Taikong Blue Lavender Essential Oil (TLEO) is derived from a proprietary space-bred cultivar of Lavandula angustifolia and cultivated under pristine conditions in Xinjiang, China. TLEO has long been used by regional people to treat various skin disorders such as hyperpigmentation, trans-epidermal water loss, collagen degradation, and poor wound healing. Despite the ethnopharmacological applications of TLEO, the molecular basis of its dermatological efficacy remains poorly defined.
This study integrated network pharmacology, molecular docking, and in vitro assays to systematically investigate how TLEO works against inflammatory skin conditions, focusing on its key compounds and biological targets.
A total of 66 skin disorder-related genes were identified through network pharmacology, with gene enrichment analyses highlighting the TNF signaling pathway as a critical mediator. Protein–protein interaction analysis revealed MMP9, EGFR, and PTGS2 as core targets. Molecular docking confirmed that linalool and linalyl acetate, the primary constituents of TLEO, exhibited moderate binding affinities with these targets. In vitro experiments using TNF-α-stimulated HaCaT cells demonstrated that treatment with 0.01% TLEO significantly (p < 0.05) reduced oxidative stress markers (NO, ROS, MDA), restored antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT), and downregulated inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8). TLEO also inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and NF-κB p65, suppressed PTGS2 and MMP9 expression, and restored EGFR levels, indicating anti-inflammatory and barrier-restorative functions.
The study establishes a scientific foundation for the use of TLEO as a multifunctional ingredient in dermatological applications and highlights its value as a sustainable crop for regional economic development in Xinjiang.
Hyperpigmentation disorders, including melasma and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH), are common dermatologic conditions associated with significant cosmetic and psychological burden. Tranexamic acid (TXA), an antifibrinolytic agent, has gained increasing attention due to its anti-inflammatory and antimelanogenic properties.
To review the current evidence on the efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid in the management of hyperpigmentation disorders, particularly melasma and PIH.
A narrative literature review was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar to identify clinical and observational studies evaluating the efficacy, safety, and comparative outcomes of oral, topical, and intradermal tranexamic acid in hyperpigmentation disorders. Data were descriptively analyzed with comparison to standard treatments such as hydroquinone and laser therapies.
Evidence from randomized and comparative studies demonstrates that oral, topical, and intradermal TXA significantly reduce pigmentation indices and improve quality-of-life scores in patients with melasma and PIH. Oral TXA at doses of 250–500 mg twice daily showed sustained clinical improvement with minimal adverse effects, most commonly mild gastrointestinal symptoms and menstrual irregularities. Topical and intradermal formulations demonstrated comparable or superior efficacy to hydroquinone with fewer irritant reactions. Combination therapies (e.g., TXA with hydroquinone or laser) yielded enhanced and longer-lasting outcomes.
Tranexamic acid represents a promising and well-tolerated therapeutic option for hyperpigmentation disorders. Its efficacy across multiple administration routes, favorable safety profile, and synergistic potential with existing therapies support its expanding role as both a primary and adjunctive treatment in dermatologic pigment management.
Phenol-croton peels are the gold standard for treating sun-damaged skin and static wrinkles; their long-term outcomes and patient satisfaction rates have yet to be thoroughly investigated.
To evaluate patient satisfaction and both short- and long-term cutaneous side effects in individuals undergoing phenol-croton peels.
This retrospective cohort study analyzed 102 female patients who underwent phenol-croton peels and were followed up until 3 months after the procedure to assess short-term side effects and to identify any long-term side effects that persisted beyond this period. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to assess patient satisfaction and long-term cutaneous side effects.
Ninety-two percent of patients rated their satisfaction as 4 or 5. Persistent cutaneous side effects were observed in 12% of cases (hypopigmentation: 6, hyperpigmentation: 5, dryness: 1). Despite mild hypopigmentation, five patients expressed willingness to undergo the procedure again. In the univariate analyses, full-face treatment, increasing age, and the absence of cutaneous side effects were significantly associated with higher satisfaction scores (p < 0.05). In the multivariate model, age and the absence of cutaneous side effects remained independently and significantly associated with the outcome. Full-face treatment, although not statistically significant in the final model, showed a trend toward association and contributed to the overall adjustment. Notably, cutaneous side effects decreased at follow-up performed at least 15 months after the procedure compared to follow-up conducted within 3 months post-procedure (p = 0.039).
Phenol-croton peels demonstrated high satisfaction rates despite occasional prolonged cutaneous side effects. However, these side effects significantly decreased at ≥ 15 months post-procedure compared to ≤ 3 months post-procedure. Careful patient selection and expertise in performing this procedure remain crucial for optimizing outcomes.
Intense pulsed light (IPL) therapy is widely used for facial rejuvenation, targeting vascular, pigmentary, and textural changes. However, comprehensive, real-world evidence evaluating long-term, regular IPL treatment across multiple dimensions of skin improvement remains limited.
This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of long-term, regular IPL therapy in improving facial erythema, pigmentation, and wrinkles, and to identify predictors of favorable response.
This retrospective real-world study included 236 patients who underwent six or more IPL sessions between 2020 and 2025. Patients were categorized as acne, rosacea, or cosmetic subjects. VISIA imaging quantified erythema, pigmentation, and wrinkle indices, while the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS) was used to assess aesthetic outcomes. Logistic regression identified predictors of good response.
Significant improvements were observed in erythema, pigmentation, and wrinkle indices after treatment (all p < 0.05). Regular treatment intervals and total number of sessions were independently associated with better outcomes (OR = 13.62 and 3.80, respectively, both p < 0.05). Patients with Fitzpatrick Type IV skin showed lower response rates (OR = 0.12, p = 0.001). VISIA analyses demonstrated quantifiable reductions in erythema and pigmentation areas, while wrinkles showed notable textural improvement. No severe adverse events occurred.
Long-term, regular IPL therapy effectively improves facial erythema, pigmentation, and wrinkles, confirming its value as a comprehensive rejuvenation strategy. Regular treatment intervals optimize cumulative effects, while objective imaging enhances precision in outcome evaluation. These findings support IPL as a safe, evidence-based, and multidimensional approach to long-term facial rejuvenation.
The hybrid injectable HA-CaHA contains a formulated matrix of crosslinked hyaluronic acid (HA) gel with embedded calcium hydroxyapatite (CaHA) microspheres to increase skin elasticity and hydration as well as promote neocollagenesis, respectively. Clinical practice recommendations for use of HA-CaHA are limited.
The objective of this article was to provide global recommendations on safe and effective practices for injecting HA-CaHA.
An expert panel consisting of eight international consultants was invited to discuss and provide best-practice recommendations on HA-CaHA patient selection, skin laxity assessment, injection techniques, touch-up/retreatment practices, combination treatment protocols, and safety considerations.
The expert panel recommended using HA-CaHA for structural support and soft tissue repositioning in patients with skin laxity, sagginess, and mild to moderate loss of volume and contour. They also recommended defining injection entry points by referring to the line of ligaments and the zygomatic arch and keeping injections in the lateral and thus less mobile areas of the face. Experts advised using a cannula instead of a needle, retreating only if mild to moderate skin laxity recurs, and injecting in small volumes. Measures to minimize potential side effects, including injection site responses, were discussed.
Expert clinical recommendations affirm the safe and effective use of HA-CaHA to improve soft tissue quality over time.
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