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Impact of humic acid on iron (oxyhydr)oxide transport in the presence of phosphate in saturated porous media 饱和多孔介质中磷酸盐存在时腐植酸对铁(氧氢)氧化物迁移的影响
IF 3.5 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2024.104444
Tufail Shah , Kang Zhao , Yingjie Yin , Jianying Shang
The subsurface flow of particular phosphate (P) has been recently regarded as a vital P transport path. Humic acid (HA) and P usually coexist in the natural environment and show a strong affinity to iron (Fe) (oxyhydr)oxide. The impact of P and HA on Fe (oxyhydr)oxide stability and transport is critical for evaluating the vertical transport of particular P and biogeochemical processes of Fe and P. This study investigated the effect of inorganic (IP) and organic (OP) phosphate on the stability and transport of ferrihydrite and goethite with HA through stability tests and column experiments. The adsorption of IP or OP on Fe (oxyhydr)oxide enhanced the stability and transport of Fe (oxyhydr)oxide, and OP showed a stronger enhancement than IP due to its stronger binding capacity and more negative surface. Compared with ferrihydrite, goethite had fewer adsorption sites for IP or OP and showed strong stability and transport at low IP (50 μM) or OP (10 μM) concentration. HA decreased IP or OP adsorption on Fe (oxyhydr)oxide through competition adsorption and electrostatic repulsion. The formed ternary phosphate-Fe (oxyhydr)oxide-HA complex showed a more negative surface and strong stability and transport. Our findings provide direct insights into the distinct role of IP and OP on Fe (oxyhydr)oxide stability and transport in the presence of HA, which provides essential information for evaluating the transport of particular Fe (oxyhydr)oxide-facilitated P in soils and subsurface environments rich in iron, phosphate, and dissolved carbon.
最近,特定磷酸盐(P)的地下流动被视为重要的 P 运输途径。腐殖酸(HA)和磷通常共存于自然环境中,并与氧化铁(Fe)有很强的亲和力。本研究通过稳定性测试和柱实验研究了无机磷酸盐(IP)和有机磷酸盐(OP)对含有 HA 的铁水石和鹅铁矿的稳定性和迁移的影响。IP或OP对氧化铁的吸附增强了氧化铁的稳定性和迁移性,其中OP因其更强的结合能力和更负的表面而比IP表现出更强的增强作用。与无水亚铁相比,网纹石对 IP 或 OP 的吸附位点较少,在低浓度 IP(50 μM)或 OP(10 μM)时表现出较强的稳定性和迁移性。HA 通过竞争吸附和静电排斥作用减少了 IP 或 OP 在氧化铁上的吸附。形成的三元磷酸盐-铁(氧氢)氧化物-HA 复合物显示出更负的表面,具有很强的稳定性和迁移性。我们的研究结果直接揭示了 IP 和 OP 在 HA 存在时对氧化铁稳定性和迁移的不同作用,这为评估特定氧化铁促进的磷在富含铁、磷酸盐和溶解碳的土壤和地下环境中的迁移提供了重要信息。
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引用次数: 0
Time-lapse dielectric properties monitoring of the flow cell during DNAPL contamination and remediation processes by full-waveform inversion of GPR data using particle swarm optimization: A laboratory study 利用粒子群优化技术对 GPR 数据进行全波形反演,在 DNAPL 污染和修复过程中对流动池的介电特性进行延时监测:实验室研究
IF 3.5 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2024.104443
İsmail Kaplanvural , Ertan Pekşen , Nihat Hakan Akyol , Doğukan Durdağ
This study presents the monitoring of the contamination and remediation processes of an aquifer system using the ground-penetrating radar (GPR) method. To achieve this, periodic GPR measurements were performed on a flow cell, which was established to simulate aquifer contamination and remediation scenarios. The exterior of the flow cell was made of plexiglas, and a small hole was created at the top center to inject Dense Non-aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL) contamination. To study contaminant distribution and remediation processes, DNAPL Trichloroethylene (TCE) was used as the groundwater contaminant. Methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MCD) was used as remediation agent. The interior of the flow cell was packed with two different sand grain size distributions: low permeability sand along the bottom and a higher permeability sand along the top. Common offset GPR measurements were performed along the top plane of the flow cell. The GPR measurements were conducted periodically over a total duration of 66 days, encompassing the phases prior to injecting DNAPL TCE, after injection of DNAPL TCE, and during the remediation process using MCD. Time-lapse GPR data were analyzed using 1D and 2D plots. In addition, to evaluate and monitor the contamination and remediation processes within the flow cell, central traces of the time-lapse GPR dataset were inverted by full-waveform inversion to estimate the dielectric properties of the layers and the depth by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). To utilize PSO, a forward model calculation using 1D finite difference in time domain adapted to PSO algorithm to generate theoretical GPR traces to compare the theoretical model GPR traces to the measured GPR traces as a “goodness of fit” metric. The electrical conductivity, relative dielectric permittivity, relative magnetic permeability, and depth of the layer were estimated by PSO of the GPR data. The results of the inversion process indicated a significant change in the estimated electrical conductivity values for the post TCE DNAPL contamination stage and the remediation stage. In addition, to support the inversion results, contaminant mass removal was quantified using moment analysis from dissolved-phase contaminant concentrations collected from the flow cell over time. According to the mass recovery calculation by moment analysis, which was collected via an outlet from the flow cell, approximately 38 % of the injected DNAPL TCE mass was removed by enhanced dissolution from the representative aquifer domain of the flow cell during the remediation stage of the experiment.
本研究介绍了利用探地雷达(GPR)方法监测含水层系统的污染和修复过程。为此,对一个流动池进行了定期的 GPR 测量,该流动池是为模拟含水层污染和修复情况而建立的。流动池的外部由有机玻璃制成,顶部中心有一个小孔,用于注入致密非水相液体(DNAPL)污染。为了研究污染物的分布和修复过程,使用 DNAPL 三氯乙烯(TCE)作为地下水污染物。甲基-beta-环糊精 (MCD) 用作修复剂。流动池内部填充了两种不同粒度的沙子:底部为低渗透性沙子,顶部为高渗透性沙子。沿流动池顶部平面进行了普通偏移 GPR 测量。GPR 测量在总共 66 天的时间内定期进行,包括注入 DNAPL TCE 之前、注入 DNAPL TCE 之后以及使用 MCD 进行修复过程中的各个阶段。使用一维和二维图对延时 GPR 数据进行了分析。此外,为了评估和监测流动池内的污染和修复过程,还对延时 GPR 数据集的中心轨迹进行了全波形反演,以通过粒子群优化(PSO)估算各层的介电性质和深度。为了利用 PSO,使用适应 PSO 算法的时域一维有限差分进行前向模型计算,生成理论 GPR 曲线,将理论模型 GPR 曲线与测量的 GPR 曲线进行比较,作为 "拟合度 "指标。通过对 GPR 数据进行 PSO,估算了导电率、相对介电常数、相对磁导率和地层深度。反演过程的结果表明,三氯乙烷 DNAPL 污染后阶段和修复阶段的估计电导率值发生了显著变化。此外,为了支持反演结果,还使用矩分析法对从流动池中收集到的溶解相污染物浓度随时间变化的情况进行了量化。根据通过流动池出口收集的矩分析质量回收计算,在实验的修复阶段,注入的 DNAPL TCE 质量约有 38% 通过流动池代表性含水层区域的强化溶解而去除。
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引用次数: 0
How uncertainty in calibration data affects the modeling of non-point source pollutant loads in baseflow 校准数据的不确定性如何影响基流中非点源污染物负荷的建模
IF 3.5 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2024.104441
Shuai Chen , Wei Qin , Tong Cui , Jingling Qian , Jiazhong Zheng
Baseflow is a major transport pathway for non-point source (NPS) pollutants. Watershed water quality (WWQ) models calibrated by low-quality data may produce misleading predictions of baseflow NPS pollutant loads, resulting in poor management decisions. We evaluated how models of the baseflow nitrate loads in the Huron River basin, southwest of Lake Erie, were affected by uncertainty in the calibration data. Based on a five-year time series of daily streamflow, nitrate concentration, and specific conductance, two sets of “observed” baseflow nitrate load data that include uncertainty were estimated using various tracer-based and non-tracer-based hydrograph separation methods, in conjunction with assumptions regarding baseflow nitrate concentrations. We calibrated the Soil and Water Assessment Tool plus (SWAT+) model with the two “observed” data sets and used the Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) approach to quantify parameter and predictive uncertainties. The results showed that baseflow accounted for 26 %–34 % of the mean annual total streamflow (11.8 m3/s) and 8 %–37 % of the mean annual total nitrate load (14.3 kg·ha−1·year−1) in the Huron River basin. The baseflow and nitrate load estimates from the non-tracer-based methods resembled those from the tracer-based method but had greater uncertainty. The posterior parameter distributions, as well as the weighted means and 90 % prediction intervals of the simulated baseflow nitrate loads, exhibited minimal variation when different calibration data sets for SWAT+ and different threshold likelihood values for GLUE were used. Our analysis emphasizes the necessity of calibrating WWQ models with baseflow pollutant loads/concentrations when addressing water quality issues related to baseflow. It also demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing multiple non-tracer-based hydrograph separation methods to estimate baseflow NPS pollutant loads. These non-tracer-based methods offer a simplicity and broader applicability compared to tracer-based methods. This study has provided insights into how calibration data uncertainty impacts the modeling of NPS pollution in baseflow and highlights the practical value of non-tracer-based hydrograph separation methods.
基流是非点源 (NPS) 污染物的主要迁移途径。根据低质量数据校准的流域水质 (WWQ) 模型可能会对基流非点源污染物负荷产生误导性预测,从而导致管理决策失误。我们评估了伊利湖西南部休伦河流域的基流硝酸盐负荷模型如何受到校准数据不确定性的影响。根据日溪流、硝酸盐浓度和比导的五年时间序列,使用各种基于示踪剂和非基于示踪剂的水文图分离方法,结合有关基流硝酸盐浓度的假设,估算了两组包含不确定性的 "观测 "基流硝酸盐负荷数据。我们用两组 "观测 "数据校准了水土评估工具+(SWAT+)模型,并使用广义似然不确定性估计(GLUE)方法量化了参数和预测的不确定性。结果表明,基流占休伦河流域年均总流量(11.8 立方米/秒)的 26%-34%,占年均总硝酸盐负荷(14.3 千克-公顷-1-年-1)的 8%-37%。非示踪剂方法得出的基流和硝酸盐负荷估算值与示踪剂方法得出的估算值相似,但不确定性更大。当 SWAT+ 使用不同的校准数据集和 GLUE 使用不同的阈值似然值时,后验参数分布以及模拟基流硝酸盐负荷的加权平均值和 90% 预测区间的变化极小。我们的分析强调,在解决与基流有关的水质问题时,必须用基流污染物负荷/浓度校准水质模型。它还证明了利用多种非示踪剂水文图分离方法估算基流 NPS 污染物负荷的可行性。与基于示踪剂的方法相比,这些非示踪剂方法简单易用,适用范围更广。这项研究深入探讨了校准数据的不确定性如何影响基流中的核动力源污染建模,并强调了非示踪剂水文图分离法的实用价值。
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引用次数: 0
Occurrence and visual characterization of microplastics from Mahakam River at Tenggarong City, Indonesia 印度尼西亚登加龙市马哈卡姆河中微塑料的出现和目测特征
IF 3.5 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2024.104440
Yudi Sukmono , Tony Hadibarata , Risky Ayu Kristanti , Abhishek Singh , Dunia A. Al Farraj , Mohamed S. Elshikh
Indonesia generates approximately 7.8 million tons of plastic waste annually, which 4.9 million tons is mismanaged. Presently, there is significant concern on microplastics (MPs) pollution in aquatic environment. The research on the prevalence of MPs in river systems are comparatively lower than the studies conducted on marine systems. The primary goal of this research was to look into the prevalence of MPs in the river water of Mahakam of Tenggarong City, Indonesia. To adequately represent this area, a meticulous selection method was used to find five separate sampling locations, with two stations at each location, positioned 200 m apart on opposite sides of the river. According to the study's findings, MPs has been observed in the range of 19.2 ± 1.8 to 58.5 ± 3.5 particles/l. Based on the MPs type, fragments (43.4 %) were the most common type of MPs found in water samples. Furthermore, 44.6 % of the MPs had size smaller than 1000 μm. The prevalent hues observed in the water samples were transparent and black, composing 75.6 % of overall formation. The determination of microplastic polymers employed Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, revealing the presence of various type, such as polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP).
印度尼西亚每年产生约 780 万吨塑料垃圾,其中 490 万吨管理不善。目前,水生环境中的微塑料(MPs)污染问题备受关注。与海洋系统的研究相比,河流系统中微塑料的研究相对较少。本研究的主要目标是调查印度尼西亚腾加龙市马哈卡姆河水中 MPs 的流行情况。为了充分代表这一地区,研究人员采用了细致的选择方法,在河对岸相距 200 米的地方分别找到五个采样点,每个采样点设两个站点。根据研究结果,观察到的 MPs 在 19.2 ± 1.8 至 58.5 ± 3.5 微粒/升之间。根据 MPs 类型,碎片(43.4%)是水样中最常见的 MPs 类型。此外,44.6%的 MPs 尺寸小于 1000 微米。在水样中观察到的主要色调是透明和黑色,占总色调的 75.6%。微塑料聚合物的测定采用了衰减全反射-傅立叶变换红外光谱法(ATR-FTIR),结果显示存在各种类型的微塑料聚合物,如聚乙烯(PE)和聚丙烯(PP)。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental study on the adsorption and interaction of P and Cd in polluted sediment from Dongting Lake 洞庭湖污染沉积物中 P 和 Cd 的吸附及其相互作用的实验研究
IF 3.5 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2024.104442
Ruifeng Zhu , Mengya Xu , Shunhong Huang , Zexin He
A series of experiments was performed to elucidate the effects of the adsorption and interaction of different concentrations of P and Cd on the availability of P and Cd. First, the sediments before and after maturation were subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results revealed that the composition and main components of the sediment were unchanged by maturation. The adsorption results fitted by the Freundlich equation revealed that the maximum concentration of Cd in the sediment changed from 979.12 mg/L to 980.92 mg/L and 1215 mg/L after the addition of 1 mg/L and 2 mg/L P, respectively. The maximum concentration of P in the sediments increased from 397.57 mg/L to 403.19 mg/L and 422.89 mg/L after the addition of Cd concentrations of 5 mg/L and 50 mg/L, respectively. A batch experiment was subsequently performed with multiple groups of P and Cd at the same concentration. The results revealed that the content of available Cd was the highest when the content of P was 180 mg/kg and that the content of available P was the highest when the content of Cd was 1 mg/kg. However, when the concentrations of P and Cd exceeded a certain level, Cd3(PO4)2 precipitated. Finally, the experimental results were reverified by XPS, and the results revealed that the contents of P and Cd in the sediments increased through adsorption and precipitation between P and Cd.
为了阐明不同浓度的钾和镉的吸附和相互作用对钾和镉的可利用性的影响,进行了一系列实验。首先,对成熟前后的沉积物进行了 X 射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散光谱(EDS)和傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)分析。结果表明,沉积物的组成和主要成分在熟化过程中没有变化。用 Freundlich 方程拟合的吸附结果表明,添加 1 毫克/升和 2 毫克/升 P 后,沉积物中镉的最大浓度分别从 979.12 毫克/升变为 980.92 毫克/升和 1215 毫克/升。添加 5 毫克/升和 50 毫克/升的镉后,沉积物中 P 的最大浓度分别从 397.57 毫克/升升至 403.19 毫克/升和 422.89 毫克/升。随后进行了多组相同浓度 P 和 Cd 的分批实验。结果显示,当 P 的含量为 180 mg/kg 时,可利用镉的含量最高;当 Cd 的含量为 1 mg/kg 时,可利用 P 的含量最高。然而,当 P 和 Cd 的浓度超过一定水平时,Cd3(PO4)2 就会析出。最后,用 XPS 对实验结果进行了还原,结果表明,通过 P 和 Cd 之间的吸附和沉淀,沉积物中 P 和 Cd 的含量增加了。
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引用次数: 0
Spectral induced polarization of corrosion of sulfur modified Iron in sediments 沉积物中硫改性铁腐蚀的光谱诱导极化。
IF 3.5 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2024.104439
Hilary P. Emerson , James E. Szecsody , Christopher Halter , Judy L. Robinson , Jonathan N. Thomle , Mark E. Bowden , Odeta Qafoku , C. Tom Resch , Lee D. Slater , Vicky L. Freedman
Spectral induced polarization (SIP) responses are not well understood within the context of remediation applications at contaminated sites. Systematic SIP studies are needed to gain further insights into the complex electrical response of dynamic, biogeochemical states to enable the use of SIP for subsurface site characterization and remediation monitoring. Although SIP measurements on zero valent iron have been previously published, the SIP response for sulfur modified iron (SMI), a similar potential subsurface reductive amendment, has not yet been reported. Hence, the purpose of this laboratory-scale study was to evaluate SIP for nonintrusive monitoring of SMI under relevant subsurface conditions. SMI was separately mixed with silica sand or sediments from the Hanford Site (Washington, USA) and then packed into columns for geochemical and SIP analysis for up to 77 days under fully saturated conditions. SMI exhibited distinguishable phase peaks between 0.1 and 1.0 Hz, which changed in magnitude based on content and were detected as low as 0.3 wt%. In the initial days, the complex conductivity, phase maxima, and chargeability increased while the peak locations shifted to higher frequency (decreasing relaxation times), suggesting an initial increase in polarization and concurrent decrease in the length scales (potentially due to changes in particle size and mineralogy). Then, after 77 days, the phase maxima and chargeability decreased with a concurrent increase in relaxation times, suggesting that over longer periods, less polarizable phases are forming and particle size or connectivity of polarizable phases is increasing. These results demonstrated a unique SIP response to SMI transformations that might be applied to monitoring of SMI emplaced as a subsurface barrier or injected in the field.
在受污染场地的修复应用方面,人们对光谱诱导极化(SIP)反应的了解还不够深入。需要进行系统的 SIP 研究,以进一步了解动态生物地球化学状态的复杂电响应,从而将 SIP 用于地下场地特征描述和修复监测。虽然之前已经公布了零价铁的 SIP 测量结果,但硫改性铁 (SMI) 的 SIP 响应(一种类似的潜在地下还原修正物)尚未见报道。因此,这项实验室规模的研究旨在评估 SIP 在相关地下条件下对 SMI 的非侵入式监测。将 SMI 分别与硅砂或来自汉福德遗址(美国华盛顿州)的沉积物混合,然后装入柱中,在完全饱和的条件下进行长达 77 天的地球化学和 SIP 分析。SMI 在 0.1 和 1.0 Hz 之间表现出明显的相峰,其大小随含量的变化而变化,低至 0.3 wt%也能检测到。在最初的几天里,复合电导率、相位最大值和电荷率都有所增加,而峰值位置则向更高的频率移动(弛豫时间减少),这表明极化最初有所增加,同时长度尺度也有所减小(可能是由于粒度和矿物学的变化)。然后,在 77 天之后,相最大值和电荷率下降,同时弛豫时间增加,这表明随着时间的延长,形成的可极化相减少,粒度或可极化相的连通性增加。这些结果表明了 SIP 对 SMI 转变的独特响应,可用于监测作为地下屏障埋设的 SMI 或在现场注入的 SMI。
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引用次数: 0
Laboratory-scale study of mixed barriers in stratified layers with an inclined ocean aquifer boundary 对具有倾斜海洋含水层边界的分层中的混合障碍物进行实验室规模的研究。
IF 3.5 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2024.104438
Vikas Sharma, Sumedha Chakma
The over-pumping of freshwater makes shoreline aquifers susceptible to seawater intrusion. Most studies on aquifer homogeneity that are used to form management guidelines focus on salinization sensitivity. However, under certain extraction conditions, the geographic structure can be quite diverse, with low-permeability obstacles and preferred flow routes that affect circulation and saline transport mechanisms. Here, we used a laboratory-scale glass box apparatus of dimension 100 × 50 × 10 cm3 to study intrusion in stratified layers under the influence of an inclined ocean-aquifer boundary with a mixed barrier as a remediation technique. The TLH ratio ranged from 0.2 to 12.84 for all stratification conditions and remediation installed. There was a 40–48 % decrease in the extent of toe length after installation. With a mixed barrier installed, the height of the intrusion was reduced, resulting in an increase in the TLH and a decrease in the potential for toe length. The intrusion was delayed by 86.67 % in parallel stratification and 28.22 % in perpendicular stratification after comparing the time frame for base case and the mixed barrier installed condition. A parabolic profile of intrusion was observed in the low-permeability layer, while a convex-outward profile was observed in the higher-permeability layers. Similar results are obtained after conducting the sensitivity analysis. The intrusion follows an increasing pattern of ratio with increasing interaction gap opening in parallel stratification, while for perpendicular stratification, with gap opening from 10 cm to 30 cm, there was a decreasing trend followed by an increasing trend, indicating an increase in magnitude with a similar pattern of intrusion. The results of this investigation shed light on the mixed barrier's suitability for use in realistically diverse coastal aquifers. Future research could explore the utilization of different combinations of new barriers, such as under-surface barriers, which work well for stratified layers, and already established barrier systems, to further improve the efficiency of mixed barriers.
过度抽取淡水使海岸线含水层容易受到海水入侵的影响。大多数用于制定管理准则的含水层均匀性研究都侧重于盐碱化敏感性。然而,在某些开采条件下,含水层的地理结构可能相当多样化,存在低渗透性障碍和优先流动路线,从而影响循环和盐分迁移机制。在此,我们使用实验室规模的玻璃箱仪器(尺寸为 100 × 50 × 10 cm3),研究了在具有混合障碍物的倾斜海洋-含水层边界影响下,作为一种修复技术的分层侵入情况。在所有分层条件下和安装补救措施时,TLH 比率在 0.2 至 12.84 之间。安装后,趾长范围减少了 40-48%。安装了混合屏障后,入侵高度降低,导致 TLH 增加,趾长的可能性降低。在平行分层和垂直分层条件下,入侵时间分别延迟了 86.67% 和 28.22%。低渗透率层的入侵呈抛物线型,而高渗透率层的入侵呈凸出型。进行敏感性分析后也得到了类似的结果。在平行分层中,随着相互作用间隙开度的增大,入侵比例呈上升趋势;而在垂直分层中,间隙开度从 10 厘米到 30 厘米,入侵比例呈先下降后上升的趋势,表明入侵量增加,入侵模式相似。这项研究的结果说明,混合隔水层适用于现实中多种多样的沿海含水层。今后的研究可以探索如何将新的隔水层(如对分层效果很好的地表下隔水层)和已建 立的隔水层系统进行不同的组合,以进一步提高混合隔水层的效率。
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引用次数: 0
An ensemble optimizer with a stacking ensemble surrogate model for identification of groundwater contamination source 利用堆叠集合代用模型识别地下水污染源的集合优化器
IF 3.5 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2024.104437
Liuzhi Zhu , Wenxi Lu , Chengming Luo , Yaning Xu , Zibo Wang
The application of the simulation-optimization method for groundwater contamination source identification (GCSI) encounters two main challenges: the substantial time cost of calling the simulation model, and the limitations on the accuracy of identification results due to the complexity, nonlinearity, and ill-posed nature of the inverse problem. To address these issues, we have innovatively developed an inversion framework based on ensemble learning strategies. This framework comprises a stacking ensemble model (SEM), which integrates three distinct machine learning models (Extremely Randomized Trees, Adaptive Boosting, and Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit), and an ensemble optimizer (E-GKSEEFO), which combines two newly proposed swarm intelligence optimizers (Genghis Khan Shark Optimizer and Electric Eel Foraging Optimizer). Specifically, the SEM serves as a surrogate model for the groundwater numerical simulation model. Compared to the original simulation model, it significantly reduces time cost while maintaining accuracy. The E-GKSEEFO, functioning as the search strategy for the optimization model, greatly enhances the accuracy of the optimization results. We have verified the performance of the SEM-E-GKSEEFO ensemble inversion framework through two hypothetical scenarios derived from an actual coal gangue pile. The results are as follows. (1) The SEM exhibits improved fitting performance compared to single machine learning models when dealing with high-dimensional nonlinear data from GCSI. (2) The E-GKSEEFO achieves significantly higher accuracy in the identification results of GCSI than individual optimizers. These findings affirm the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed SEM-E-GKSEEFO ensemble inversion framework.
模拟优化法在地下水污染源识别(GCSI)中的应用遇到了两个主要挑战:调用模拟模型的时间成本很高,以及由于反演问题的复杂性、非线性和多拟性,识别结果的准确性受到限制。为了解决这些问题,我们创新性地开发了一种基于集合学习策略的反演框架。该框架由一个堆叠集合模型(SEM)和一个集合优化器(E-GKSEEFO)组成,前者集成了三个不同的机器学习模型(极随机树、自适应提升和双向门控循环单元),后者则结合了两个新提出的蜂群智能优化器(成吉思汗鲨鱼优化器和电鳗觅食优化器)。具体而言,SEM 可作为地下水数值模拟模型的替代模型。与原始模拟模型相比,它在保持精度的同时大大减少了时间成本。E-GKSEEFO 作为优化模型的搜索策略,大大提高了优化结果的准确性。我们通过两个源自实际煤矸石堆的假设场景验证了 SEM-E-GKSEEFO 集合反演框架的性能。结果如下(1) 在处理来自 GCSI 的高维非线性数据时,与单一机器学习模型相比,SEM 的拟合性能有所提高。(2) E-GKSEEFO 对 GCSI 识别结果的准确性明显高于单个优化器。这些发现肯定了所提出的 SEM-E-GKSEEFO 集合反演框架的有效性和优越性。
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引用次数: 0
A convenient strategy for mitigating microplastics in wastewater treatment using natural light and ZnO nanoparticles as photocatalysts: A mechanistic study 利用自然光和氧化锌纳米粒子作为光催化剂,在废水处理中减少微塑料的便捷策略:机理研究。
IF 3.5 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2024.104436
Jeyaraj Jeyavani , Khalid A. Al-Ghanim , Marimuthu Govindarajan , Guilherme Malafaia , Baskaralingam Vaseeharan
Polypropylene microplastics (PPMPs) are one of the major emerging contaminants in the ecosystem due to their frequent usage and improper disposal practices. These PPMPs enter ecosystems via wastewater effluent plants and cause severe environmental health issues. In addition, quantifying PPMPs smaller than 50 μm in wastewater plant extraction is very difficult. Thus, the current study was designed to mitigate the PPMPs using zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) as a photocatalyst under sunlight. The photocatalytic reaction was examined using spectroscopic techniques and microscopic imaging. The findings indicated that the weight loss percentage of PPMPs increased, and a decrease in UV–Vis DRS peak intensities was observed. The spectroscopic results elucidated the formation of free radicals, which affect the PPMPs and lead to the formation of carbonyl, allylic, and unsaturated groups. Further, EDS reports clarified that there is increased oxygen content due to the photooxidation process and the disintegration of the polymer chain owing to decreased carbon levels. Overall, ZnO photocatalyst absorbs photons from the visible spectrum of sunlight and forms free radicals, which affect the PPMPs to initiate polymer deterioration. Also, the current study revealed the mechanistic pathway of PPMP degradation under the photocatalytic reaction as proposed in the results obtained above.
聚丙烯微塑料(PPMP)是生态系统中新出现的主要污染物之一,原因在于其频繁使用和不当的处置方式。这些 PPMP 通过污水处理厂进入生态系统,造成严重的环境健康问题。此外,对污水厂提取物中小于 50 μm 的 PPMP 进行量化非常困难。因此,本研究旨在利用氧化锌纳米颗粒(ZnONPs)作为光催化剂,在阳光下减轻 PPMPs 的影响。利用光谱技术和显微成像技术对光催化反应进行了检测。研究结果表明,PPMPs 的失重率增加,紫外可见 DRS 峰强度降低。光谱结果表明,自由基的形成影响了 PPMP,并导致羰基、烯丙基和不饱和基团的形成。此外,EDS 报告表明,光氧化过程导致氧含量增加,碳含量减少导致聚合物链解体。总之,氧化锌光催化剂吸收太阳光可见光谱中的光子并形成自由基,从而影响 PPMP,导致聚合物劣化。此外,本次研究还揭示了上述结果中提出的光催化反应下 PPMP 降解的机理途径。
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引用次数: 0
A numerical investigation to assess changes to displacement front and by-passed zones employing kinetic interface-sensitive tracer 利用动力学界面敏感示踪剂评估位移前沿和旁通区变化的数值研究
IF 3.5 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2024.104435
H. Abdullah , H. Gao , M. Sauter , A. Tatomir

An important aspect in groundwater remediation is to understand changes of multiphase fluid front morphology and stagnant regions on macro scale. However, the prediction of those changes during two-phase flow remains a challenging task due to the interplay of various physical factors. Recent laboratory experiments have demonstrated tracers' ability to predict deformation in the front of a two-phase flow system by utilizing a new reactive tracer known as, the kinetic interface sensitive tracer (KIS). This research employs a reactive transport model coupled with a macro-scale two-phase flow model to numerically analyse how viscosity ratio, capillary number, and heterogeneities on the tracer's signal and its impact the frontal deformation. One homogeneous and two heterogeneous types of porous media are considered. The background porous medium is a fine-grained, low-permeability medium, with a coarser, high-permeability lenses, generating heterogeneous material properties. The high-permeability lenses account for 25 % of the total model area and are arranged in either periodic or random patterns. The findings are evaluated using four parameters (effective front length, swept area, front roughness, and transition zone length). The flow patterns dominating the shape of the front are characterized by the viscous and capillary forces i.e. capillary number and the viscosity ratio between the two fluids. The results show that changes in flow regimes can be quantified using effective front length, thus employing the effective front length the viscous fingering regions can be quantified. Furthermore, front roughness and transition zone length are extracted and their relevance to the by-passed zones is presented. The slope of the reactive KIS tracer breakthrough curve, plotted on a phase diagram, can also be used to predict the existence of the by-passed zones for a low viscosity ratio. Finally, changes in front roughness and transition zone length induced by the inclusions are correlated to the slope of the KIS tracer BTC. The findings of this study can contribute to a better understanding of the impact of different flow regimes on the KIS tracer breakthrough signals and the linkages between the tracer signals and the front sizes.

地下水修复的一个重要方面是了解多相流体前沿形态和停滞区域在宏观尺度上的变化。然而,由于各种物理因素的相互作用,预测两相流动过程中的这些变化仍然是一项具有挑战性的任务。最近的实验室实验证明了示踪剂预测两相流系统前沿变形的能力,该示踪剂是一种新型的反应性示踪剂,被称为动力学界面敏感示踪剂(KIS)。这项研究利用反应性传输模型与宏观尺度两相流模型相结合,对粘度比、毛细管数和异质性如何影响示踪剂信号及其对前端变形的影响进行了数值分析。研究考虑了一种均质和两种异质多孔介质。背景多孔介质是一种细粒度、低渗透性介质,具有较粗粒度、高渗透性透镜体,产生异质材料特性。高渗透透镜占模型总面积的 25%,以周期或随机模式排列。研究结果通过四个参数(有效前沿长度、横扫面积、前沿粗糙度和过渡区长度)进行评估。主导前沿形状的流动模式由粘滞力和毛细力(即毛细管数和两种流体之间的粘度比)决定。结果表明,流态的变化可以用有效前沿长度来量化,因此可以用有效前沿长度来量化粘性指状区域。此外,还提取了前沿粗糙度和过渡区长度,并介绍了它们与旁通区的相关性。绘制在相图上的反应性 KIS 示踪剂突破曲线的斜率也可用于预测低粘度比时旁通区的存在。最后,夹杂物引起的前端粗糙度和过渡区长度的变化与 KIS 示踪剂突破曲线的斜率相关。这项研究的结果有助于更好地理解不同流动状态对 KIS 示踪剂突破信号的影响,以及示踪剂信号与前沿尺寸之间的联系。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of contaminant hydrology
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