Pub Date : 2026-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.12.014
Zhiwei Liu , Ji Zhou , Guoyue Yang , Sheng Xiong
Microbial colonization and biodeterioration pose persistent threats to the integrity and aesthetics of brick and stone cultural heritage. To address these challenges, this review provides a comprehensive synthesis of antimicrobial strategies, ranging from conventional nanomaterials and natural products to emerging frontier approaches such as composite systems, superhydrophobic antimicrobial coatings, ionic liquid-based treatments, and green synthetic formulations. The study systematically integrates diverse antimicrobial mechanisms and emphasizes the translation gap between laboratory efficacy and real-world conservation practice. Special attention is given to multifunctional and environmentally responsive systems, which offer the potential to combine antibacterial activity with self-cleaning, controlled release, and durability enhancement. We further identify critical limitations, such as short-lived efficacy, ecological risks, and challenges in large-scale application—and highlight innovative solutions including encapsulation technologies, material hybridization, and sustainable synthesis routes. The study not only provides theoretical guidance but also proposes technical pathways for the sustainable protection of masonry heritage.
{"title":"Advanced antimicrobial strategies for masonry heritage: Mechanisms, applications and prospects","authors":"Zhiwei Liu , Ji Zhou , Guoyue Yang , Sheng Xiong","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.12.014","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.12.014","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microbial colonization and biodeterioration pose persistent threats to the integrity and aesthetics of brick and stone cultural heritage. To address these challenges, this review provides a comprehensive synthesis of antimicrobial strategies, ranging from conventional nanomaterials and natural products to emerging frontier approaches such as composite systems, superhydrophobic antimicrobial coatings, ionic liquid-based treatments, and green synthetic formulations. The study systematically integrates diverse antimicrobial mechanisms and emphasizes the translation gap between laboratory efficacy and real-world conservation practice. Special attention is given to multifunctional and environmentally responsive systems, which offer the potential to combine antibacterial activity with self-cleaning, controlled release, and durability enhancement. We further identify critical limitations, such as short-lived efficacy, ecological risks, and challenges in large-scale application—and highlight innovative solutions including encapsulation technologies, material hybridization, and sustainable synthesis routes. The study not only provides theoretical guidance but also proposes technical pathways for the sustainable protection of masonry heritage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"77 ","pages":"Pages 408-428"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145976212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-27DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.12.007
Weijia Wang , Fasi Wu , Xiaobo Liu
Historical buildings are an essential representative of UNESCO World Heritage, but they can also harbour microbial threats due to long-term exposure to an open environment. Given the dynamics of outdoor environmental parameters, microbial communities shape diverse functions that can lead to divergence in the biodeterioration of historical buildings, posing a significant challenge to heritage conservation. Here, we investigate the physicochemical characteristics of the biodeteriorated brick heritage of the Nanjing Ming City Wall, unravel the correlations between microbial communities and physicochemical parameters, and explore the key taxa that drive the biodeterioration divergence. Despite being sampled in the same area, physicochemical analysis indicated a significant divergence in the deterioration of the brick heritage. Microbial structures suggested that the predominant phyla are Acidobacteriota, Cyanobacteria, Gemmatimonadota, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Actinobacteriota, highlighting Acidobacteriota and Chloroflexi as the key players that shape the divergence in biodeterioration. Moreover, the correlations between microbial communities and physicochemical parameters confirmed that members of Acidobacteriota and Chloroflexi contribute to the biodeterioration divergence, probably through denitrification and nitrification. Given that the biodeteriorated bricks are situated in the same environment, we claim that the in-situ microenvironment that microbial colonizers might shape could, in turn, affect biodeterioration. Our findings will advance knowledge of the microbiomes that drive the biodeterioration dynamics of brick heritage and provide a basis for diagnosing microbial biodeterioration of outdoor stone heritage.
{"title":"Unraveling of microbial colonizers driving biodeterioration divergence of brick heritage of the Nanjing Ming City Wall, a UNESCO World Heritage Site of China","authors":"Weijia Wang , Fasi Wu , Xiaobo Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.12.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.12.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Historical buildings are an essential representative of UNESCO World Heritage, but they can also harbour microbial threats due to long-term exposure to an open environment. Given the dynamics of outdoor environmental parameters, microbial communities shape diverse functions that can lead to divergence in the biodeterioration of historical buildings, posing a significant challenge to heritage conservation. Here, we investigate the physicochemical characteristics of the biodeteriorated brick heritage of the Nanjing Ming City Wall, unravel the correlations between microbial communities and physicochemical parameters, and explore the key taxa that drive the biodeterioration divergence. Despite being sampled in the same area, physicochemical analysis indicated a significant divergence in the deterioration of the brick heritage. Microbial structures suggested that the predominant phyla are Acidobacteriota, Cyanobacteria, Gemmatimonadota, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Actinobacteriota, highlighting Acidobacteriota and Chloroflexi as the key players that shape the divergence in biodeterioration. Moreover, the correlations between microbial communities and physicochemical parameters confirmed that members of Acidobacteriota and Chloroflexi contribute to the biodeterioration divergence, probably through denitrification and nitrification. Given that the biodeteriorated bricks are situated in the same environment, we claim that the in-situ microenvironment that microbial colonizers might shape could, in turn, affect biodeterioration. Our findings will advance knowledge of the microbiomes that drive the biodeterioration dynamics of brick heritage and provide a basis for diagnosing microbial biodeterioration of outdoor stone heritage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"77 ","pages":"Pages 306-314"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145836618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-23DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.12.001
Huiming Fan , Yibin Lin , Fengyu Li , Jianan Liu
Paper, as an important carrier of information, is widely used in fields such as books, magazines, newspapers, etc. Paper that serves to transmit information and preserve culture is commonly termed "cultural paper". To ensure the long-term preservation of cultural heritage, anti-aging treatment for cultural paper is essential. Unlike the predominantly acidic papermaking processes of the 20th century, modern cultural paper typically employs a milder alkaline method. This weakly alkaline environment effectively inhibits acidification-induced aging; consequently, the primary aging mechanism in these papers is oxidative degradation. The widely accepted cellulose auto-oxidation mechanism involves free radical reactions, wherein hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals play major roles. These radicals not only accelerate paper degradation but also compromise the effectiveness of strengthening agents. This study proposes a novel anti-aging strategy for cultural paper using a combination of antioxidants and strengthening agents. Results indicate that among four common cellulose derivative strengtheners, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) demonstrated the best reinforcing performance. When combined with antioxidants, a 0.08 % mass concentration mixture of tea polyphenol and sodium phytate (mass ratio 1:1) exhibited excellent free radical scavenging capability. Furthermore, this mixture effectively suppressed radical activity, significantly enhancing the durability of the CMC treatment without adversely affecting the paper's initial properties.
{"title":"Study on anti-aging cultural paper using a combination of antioxidants and strengthening agents","authors":"Huiming Fan , Yibin Lin , Fengyu Li , Jianan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Paper, as an important carrier of information, is widely used in fields such as books, magazines, newspapers, etc. Paper that serves to transmit information and preserve culture is commonly termed \"cultural paper\". To ensure the long-term preservation of cultural heritage, anti-aging treatment for cultural paper is essential. Unlike the predominantly acidic papermaking processes of the 20th century, modern cultural paper typically employs a milder alkaline method. This weakly alkaline environment effectively inhibits acidification-induced aging; consequently, the primary aging mechanism in these papers is oxidative degradation. The widely accepted cellulose auto-oxidation mechanism involves free radical reactions, wherein hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals play major roles. These radicals not only accelerate paper degradation but also compromise the effectiveness of strengthening agents. This study proposes a novel anti-aging strategy for cultural paper using a combination of antioxidants and strengthening agents. Results indicate that among four common cellulose derivative strengtheners, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) demonstrated the best reinforcing performance. When combined with antioxidants, a 0.08 % mass concentration mixture of tea polyphenol and sodium phytate (mass ratio 1:1) exhibited excellent free radical scavenging capability. Furthermore, this mixture effectively suppressed radical activity, significantly enhancing the durability of the CMC treatment without adversely affecting the paper's initial properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"77 ","pages":"Pages 294-305"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145836619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.11.016
Yunpeng Yue , Hai Liu , Xiaoyu Liu , Francesca da Porto , Elisa Saler , Jie Cui , Marco Donà
Cultural heritage (CH) buildings may suffer damage due to aging, and computer vision can help detect and aid protection measures. However, damage segmentation models for CH buildings still face challenges such as large parameter sizes, low computational efficiency, and limited model portability. This paper proposes a real-time embedded system to segment damage in CH building images based on a lightweight neural network and knowledge distillation. Firstly, an improved YOLOv8n-Ghost model is established, which incorporates the Ghost module and a pruning method to construct a lightweight network and reduce model redundancy while maintaining detection accuracy and segmentation performance. Secondly, a channel-wise knowledge distillation method is applied to enable the student model to learn from the teacher model and improve accuracy without increasing the number of network parameters. Finally, a CH building dataset including seven types of damage in CH buildings is constructed, and the established dataset is used to train and validate the deep learning model. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed damage segmentation model, trained on CH building images, achieves an average precision of 0.824 and can process a 512 × 512 image in 0.27 s (204 FPS). Fine-tuning effectively restores accuracy and reduces the model size to 2.94 MB after pruning. Moreover, knowledge distillation further enhances feature extraction ability, enabling accurate and real-time segmentation of various damage types, making the model suitable for UAV-based CH building inspections. Two case studies were conducted on a communal building and a Renaissance building in Padova, Italy, confirming the effectiveness of the trained algorithm. The proposed model was successfully deployed on an Android device, demonstrating accurate damage segmentation with high adaptability and efficient on-device processing capabilities.
文物建筑可能因老化而受损，计算机视觉可以帮助发现和协助保护措施。然而，用于CH建筑的损伤分割模型仍然面临着参数尺寸大、计算效率低、模型可移植性有限等挑战。本文提出了一种基于轻量级神经网络和知识精馏的实时嵌入式CH建筑图像损伤分割系统。首先，建立改进的YOLOv8n-Ghost模型，该模型结合Ghost模块和剪枝方法构建轻量级网络，在保持检测精度和分割性能的同时减少模型冗余；其次，采用基于渠道的知识蒸馏方法，使学生模型能够从教师模型中学习，在不增加网络参数数量的情况下提高准确率。最后，构建了包含7种CH建筑损伤类型的CH建筑数据集，并使用所建立的数据集对深度学习模型进行训练和验证。实验结果表明，基于CH建筑图像训练的损伤分割模型平均精度为0.824，处理512 × 512图像的时间为0.27 s （204 FPS）。微调有效地恢复了准确性，并将修剪后的模型大小减小到2.94 MB。此外，知识蒸馏进一步增强了特征提取能力，实现了对各种损伤类型的准确实时分割，使模型适用于基于无人机的CH建筑检测。在意大利帕多瓦的一座公共建筑和一座文艺复兴时期的建筑上进行了两个案例研究，证实了训练算法的有效性。该模型在Android设备上成功部署，显示出准确的损伤分割、高适应性和高效的设备上处理能力。
{"title":"Efficient on-device damage segmentation for cultural heritage using pruning and knowledge distillation","authors":"Yunpeng Yue , Hai Liu , Xiaoyu Liu , Francesca da Porto , Elisa Saler , Jie Cui , Marco Donà","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.11.016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.11.016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cultural heritage (CH) buildings may suffer damage due to aging, and computer vision can help detect and aid protection measures. However, damage segmentation models for CH buildings still face challenges such as large parameter sizes, low computational efficiency, and limited model portability. This paper proposes a real-time embedded system to segment damage in CH building images based on a lightweight neural network and knowledge distillation. Firstly, an improved YOLOv8n-Ghost model is established, which incorporates the Ghost module and a pruning method to construct a lightweight network and reduce model redundancy while maintaining detection accuracy and segmentation performance. Secondly, a channel-wise knowledge distillation method is applied to enable the student model to learn from the teacher model and improve accuracy without increasing the number of network parameters. Finally, a CH building dataset including seven types of damage in CH buildings is constructed, and the established dataset is used to train and validate the deep learning model. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed damage segmentation model, trained on CH building images, achieves an average precision of 0.824 and can process a 512 × 512 image in 0.27 s (204 FPS). Fine-tuning effectively restores accuracy and reduces the model size to 2.94 MB after pruning. Moreover, knowledge distillation further enhances feature extraction ability, enabling accurate and real-time segmentation of various damage types, making the model suitable for UAV-based CH building inspections. Two case studies were conducted on a communal building and a Renaissance building in Padova, Italy, confirming the effectiveness of the trained algorithm. The proposed model was successfully deployed on an Android device, demonstrating accurate damage segmentation with high adaptability and efficient on-device processing capabilities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"77 ","pages":"Pages 284-293"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145836620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-21DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.11.017
Yingna Chen , Duixiong Sun , Guoding Zhang , Xuetao Bai , Maogen Su , Marek Sikorski , Chenzhong Dong
Painted potterys, as a significant aspect of material culture, provides valuable insights into ancient societies and is essential for studying the evolution of civilizations. Traditional identification methods for the age of painted pottery artifacts often rely on excavation sites and decorative features, depending on expert experience, which introduces the risk of subjective misjudgment. To complement these approaches, this study proposes an auxiliary technique using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and machine learning. We analyzed pottery from six Neolithic to Bronze Age sites (c. 3300–600 B.C.). Hierarchical clustering evaluated chemical similarities, while Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Deep Neural Networks (DNN), and Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) models were employed for classification. The optimal model achieved 98 % accuracy. The LIME interpreter further identified significant elemental features for each culture, enhancing objectivity. This research demonstrates that LIBS with machine learning serves as a valuable complement to traditional expertise, mitigating subjective risks and providing a reliable analytical aid for pottery classifications.
{"title":"Exploring the classification of painted pottery artifacts from different cultural sites in Northwest China by using LIBS technology combined with machine learning","authors":"Yingna Chen , Duixiong Sun , Guoding Zhang , Xuetao Bai , Maogen Su , Marek Sikorski , Chenzhong Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.11.017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.11.017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Painted potterys, as a significant aspect of material culture, provides valuable insights into ancient societies and is essential for studying the evolution of civilizations. Traditional identification methods for the age of painted pottery artifacts often rely on excavation sites and decorative features, depending on expert experience, which introduces the risk of subjective misjudgment. To complement these approaches, this study proposes an auxiliary technique using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) and machine learning. We analyzed pottery from six Neolithic to Bronze Age sites (c. 3300–600 B.C.). Hierarchical clustering evaluated chemical similarities, while Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Deep Neural Networks (DNN), and Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM) models were employed for classification. The optimal model achieved 98 % accuracy. The LIME interpreter further identified significant elemental features for each culture, enhancing objectivity. This research demonstrates that LIBS with machine learning serves as a valuable complement to traditional expertise, mitigating subjective risks and providing a reliable analytical aid for pottery classifications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"77 ","pages":"Pages 273-283"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145836530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-20DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.12.004
Ming Guo , Li Zhu , Guoli Wang , Xiaoke Shang , Yaru Zhang , Ming Huang , Jiawei Zhao , Yangchao Dong , Yaofeng Wang , Ruoxin Wang , Rongsheng Chen
The swift advancement of artificial intelligence technology indicates that large language models provide significant promise for comprehension and creative endeavors. Point cloud data has emerged as an essential technology resource in urban building, providing extensive information that facilitates many operations. Current research has thoroughly examined the utilization of point cloud data in semantic segmentation and target detection; nevertheless, the perceptual outcomes of these methods are sometimes challenging to implement in scene design directly. This study presents a novel 3D-MELL network architecture designed to enhance the limits of large-scale language modelling in processing 3D data. The architecture employs elements from ancient architectural components as the data source, with each element assigned distinct ID attribute markers and spatial relationship markers. These markers accurately represent the characteristics of the items and their interactions within the 3D environment. The model can be optimized by a distributed training technique to accommodate diverse downstream jobs with particular commands during the fine-tuning phase, demonstrating favorable training metrics and fitting outcomes. This project created a front-end page utilizing HTML and CSS frameworks to represent the chat interface, offering a novel approach to transmitting and developing architectural historical knowledge.
{"title":"Understanding architectural heritage: 3D-MELL framework of architectural heritage large language model based on 3D point cloud","authors":"Ming Guo , Li Zhu , Guoli Wang , Xiaoke Shang , Yaru Zhang , Ming Huang , Jiawei Zhao , Yangchao Dong , Yaofeng Wang , Ruoxin Wang , Rongsheng Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.12.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The swift advancement of artificial intelligence technology indicates that large language models provide significant promise for comprehension and creative endeavors. Point cloud data has emerged as an essential technology resource in urban building, providing extensive information that facilitates many operations. Current research has thoroughly examined the utilization of point cloud data in semantic segmentation and target detection; nevertheless, the perceptual outcomes of these methods are sometimes challenging to implement in scene design directly. This study presents a novel 3D-MELL network architecture designed to enhance the limits of large-scale language modelling in processing 3D data. The architecture employs elements from ancient architectural components as the data source, with each element assigned distinct ID attribute markers and spatial relationship markers. These markers accurately represent the characteristics of the items and their interactions within the 3D environment. The model can be optimized by a distributed training technique to accommodate diverse downstream jobs with particular commands during the fine-tuning phase, demonstrating favorable training metrics and fitting outcomes. This project created a front-end page utilizing HTML and CSS frameworks to represent the chat interface, offering a novel approach to transmitting and developing architectural historical knowledge.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"77 ","pages":"Pages 265-272"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145836529","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-18DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.12.003
Yoshimi Kamiya , Takayuki Honda , Yoshitaka Nagai , Chuichi Watanabe , Tetsuo Miyakoshi , Ningyuan Wang , Guoping Sun , Leping Jiang , Bin Liu , Shuichi Noshiro , Shinichi Nakamura
Lacquer coatings of lacquerware excavated from four Neolithic sites in Zhejiang Province of eastern China were analyzed with Py-GC/MS analysis. The studied lacquered objects were recovered at the Tianluoshan, Liangzhu-Bianjiashan, Liangzhu-Zhongjiagang, and Kuahuqiao sites. We also carried out radiocarbon dating of seven objects. In 14 of 17 lacquer coating samples, the pyrosis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) had the highest intensity in 3-nonylphenol and revealed existence of alkylphenols with 17 carbons in the side chains. These features in the Py-GC/MS results are characteristic of laccol composing the lacquer obtained from Toxicodendron succedaneum. Radiocarbon dating of six studied lacquer coatings and three wooden bodies from these sites ranged from 8000 to 4650 cal BP and indicated that, during the Neolithic period, the lacquer of Toxicodendron succedaneum was used for lacquerware manufacture for nearly 3000 years in eastern China. The obtained results conformed with the present distribution of Toxicodendron succedaneum and T. vernicifluum in China, T. succedaneum in the southern to eastern parts and T. vernicifluum in the central to northeastern parts. This finding, however, disagreed with the traditional understanding about the Neolithic lacquerware manufacture in China that the lacquer from Toxicodendron vernicifluum was solely used for the manufacture.
采用Py-GC/MS分析方法对浙江省4个新石器时代遗址出土的漆器漆膜进行了分析。所研究的漆器分别在天罗山、梁柱-卞家山、梁柱-中家岗和花虎桥遗址出土。我们还对七个物体进行了放射性碳定年。在17个漆膜样品中，有14个样品的热解-气相色谱/质谱（Py-GC/MS）检测结果显示，3-壬基酚中存在17个侧链碳的烷基酚。这些特征都是黄刺藤漆中脂质成分的特征。对这些遗址所研究的6件漆器涂层和3件木器进行放射性碳定年，其时间跨度在8000 ~ 4650 cal BP之间，表明在新石器时代，中国东部地区使用黄纹漆制作漆器已有近3000年的历史。所得结果与中国毒刺和梭子狸的分布现状相吻合，梭子狸分布在南部至东部，梭子狸分布在中部至东北部。然而，这一发现与传统的关于中国新石器时代漆器制造的认识不一致，传统的认识是，毒竹漆仅用于制造。
{"title":"Use of lacquer collected from Toxicodendron succedaneum for the Neolithic lacquerware detected in Zhejiang Province of China","authors":"Yoshimi Kamiya , Takayuki Honda , Yoshitaka Nagai , Chuichi Watanabe , Tetsuo Miyakoshi , Ningyuan Wang , Guoping Sun , Leping Jiang , Bin Liu , Shuichi Noshiro , Shinichi Nakamura","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.12.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Lacquer coatings of lacquerware excavated from four Neolithic sites in Zhejiang Province of eastern China were analyzed with Py-GC/MS analysis. The studied lacquered objects were recovered at the Tianluoshan, Liangzhu-Bianjiashan, Liangzhu-Zhongjiagang, and Kuahuqiao sites. We also carried out radiocarbon dating of seven objects. In 14 of 17 lacquer coating samples, the pyrosis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) had the highest intensity in 3-nonylphenol and revealed existence of alkylphenols with 17 carbons in the side chains. These features in the Py-GC/MS results are characteristic of laccol composing the lacquer obtained from <em>Toxicodendron succedaneum</em>. Radiocarbon dating of six studied lacquer coatings and three wooden bodies from these sites ranged from 8000 to 4650 cal BP and indicated that, during the Neolithic period, the lacquer of <em>Toxicodendron succedaneum</em> was used for lacquerware manufacture for nearly 3000 years in eastern China. The obtained results conformed with the present distribution of <em>Toxicodendron succedaneum</em> and <em>T. vernicifluum</em> in China, <em>T. succedaneum</em> in the southern to eastern parts and <em>T. vernicifluum</em> in the central to northeastern parts. This finding, however, disagreed with the traditional understanding about the Neolithic lacquerware manufacture in China that the lacquer from <em>Toxicodendron vernicifluum</em> was solely used for the manufacture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"77 ","pages":"Pages 254-264"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145786904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.11.008
W.P. Megarry , T. Venkatachalam , J.C. Day , S. Jain , S.F. Heron
The UNESCO World Heritage (WH) List contains cultural and natural properties deemed to be of Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) to all humanity. Property boundaries should encompass all elements that contribute to the OUV of the property and be sufficient to protect the OUV from any natural or anthropogenic threats. Climate change-related hazards are impacting WH properties at multiple scales. In many cases, especially for slow onset hazards, existing boundaries are not sufficient to monitor and respond to change. In these cases, it can help to explore the wider landscape context. This paper considers the utility of standardised remote sensing land use and land cover (LULC) data to understand the high-level environmental classifications within and surrounding cultural and mixed WH properties. Of 11 LULC classes within the analysed dataset, 10 were present in at least one of the 49 properties in the Indian Subcontinent recognised for their cultural heritage, with the most common being Tree cover (≥5% of the area of 40 properties and/or their surrounds). Protection of cultural properties from climate-based impacts can benefit from LULC analysis by responding to known climate-related risks (e.g., flood, wildfire, etc.) on specific land cover classes. These risk profiles can be useful decision support tools for climate adaptation. The analysis is demonstrated for four case studies at three locations, using properties with a range of sizes and values. For example, trees in the broader landscape within and around Khangchendzonga National Park may encounter future impacts from temperature change (resulting in shifting biomes and changing phenology), precipitation changes (resulting in changes in rainfall and drought) and wind changes (resulting in storm damage). Each of those climate drivers increase the risk of wildfires. Additionally, LULC analysis provides valuable information on a property’s environmental context when inscribed boundaries are unknown. This study demonstrates that a systematic and reliable analysis of LULC data can provide a way to consider the broader environmental context of WH properties, complementing property values described in their Statements of OUV. However, the study also acknowledges key limitations to using LULC, including classification accuracy concerns and challenges with validation across diverse site types. Finally, this work complements a parallel thematic approach that categorises values from WH documentation to streamline assessment of climate impacts.
{"title":"Land use and land cover analysis of cultural World Heritage to inform assessment of climate vulnerability","authors":"W.P. Megarry , T. Venkatachalam , J.C. Day , S. Jain , S.F. Heron","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.11.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.11.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The UNESCO World Heritage (WH) List contains cultural and natural properties deemed to be of Outstanding Universal Value (OUV) to all humanity. Property boundaries should encompass all elements that contribute to the OUV of the property and be sufficient to protect the OUV from any natural or anthropogenic threats. Climate change-related hazards are impacting WH properties at multiple scales. In many cases, especially for slow onset hazards, existing boundaries are not sufficient to monitor and respond to change. In these cases, it can help to explore the wider landscape context. This paper considers the utility of standardised remote sensing land use and land cover (LULC) data to understand the high-level environmental classifications within and surrounding cultural and mixed WH properties. Of 11 LULC classes within the analysed dataset, 10 were present in at least one of the 49 properties in the Indian Subcontinent recognised for their cultural heritage, with the most common being Tree cover (≥5% of the area of 40 properties and/or their surrounds). Protection of cultural properties from climate-based impacts can benefit from LULC analysis by responding to known climate-related risks (e.g., flood, wildfire, etc.) on specific land cover classes. These risk profiles can be useful decision support tools for climate adaptation. The analysis is demonstrated for four case studies at three locations, using properties with a range of sizes and values. For example, trees in the broader landscape within and around Khangchendzonga National Park may encounter future impacts from temperature change (resulting in shifting biomes and changing phenology), precipitation changes (resulting in changes in rainfall and drought) and wind changes (resulting in storm damage). Each of those climate drivers increase the risk of wildfires. Additionally, LULC analysis provides valuable information on a property’s environmental context when inscribed boundaries are unknown. This study demonstrates that a systematic and reliable analysis of LULC data can provide a way to consider the broader environmental context of WH properties, complementing property values described in their Statements of OUV. However, the study also acknowledges key limitations to using LULC, including classification accuracy concerns and challenges with validation across diverse site types. Finally, this work complements a parallel thematic approach that categorises values from WH documentation to streamline assessment of climate impacts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"77 ","pages":"Pages 243-253"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145786902","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-16DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.12.002
F.E. Belharchaa, M. Ebn Touhami, Y. Baymou
Archaeological metal objects associated with wood undergo accelerated deterioration by polyethylene glycol during the impregnation process. In this context, this work studies the protective effect of Phenanthroline (Phen) against corrosion and biocorrosion on heritage wood and iron assemblies in a 10 % PEG-200 environment. The evaluation of the Phen molecule was carried out by electrochemical test and by natural aging tests, approaching post-operative conditions. For steel, the results showed a synergy between Phen and PEG-200, for an inhibitory efficiency maintained for high temperatures and over time, the maximum efficiency reaches 99.72 %. For the wood-nail composite, the addition of Phen ensures the protection of the archaeological nail during impregnation without having an effect on the evolution of microorganisms.
{"title":"Optimization of PEG-200-based waterlogged archaeological wood-steel composite impregnation bath against corrosion and biocorrosion","authors":"F.E. Belharchaa, M. Ebn Touhami, Y. Baymou","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Archaeological metal objects associated with wood undergo accelerated deterioration by polyethylene glycol during the impregnation process. In this context, this work studies the protective effect of Phenanthroline (Phen) against corrosion and biocorrosion on heritage wood and iron assemblies in a 10 % PEG-200 environment. The evaluation of the Phen molecule was carried out by electrochemical test and by natural aging tests, approaching post-operative conditions. For steel, the results showed a synergy between Phen and PEG-200, for an inhibitory efficiency maintained for high temperatures and over time, the maximum efficiency reaches 99.72 %. For the wood-nail composite, the addition of Phen ensures the protection of the archaeological nail during impregnation without having an effect on the evolution of microorganisms.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"77 ","pages":"Pages 234-242"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145786903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-13DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2025.11.015
Xinyu Jiang, Sok Yee Yeo
Under the impact of climate change, the Ming Great Wall of China is facing accelerated weathering on an unprecedented scale. Based on the principles of the soft capping approach, we propose to use the “natural capping” approach by applying native plants and soil medium that are adaptable to the in situ environments. Following field surveys of the Ming Great Wall in Shanxi Province, four scaled-down earthen walls were fabricated to support the growth of selected native plants on the top surfaces. Long-term monitoring revealed that the earthen walls covered by natural capping, especially native herbs with more biomass, could effectively influence thermal behaviour and moisture movement of the earthen walls, thus providing sustainable preservation effects in semi-arid regions. Compared with bare wall, natural capping reduced the number of freeze-thaw cycles at the top of the wall by 41.2 % in winter, decreased the average rate of temperature increase by 47.2 % in summer, and reduced the daily temperature difference and the temperature gradient between the range of 0 and 20 cm. Under the effects of rainfall, natural capping effectively stabilizes the moisture content in winter, decreases moisture fluctuation frequency by >61.9 % and delays the start time of moisture infiltration in the interior walls during summer. After one year of outdoor monitoring, the total loss of earth material was reduced significantly by 82.5 %. The findings of this work provide informed technical support for the long-term preservation of earthen heritage via the natural approach.
{"title":"Can natural capping provide long-term protection to earthen heritage in semi-arid regions?","authors":"Xinyu Jiang, Sok Yee Yeo","doi":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.11.015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.culher.2025.11.015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Under the impact of climate change, the Ming Great Wall of China is facing accelerated weathering on an unprecedented scale. Based on the principles of the soft capping approach, we propose to use the “natural capping” approach by applying native plants and soil medium that are adaptable to the in situ environments. Following field surveys of the Ming Great Wall in Shanxi Province, four scaled-down earthen walls were fabricated to support the growth of selected native plants on the top surfaces. Long-term monitoring revealed that the earthen walls covered by natural capping, especially native herbs with more biomass, could effectively influence thermal behaviour and moisture movement of the earthen walls, thus providing sustainable preservation effects in semi-arid regions. Compared with bare wall, natural capping reduced the number of freeze-thaw cycles at the top of the wall by 41.2 % in winter, decreased the average rate of temperature increase by 47.2 % in summer, and reduced the daily temperature difference and the temperature gradient between the range of 0 and 20 cm. Under the effects of rainfall, natural capping effectively stabilizes the moisture content in winter, decreases moisture fluctuation frequency by >61.9 % and delays the start time of moisture infiltration in the interior walls during summer. After one year of outdoor monitoring, the total loss of earth material was reduced significantly by 82.5 %. The findings of this work provide informed technical support for the long-term preservation of earthen heritage via the natural approach.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15480,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Cultural Heritage","volume":"77 ","pages":"Pages 223-233"},"PeriodicalIF":3.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145733373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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