Journal of Cultural Heritage最新文献_第6页

Consolidating tomb mural plaster layer with nanolime 用纳米粒加固墓室壁画灰泥层

IF 3.3 2区综合性期刊 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Cultural Heritage

Pub Date : 2025-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.10.014

Ming Wu , Zhenzhen Ma , Zhang He , Jinghan Ding , Xichen Zhao , Encarnacion Ruiz-Agudo , Carlos Rodriguez-Navarro , Jinmeng Zhu , Xuanhua Li

Mural paintings reflect valuable spiritual and cultural achievements of human civilizations and serve as crucial evidence for studying ancient customs, rituals, and clothing. However, deterioration of the mural plaster layer results in a decrease in the mural’s mechanical strength, thus posing a serious threat to its preservation. Nanolime (NL) is currently one of the most widely studied inorganic nanomaterials for the consolidation of cultural heritage in general, and mural paintings in particular, due to its excellent compatibility. However, there is limited research on the application of NL for consolidating the plaster layer of mural paintings. Here, we focus on ancient tomb mural paintings (ca. 1000 CE), investigating the consolidation performance of NL for its plaster layer. NL is homogeneously synthesized in the presence of additives and subjected to size-selection through centrifugation, yielding a narrowly distributed particle size of ∼40 nm—markedly smaller than the ∼180 nm obtained without centrifugation (NL-C). This novel NL is subsequently applied to the plaster layer of the tomb mural exhibiting limited impact on its pore structure and good penetration depth (1.2∼3.5 mm), which is significantly deeper than that observed in samples consolidated with NL-C (∼1 mm). More importantly, after consolidation with NL, the surface hardness of the plaster layer increases by ∼56 %, and the surface weight loss decreases by ∼67 %, demonstrating an effective consolidation performance. This study provides technical and methodological support for the application of NL in the preservation of ancient tomb murals.

壁画反映了人类文明宝贵的精神文化成果，是研究古代风俗、仪式和服饰的重要依据。然而，壁画石膏层的变质导致壁画的机械强度下降，对壁画的保存构成严重威胁。纳米粒（NL）由于其优异的相容性，是目前研究最广泛的无机纳米材料之一，用于加固文化遗产，特别是壁画。然而，关于NL在壁画石膏层加固中的应用研究有限。在这里，我们专注于古墓壁画（约1000年），研究NL的石膏层的固结性能。NL在添加剂的存在下均匀合成，并通过离心进行粒度选择，产生窄分布的粒径为~ 40 nm -明显小于未离心获得的~ 180 nm （NL- c）。这种新型NL随后被应用于墓室壁画的石膏层，对其孔隙结构的影响有限，并且具有良好的穿透深度（1.2 ~ 3.5 mm），比用NL- c固结的样品（~ 1 mm）观察到的深度要深得多。更重要的是，用NL固结后，石膏层的表面硬度增加了~ 56%，表面重量损失减少了~ 67%，显示出有效的固结性能。本研究为NL技术在古墓壁画保护中的应用提供了技术和方法上的支持。

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引用次数: 0

Ageing-induced changes in varnish-coated oil paints: Surface and subsurface multi-technical analysis 清漆涂层油漆老化引起的变化：表面和地下多技术分析

IF 3.3 2区综合性期刊 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Cultural Heritage

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.10.003

Alice Dal Fovo , Laura Maestro-Guijarro , Paula María Carmona-Quiroga , Raffaella Fontana , Francesca Rosi , Martina Alunni Cardinali , Aldo Romani , Lucia Comez , Cristiano Riminesi , Magdalena Iwanicka , Piotr Targowski , Magdalena Kowalska , Aggelos Philippidis , Paraskevi Pouli , Marta Castillejo , Mohamed Oujja

Preventing varnish degradation is a major challenge in painting conservation. Despite extensive research, the mechanisms behind varnish alteration are not yet fully understood due to the complexity of the concurrent processes involved. Moreover, the extent to which organic and inorganic pigments, dispersed in various binding media within the paint substrate, influence this process remains unclear. Due to this complexity, detecting early signs of varnish degradation is a crucial step in protecting the underlying painting from irreversible damage.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of thermo-hygrometric and photochemical ageing at both surface and subsurface levels on natural (dammar resin) and synthetic (acrylic resin) coatings. These were analysed both as standalone layers and in combination with oil paint materials containing two common inorganic pigments: titanium dioxide and yellow ochre. A comprehensive suite of complementary, non-invasive techniques, spanning nano- to macroscale resolution, was employed. This optimized monitoring protocol, with potential in situ applicability, enabled high-resolution mapping of varnish degradation patterns, elucidating the complex interplay between compositional factors, environmental ageing conditions, and substrate-paint interactions.

This study establishes a robust framework for evaluating material stability through the identification of early degradation markers, which can directly inform conservation strategies for painted artworks. Furthermore, it provides scientific support for varnish selection criteria, condition assessment protocols, and predictive conservation models.

防止清漆降解是油漆保护的主要挑战。尽管进行了广泛的研究，但由于所涉及的并发过程的复杂性，清漆改变背后的机制尚未完全理解。此外，分散在涂料基材内各种结合介质中的有机和无机颜料对这一过程的影响程度仍不清楚。由于这种复杂性，检测清漆降解的早期迹象是保护底层绘画免受不可逆转损害的关键一步。本研究旨在评估表面和次表面水平的热湿和光化学老化对天然（dammar树脂）和合成（丙烯酸树脂）涂层的影响。这些材料既可以作为单独的层进行分析，也可以与含有两种常见无机颜料（二氧化钛和黄赭石）的油画材料结合使用。一套全面的互补，非侵入性技术，跨越纳米到宏观尺度的分辨率，被采用。这种优化的监测方案具有潜在的原位适用性，可以实现清漆降解模式的高分辨率映射，阐明成分因素、环境老化条件和基材-涂料相互作用之间的复杂相互作用。本研究建立了一个强大的框架，通过识别早期降解标记来评估材料的稳定性，这可以直接为绘画艺术品的保护策略提供信息。此外，它还为清漆选择标准、状态评估方案和预测保护模型提供了科学支持。

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引用次数: 0

A mild rust conversion strategy with high corrosion inhibition efficiency for iron cultural relics 铁文物缓蚀效能高的缓锈转化策略

IF 3.3 2区综合性期刊 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Cultural Heritage

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.10.002

Mingcan Cao , Jingjing Wu , Zhenpei Liu , Zhuocheng Wei , Qu−ao Li , Junxia Yuan , Xuegang Liu , Lixia Yang

This work aims at developing a mild yet efficient quaternary rust conversion to address the challenges during the restoration of the Yuquan Iron Pagoda, such as “bone rust” growing in the generated pores due to mechanical rust removal, and hard−to−remove rust in concealed areas. The rusted antique cast iron with highly−simulated Yuquan Iron Pagoda was firstly prepared, the microstructure, surface characteristics and electrochemical performance of rust layers treated with different ratios of tannic acid, phosphate, molybdate and acetic acid were studied in detail, and the optimum formula was determined based on orthogonal experiments analysis. The results showed that the composition proportion of conversion system exerted a significant influence on the properties of rust layers. The converted rust layers mainly consisting of ferric tannate and phosphate exhibited markedly improved density accompany the reduction of harmful rust dominated by γ−FeOOH, thus effectively blocking the penetration of corrosive ions with water contact angle increasing by up to 18.75° and surface roughness decreasing. The significant improvement in electrochemical performance was manifested as elevated impedance and reduced corrosion current density, achieving corrosion inhibition efficiency up to 94.9 %. The conversion mechanism and interaction among components were also proposed, tannic acid played an important role in the conversion process and molybdate ions promoted the formation of ferric tannate to some extent.

这项工作的目的是开发一种温和而有效的四级铁锈转化，以解决玉泉铁塔修复过程中的挑战，例如由于机械除锈而在生成的孔隙中生长的“骨锈”，以及隐藏区域难以去除的锈蚀。首先制备了高模拟玉泉铁塔仿古铸铁锈层，对不同配比单宁酸、磷酸盐、钼酸盐和乙酸处理后锈层的微观结构、表面特征和电化学性能进行了详细研究，并通过正交试验分析确定了最佳锈层处理配方。结果表明，转化体系的组成比例对锈层的性能有显著影响。以单宁酸铁和磷酸铁为主的转化锈层密度显著提高，γ−FeOOH为主的有害锈蚀减少，有效阻断了腐蚀离子的渗透，水接触角增大至18.75°，表面粗糙度降低。电化学性能的显著改善表现为阻抗升高和腐蚀电流密度降低，缓蚀效率高达94.9%。提出了转化机理及各组分之间的相互作用，单宁酸在转化过程中起重要作用，钼酸盐离子在一定程度上促进了单宁酸铁的形成。

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引用次数: 0

ours Elsevier 我们的爱思唯尔

IF 3.3 2区综合性期刊 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Cultural Heritage

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/S1296-2074(25)00248-1

引用次数: 0

On the preparation of model ultramarine blue oil paint layers: factors affecting the wet paint flow and curing 模型深蓝色油漆层的制备：影响湿漆流动和固化的因素

IF 3.3 2区综合性期刊 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Cultural Heritage

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.10.008

Giulia Caroti , Ophélie Ranquet , Silvia Pizzimenti , Luca Bernazzani , Emma Cantisani , Riccardo Punis , Alfonzo Zoleo , Patrick Dietemann , Norbert Willenbacher , Celia Duce , Ilaria Bonaduce

In heritage science, preparing mock-ups is often a fundamental yet challenging aspect of experimental protocols. This work arises from the need to understand the critical factors that must be considered when preparing model oil paint layers. Specifically, the focus is on understanding the rheology and the curing process of oil paints, and the work was carried out selecting ultramarine blue as pigment and (semi)drying oils as binder. The factors investigated here are the types of pigment and oil, paint thickness, pigment storage conditions, and paint solids content. In this work, 10 different ultramarine blue pigments were selected, differing in terms of their origin (natural and synthetic), particle size distribution, presence of coating or additives, and overall composition. Cold pressed walnut, safflower and linseed oils were used, as well as linseed oils subjected to different pre-treatments, i.e., stand oil and alkali-refined oil. The rheological behavior of fresh model paints was investigated, focusing on the effect of parameters such as pigment particle size distribution and water content. Fresh model paints were also analyzed with ThermoGravimetric Analysis (TGA) under air flow at a constant temperature (80 °C), and some selected paints with microUV—Pyrolysis—Gas Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry (microUV-Py-GC-MS). This enabled us to compare the induction period of the curing reactions, as well as the balance between oxidative degradation and polymerization when the paint formulation was systematically varied. Results show how, in the case of ultramarine blue, the natural pigments behave differently from the synthetic ones, both from a rheological and from a chemical point of view. The study demonstrates that all the parameters investigated strongly affected both the rheology and the chemical curing of the oil paints, which must thus be taken into consideration when carrying out systematic studies.

在遗产科学中，准备模型通常是实验协议的一个基本但具有挑战性的方面。这项工作源于需要了解在准备模型油彩层时必须考虑的关键因素。具体而言，重点是了解油画颜料的流变学和固化过程，并选择深蓝色作为颜料和（半）干燥油作为粘合剂进行了工作。这里研究的因素是颜料和油的类型，油漆厚度，颜料储存条件和油漆固体含量。在这项工作中，选择了10种不同的深蓝色颜料，在其来源（天然和合成），粒径分布，涂层或添加剂的存在以及整体组成方面有所不同。采用冷榨核桃油、红花油和亚麻籽油，以及经过不同预处理的亚麻籽油，即原油和碱精炼油。研究了新模型涂料的流变性能，重点研究了颜料粒度分布和含水量等参数对新模型涂料流变性能的影响。用热重分析（TGA）对新鲜的模型涂料在恒温（80℃）下进行分析，并对部分选定的涂料进行microv -热解-气相色谱-质谱分析（microv - py - gc - ms）。这使我们能够比较固化反应的诱导期，以及当油漆配方系统变化时氧化降解和聚合之间的平衡。结果表明，在深蓝色的情况下，从流变学和化学的角度来看，天然色素与合成色素的表现不同。研究表明，所调查的所有参数都强烈影响油画颜料的流变性和化学固化，因此在进行系统研究时必须考虑到这一点。

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引用次数: 0

Analysis of fire-gilded copper objects based on multiple microscopic methods: New data 基于多种显微方法的鎏金铜器分析：新数据

IF 3.3 2区综合性期刊 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Cultural Heritage

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.10.020

Ruiwen Ma , Ming Tang , Qinglin Ma , Tongxiu Zheng , Hui Fang , Zhimin Li

The fire-gilding technique represents a revolutionary advancement in the history of metal surface treatment, embodying the creative application of gold and mercury’s physicochemical properties in artistic craftsmanship. A gilded copper ornament unearthed from a Western Han (西汉) Dynasty (206BCE-25CE) tomb in China exhibits abnormal coloration in its gilded layer, characterized by yellow and pale-yellow hues rather than the typical golden-yellow tone. This study utilizes multiple microscopic techniques—including metallographic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)—to characterize the artifact, with sample preparation incorporating traditional methodologies and focused ion beam (FIB) technology. The gilded layer of the copper ornament displays a three-layered architecture. Variations in elemental composition across layers account for the color discrepancies and corroborate the implementation of ancient multi-layer fire-gilding techniques. Pore-like defects induce gilded layer peeling at varying degrees, revealing distinct sub-layers and their characteristic hues. A transitional bonding layer formed via solid-state atomic diffusion ensures a robust interface between the gilded layer and substrate, with mechanical interlocking structures enhancing adhesion. The soft Au-Hg amalgam solidifies into a stable phase during thermal treatment. This study unveils novel physicochemical characteristics of ancient gilded layers, demonstrates the efficacy of multi-method approaches in gilded artifact research, deepens the understanding of fire-gilding techniques, and provides critical insights for the conservation of fire-gilded cultural relics.

火镀金技术代表了金属表面处理历史上的革命性进步，体现了黄金和汞的物理化学性质在艺术工艺中的创造性应用。在中国一座西汉（公元前206年-公元25年）墓葬中出土的一件镀金铜饰品，其镀金层呈现出异常的颜色，呈现出黄色和淡黄色的色调，而不是典型的金黄色色调。本研究利用多种显微技术-包括金相显微镜，扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和透射电子显微镜(TEM) -来表征人工制品，并结合传统方法和聚焦离子束（FIB）技术进行样品制备。铜饰的镀金层呈现出三层结构。不同层间元素组成的变化解释了颜色差异，并证实了古代多层火镀金技术的实施。孔状缺陷使镀金层发生不同程度的剥落，露出不同的子层及其特有的色调。通过固态原子扩散形成的过渡键合层确保了镀金层和衬底之间的坚固界面，机械联锁结构增强了附着力。软金汞合金在热处理过程中凝固成稳定相。本研究揭示了古代镀金层新的物理化学特征，展示了多方法研究镀金文物的有效性，加深了对火镀金技术的认识，为火镀金文物的保护提供了重要的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of pulse duration on the effects induced by three Nd:YAG lasers operating at 1064 nm to tempera paintings mock-ups 脉冲持续时间对三种1064 nm Nd:YAG激光器对蛋彩画模型的影响

IF 3.3 2区综合性期刊 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Cultural Heritage

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.10.023

Laura Andrés-Herguedas , Daniel Jiménez-Desmond , Chiara Ricci , Francesca Zenucchini , Teresa Rivas , Carolina Cardell , José Santiago Pozo-Antonio

Laser cleaning of soiled wall paintings is a conservation practice that has been adopted for decades. However, the increasingly widespread availability of laser technology highlights the need to optimize the choice of laser systems and, consequently, the parameters used on a case-by-case basis. In this study, three Nd:YAG lasers (1064 nm) with different pulse durations were tested: a short free-running system (110 µs), long Q-switched system (100 ns), and Q-switched (8 ns). These lasers were tested on tempera painting mock-ups made of one pigment (i.e. malachite, azurite, lead white, orpiment, or cinnabar) mixed with an organic binder (i.e. egg yolk or rabbit glue) applied to a lime mortar. Each laser was also evaluated in tablets composed solely of one pigment. The reference and irradiated temperas were studied using stereomicroscopy, spectrophotometry, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). The pigment tablets were also analyzed with micro X-ray diffraction (µXRD).

All samples suffered blackening after laser irradiation, the intensity of which depended on the nature of the pigment and the binder. Overall, pigment susceptibility was broadly comparable across the three pulse-duration lasers. Cinnabar exhibited the highest level of susceptibility, followed by copper carbonates and orpiment, while lead white proved to be the least affected pigment. The binders exhibited a protective effect on the pigments, although this effect was more intense in egg yolk paintings. Regarding pulse duration, it was found that at low fluences, the laser with the longest pulse duration generated the lowest color changes, while at high fluences, this same laser generated the greatest impact on the temperas. Physical effects were observed in the samples (mineral melting and binder loss), though these were not proportional to the intensity of the blackening.

激光清洗被污染的壁画是一种已经被采用了几十年的保护方法。然而，激光技术的日益广泛的可用性突出了需要优化激光系统的选择，因此，在个案的基础上使用的参数。本研究测试了三种不同脉冲持续时间的Nd:YAG激光器（1064 nm）：短自由运行系统（110µs）、长调q系统（100 ns）和调q系统（8 ns）。这些激光在蛋彩画模型上进行了测试，这些模型是由一种颜料（如孔雀石、蓝铜矿、铅白、颜料或朱砂）与一种有机粘合剂（如蛋黄或兔胶）混合在石灰砂浆上制成的。每个激光器也在仅由一种色素组成的片剂中进行评估。采用立体显微镜、分光光度法、衰减全反射傅里叶变换红外光谱（ATR-FTIR）和能量色散x射线扫描电镜（SEM-EDX）对参比温度和辐照温度进行了研究。并用微x射线衍射（µXRD）对所制备的色素片进行分析。所有样品在激光照射后都会变黑，其强度取决于颜料和粘合剂的性质。总的来说，在三种脉冲持续时间激光器中，色素敏感性大致相当。朱砂的敏感性最高，其次是碳酸铜和颜料，而铅白的敏感性最低。粘合剂对颜料有保护作用，尽管这种作用在蛋黄画中更为强烈。在脉冲持续时间方面，发现在低影响下，脉冲持续时间最长的激光产生的颜色变化最小，而在高影响下，同一激光对蛋彩画产生的影响最大。在样品中观察到物理效应（矿物熔化和粘结剂损失），尽管这些与变黑的强度不成比例。

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引用次数: 0

Distinguishing pristine and conserved sediments in heritage sites: The Hathor temple at Timna Valley as a case study 在遗产遗址中区分原始和保存的沉积物：蒂姆纳山谷的哈索尔神庙作为案例研究

IF 3.3 2区综合性期刊 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Cultural Heritage

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.10.005

Yotam Asscher , Ilana Peters , Mark Cavanagh , Willie Ondricek , Erez Ben-Yosef

Copper production in the Arabah Valley intensified during the Late Bronze and Iron Ages, particularly at Timna and Faynan. The Hathor Temple at Timna is especially significant for its Egyptian artifacts, including cartouches of Pharaohs from Seti I to Ramesses V (∼1300–1140 BCE), which provide key chronological markers. However, the site's complex stratigraphy—along with undocumented conservation work in the 1980s—complicates efforts to establish a clear occupational sequence for the site. To address this, we developed a method to distinguish between pristine archaeological contexts and contexts that underwent conservation using sediment morphology and mineralogy. Our analysis shows that restoration introduced carbonate-rich sand, differing from local geology, with iron oxide coatings and carbonate content serving as reliable indicators of modern disturbance. This approach enabled the secure identification of undisturbed contexts, including one that yielded a charcoal sample of the short-lived shrub Salsola baryosma, radiocarbon dated to ∼1500–1300 BCE (2σ). This new date suggests that Egyptian copper exploitation in Timna started already during the days of the 18th Dynasty.

在青铜和铁器时代晚期，阿拉巴谷的铜产量增加了，特别是在Timna和Faynan。蒂姆纳的哈索尔神庙因其埃及文物而尤为重要，其中包括从塞提一世到拉美西斯五世（公元前1300-1140年）的法老雕像，这些文物提供了关键的年代标记。然而，该遗址复杂的地层，加上20世纪80年代没有记录的保护工作，使得为该遗址建立一个明确的职业序列的努力变得复杂。为了解决这个问题，我们开发了一种方法来区分原始考古背景和经过沉积物形态学和矿物学保护的背景。我们的分析表明，修复引入了富含碳酸盐的砂，与当地地质不同，氧化铁涂层和碳酸盐含量是现代扰动的可靠指标。这种方法可以安全地识别未受干扰的环境，包括产生短寿灌木Salsola baryosma的木炭样本，放射性碳年代为公元前1500-1300年（2σ）。这个新的日期表明，埃及在提姆纳的铜矿开采早在第十八王朝时期就开始了。

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the role of organic additives in ancient lime mortars: Current knowledge and implications 探索有机添加剂在古代石灰砂浆中的作用：目前的知识和启示

IF 3.3 2区综合性期刊 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Cultural Heritage

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.10.016

Khyati Saggu, Shilpa Pal, Nirendra Dev

Lime mortar enhanced by organic additives is a pivotal construction material prominently featured in many ancient structures. The inadequate documentation about these organic additives poses a significant challenge in developing compatible repair materials for historic structures. Therefore, identifying the specific organics used, understanding their behaviour to assess their effects on properties are vital in creating binders for restoration purposes. The present study discusses the integration of organic additives into lime mortar to enhance workability, mechanical traits, and durability depending on their composition and dosage based on most recent studies. It also assembles the available information on primarily used organic additives like cactus, herbal extracts, blood, egg, oil, animal glue, and sticky rice, as well as techniques for identifying their composition and preparation methods. Furthermore, it investigates the influence of these additives on the performance of lime mortar particularly hydraulic lime, such as egg and cactus, which enhance compressive strength, and kadukkai enhance hydrophobicity. Understanding these parameters will aid in developing high-performance mortars and plasters for heritage repairs, with the potential for commercial application.

添加有机添加剂的石灰砂浆是许多古代建筑中突出的关键建筑材料。关于这些有机添加剂的文献资料不足，给历史建筑相容性修复材料的开发带来了重大挑战。因此，确定所使用的特定有机物，了解其行为以评估其对属性的影响对于创建用于修复目的的粘合剂至关重要。本文在综合了近年来的研究成果的基础上，探讨了在石灰砂浆中加入有机添加剂，以提高石灰砂浆的和易性、力学性能和耐久性。它还汇集了主要使用的有机添加剂的现有信息，如仙人掌、草药提取物、血液、鸡蛋、油、动物胶和糯米，以及鉴定其成分和制备方法的技术。此外，还研究了这些添加剂对石灰砂浆性能的影响，特别是水力石灰，如鸡蛋和仙人掌，提高抗压强度，kadukkai提高疏水性。了解这些参数将有助于开发用于文物修复的高性能砂浆和石膏，具有商业应用的潜力。

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引用次数: 0

Developing a non-invasive approach for prehistoric rock art characterization based on smartphone imaging colorimetry and spectroscopy 开发一种基于智能手机成像比色法和光谱学的史前岩石艺术表征非侵入性方法

IF 3.3 2区综合性期刊 0 ARCHAEOLOGY

Journal of Cultural Heritage

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.10.019

Mirco Ramacciotti , Gianni Gallello , Esther López-Montalvo , Sonia Rubio-Barberá , Lidia Herreros Chavez , M. Luisa Cervera , Ángel Morales-Rubio , Sonia Murcia Mascarós , Clodoaldo Roldán-García

The development of non-invasive archaeometric methods for the in-situ characterization of rock art panels is crucial for the archaeological study and the conservation of these unique remains.

This study aims to test a non-invasive analytical approach based on smartphone imaging colorimetry and portable spectrometers for rock art characterization on experimental replicas made on slabs of carbonate rocks by employing iron (III) oxide as pigment and water, milk and marrow as binders.

The painted areas and the supports were firstly characterized from the colorimetric point of view using a spectroradiometer and by smartphone imaging colorimetry to assess the potentials of this innovative technique. Furthermore, optical microscopy, and atomic and molecular spectroscopy were employed.

A first methodological on-field test of imaging colorimetry was also carried out at the Levantine rock art site of Coco de la Gralla (Mas de Barberans, Spain), where smartphone data were cross-referenced to those from portable X-ray fluorescence.

Data suggest that smartphone imaging could be a useful technique for a first colorimetric characterization of rock art, though several factors should be considered in the interpretation of the results, including not only painting materials, but also rock support characteristics and the variability of the conservation within the site. Furthermore, all the techniques revealed their potentials for the chemical and colorimetric characterization of the pictorial layer, while the limitations are caused by instrumental sensitivity, and by the influence of support features.

发展非侵入式考古方法对岩画面板的原位表征对这些独特遗迹的考古研究和保护至关重要。本研究旨在测试一种基于智能手机成像比色法和便携式光谱仪的非侵入性分析方法，以氧化铁（III）为颜料，水、牛奶和骨髓为粘合剂，对碳酸盐岩板上的实验复制品进行岩石艺术表征。首先使用光谱辐射计和智能手机成像比色法从比色的角度对涂漆区域和支撑进行了表征，以评估这一创新技术的潜力。此外，光学显微镜，原子和分子光谱的应用。还在Coco de la Gralla （Mas de Barberans, Spain）的黎凡特岩石艺术遗址进行了首次成像比色法的现场方法学测试，其中智能手机数据与便携式x射线荧光数据进行了交叉对照。数据表明，智能手机成像可能是一种有用的技术，可以对岩石艺术进行首次比色表征，尽管在解释结果时应该考虑几个因素，不仅包括绘画材料，还包括岩石支撑特征和遗址内保存的可变性。此外，所有技术都显示了它们在图像层的化学和比色表征方面的潜力，而限制是由仪器灵敏度和支持特征的影响引起的。

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引用次数: 0