comprehensive evaluation revealed that GTE treatment combined with traditional craft techniques could successfully realise the plasticisation, flattening, restoration, and conservation of severely curled historical photographs. A storage apparatus for keeping the restored historical photographs was also devised. This study focuses on a typical practical case for the restoration, conservation, and durable preservation of curled gelatine-based historical photographs and offers theoretical and technical support for the conservation of these valuable historical artefacts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"72 ","pages":"Pages 104-111"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-01-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143274299","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

‘TourGIStized’: A tool for assessing the physical impacts of overtourism on heritage areas. Its application to Seville

IF 3.5 2区综合性期刊 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Cultural Heritage

Pub Date : 2025-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2024.12.021

José-Manuel Romero-Ojeda , Benito Sánchez-Montañés , Flaviano Maria Lorusso

This research aims to establish new strategies for heritage protection through the development of a tool to assess the impact of overtourism on the architectural, urban and heritage elements that are fundamental to the historic centres of medium-sized European cities. Building on methodologies for managing tourism impacts, initially studied in the city of Florence, a new complex, geo-referenced database is applied and subsequently tested on the city of Seville. This database contains information on tourist activity and its relationship with building and heritage assets. The analysis of tourist data alongside information on the buildings, heritage and urban space included in the study area makes it possible to identify and manage the conflicts arising from tourist activity which impact the architectural, urban form and historic urban landscape dynamics in this area. By controlling these phenomena, a more sustainable urban life and tourism is encouraged. To facilitate access for scholars and public administration, this information is accessible for consultation through a set of interactive maps available via the ArcGIS StoryMaps interface.

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引用次数: 0

EnsArtNet: Ensemble neural network architecture for identifying art styles from paintings

IF 3.5 2区综合性期刊 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Cultural Heritage

Pub Date : 2025-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.01.005

Anzhelika Mezina, Radim Burget

The digitization of paintings offers many benefits and opportunities for artists, collectors, and the public. It opens possibilities for researchers to investigate new hidden patterns that were not obvious to experts before. This work aims to develop a methodology that can identify and compare painting styles from various famous painters, such as Vincent van Gogh, Pablo Picasso, Claude Monet, and others, using an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN). Our approach, named EnsArtNet, can distinguish between the styles of the artists’ paintings with high accuracy and objectively measure the similarity with the other artists’ styles. The proposed model was compared to several other state-of-the-art neural network architectures, and we show that EnsArtNet performs better than the compared one. Our model gives promising accuracy on two large-scale datasets: 84.93% on the WikiArt dataset and 86.65% on the Best Artworks of All Time dataset, which is better by more than 6% compared to other evaluated architectures. In this work, we also showed that a complex neural network architecture is efficient in this field of research, and an explanation using the GradCAM method supported it. Our methodology can help art researchers and enthusiasts analyze paintings’ stylistic features and similarities and appreciate the creativity and diversity of visual arts.

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引用次数: 0

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