Pub Date : 2017-11-01DOI: 10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282425
N. Isherwood, M. Rahman, A. Oo
This paper presents a multi-agent based protection scheme for reconfiguring and restoring the service of distribution feeders through effective fault diagnosis technique. Short-circuit faults occur frequently in power distribution networks and in such a condition, a proper fault detection is very important to either recover the system from collapse or reconfigure and restore the system after an outage. The detection of multiple fault locations in distribution feeders is challenging and time consuming tasks. In this paper, a hierarchy of relay agents and configuration agent is developed to coordinate the protection system operation. The relay agents contribute to the fault detection and isolation processes whereas the configuration agent reconfigures the system to restore maximum possible loads through effective relay coordination via information exchange. An 11 kV open ring distribution feeder is considered as test bed to evaluate the performance. The simulation results indicate that the proposed method can identify multiple faults in the system accurately and reconfigure the system during the event of faults.
{"title":"Distribution feeder protection and reconfiguration using multi-agent approach","authors":"N. Isherwood, M. Rahman, A. Oo","doi":"10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282425","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282425","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a multi-agent based protection scheme for reconfiguring and restoring the service of distribution feeders through effective fault diagnosis technique. Short-circuit faults occur frequently in power distribution networks and in such a condition, a proper fault detection is very important to either recover the system from collapse or reconfigure and restore the system after an outage. The detection of multiple fault locations in distribution feeders is challenging and time consuming tasks. In this paper, a hierarchy of relay agents and configuration agent is developed to coordinate the protection system operation. The relay agents contribute to the fault detection and isolation processes whereas the configuration agent reconfigures the system to restore maximum possible loads through effective relay coordination via information exchange. An 11 kV open ring distribution feeder is considered as test bed to evaluate the performance. The simulation results indicate that the proposed method can identify multiple faults in the system accurately and reconfigure the system during the event of faults.","PeriodicalId":155608,"journal":{"name":"2017 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122197349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-01DOI: 10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282445
Maryam Moradi Far, E. Pashajavid, A. Ghosh
Voltage sag and voltage unbalance can be considered as the major power quality concerns in low voltage distribution networks. A dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is commonly used to provide voltage support for load buses containing critical loads. In practice, however, the limited power capacity of these devices can highly deteriorate the desirable regulation expected from them, especially under severe disturbances. This paper proposes an efficient fuzzy logic based capacity management scheme for DVRs in mitigating voltage disturbances. The strategy can appropriately organize the DVR operation complying with the features and priorities given by the designer. A novel approach to derive the compensation reference signals is presented in which the mitigation factors associated with the disturbances are adjusted by the fuzzy scheme. Further, a single-step prediction horizon technique is implemented to regulate the switching commands of the DVR. Various simulation cases are studied in MATLAB to demonstrate efficacy of the proposal.
{"title":"Power capacity management of dynamic voltage restorers used for voltage sag and unbalance compensation","authors":"Maryam Moradi Far, E. Pashajavid, A. Ghosh","doi":"10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282445","url":null,"abstract":"Voltage sag and voltage unbalance can be considered as the major power quality concerns in low voltage distribution networks. A dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is commonly used to provide voltage support for load buses containing critical loads. In practice, however, the limited power capacity of these devices can highly deteriorate the desirable regulation expected from them, especially under severe disturbances. This paper proposes an efficient fuzzy logic based capacity management scheme for DVRs in mitigating voltage disturbances. The strategy can appropriately organize the DVR operation complying with the features and priorities given by the designer. A novel approach to derive the compensation reference signals is presented in which the mitigation factors associated with the disturbances are adjusted by the fuzzy scheme. Further, a single-step prediction horizon technique is implemented to regulate the switching commands of the DVR. Various simulation cases are studied in MATLAB to demonstrate efficacy of the proposal.","PeriodicalId":155608,"journal":{"name":"2017 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134059701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-01DOI: 10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282428
Mohammad Seydali Seyf Abad, G. Verbič, Archie C. Chapman, Jin Ma
Steady state over-voltage is a bottleneck in distri-bution networks with high penetration of distributed generation (DG). This paper proposes a novel method based on linear programming (LP) to determine a very good approximation of the maximum DG penetration level in radial distribution networks. First, an analytical expression for maximum penetration level of one DG unit in a feeder is obtained. Then the feasible region for multiple DG units in a feeder is found. The proposed model is tested on two different grids, one of which is an agricultural feeder in Australia. The maximum penetration calculated by this model is compared with a comprehensive power flow method. The results confirm the accuracy of the proposed model. Finally, it is shown that increasing the number of DGs in a feeder may not increase the maximum penetration level.
{"title":"A linear method for determining the hosting capacity of radial distribution systems","authors":"Mohammad Seydali Seyf Abad, G. Verbič, Archie C. Chapman, Jin Ma","doi":"10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282428","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282428","url":null,"abstract":"Steady state over-voltage is a bottleneck in distri-bution networks with high penetration of distributed generation (DG). This paper proposes a novel method based on linear programming (LP) to determine a very good approximation of the maximum DG penetration level in radial distribution networks. First, an analytical expression for maximum penetration level of one DG unit in a feeder is obtained. Then the feasible region for multiple DG units in a feeder is found. The proposed model is tested on two different grids, one of which is an agricultural feeder in Australia. The maximum penetration calculated by this model is compared with a comprehensive power flow method. The results confirm the accuracy of the proposed model. Finally, it is shown that increasing the number of DGs in a feeder may not increase the maximum penetration level.","PeriodicalId":155608,"journal":{"name":"2017 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC)","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134536631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-01DOI: 10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282501
T. Vu, D. Robinson, V. Gosbell, S. Perera, R. Memisevic
Ensuring harmonic voltage distortion levels in transmission systems remain below acceptable levels relies on appropriate allocations of emissions to customer loads and bulk supply points. A number of practical issues have been identified with the existing harmonic allocation method for transmission systems in the technical report IEC/TR 61000-3-6:2008, Ed.2: the method to assess the total available power of a busbar, a key component to harmonic allocations, is not intuitive and there is a lack of clarity in the report; the method for sharing planning levels also does not allow unused spare capacity at a busbar to be shared with other busbars in the network to increase their global contribution; and the method for allocation of individual limits does not account for the size and harmonic emission of existing loads connected to a busbar. This paper analyses these issues in detail and proposes some clarification and amendments required for the existing allocation method. A simplified transmission network is provided to clarify how total available power can be assessed, how individual limits can be allocated for multiple loads connected to the same busbar, and to demonstrate that a significant increase in global contribution and subsequently higher individual limits can be achieved.
{"title":"Proposed amendment to IEC/TR 61000.3.6:2008 for harmonic allocation to loads in transmission systems","authors":"T. Vu, D. Robinson, V. Gosbell, S. Perera, R. Memisevic","doi":"10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282501","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282501","url":null,"abstract":"Ensuring harmonic voltage distortion levels in transmission systems remain below acceptable levels relies on appropriate allocations of emissions to customer loads and bulk supply points. A number of practical issues have been identified with the existing harmonic allocation method for transmission systems in the technical report IEC/TR 61000-3-6:2008, Ed.2: the method to assess the total available power of a busbar, a key component to harmonic allocations, is not intuitive and there is a lack of clarity in the report; the method for sharing planning levels also does not allow unused spare capacity at a busbar to be shared with other busbars in the network to increase their global contribution; and the method for allocation of individual limits does not account for the size and harmonic emission of existing loads connected to a busbar. This paper analyses these issues in detail and proposes some clarification and amendments required for the existing allocation method. A simplified transmission network is provided to clarify how total available power can be assessed, how individual limits can be allocated for multiple loads connected to the same busbar, and to demonstrate that a significant increase in global contribution and subsequently higher individual limits can be achieved.","PeriodicalId":155608,"journal":{"name":"2017 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC)","volume":"414 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133124420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-01DOI: 10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282462
M. H. Moghaddam, Akhtar Kalam, J. Shi, M. R. Miveh, P. Peidaee
Optimal design of the hybrid power system (HPS) comprising wind turbines, solar arrays and battery storage is proposed in this paper. The main purpose is to develop an effective method for optimizing the size of HPSs considering reliability indices and power balance constraint. A new metaheuristic nature-inspired algorithm, called firefly algorithm (FA) is utilized to achieve these objectives. The results are compared with those obtained by alternative techniques proposed in the literature in order to show that the proposed algorithm is capable of yielding better optimal solutions. The simulation results show that the FA optimization method achieves better results than the alternative optimization methods.
{"title":"Supplying the load by the optimization of a stand-alone hybrid power system using firefly algorithm considering reliability indices","authors":"M. H. Moghaddam, Akhtar Kalam, J. Shi, M. R. Miveh, P. Peidaee","doi":"10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282462","url":null,"abstract":"Optimal design of the hybrid power system (HPS) comprising wind turbines, solar arrays and battery storage is proposed in this paper. The main purpose is to develop an effective method for optimizing the size of HPSs considering reliability indices and power balance constraint. A new metaheuristic nature-inspired algorithm, called firefly algorithm (FA) is utilized to achieve these objectives. The results are compared with those obtained by alternative techniques proposed in the literature in order to show that the proposed algorithm is capable of yielding better optimal solutions. The simulation results show that the FA optimization method achieves better results than the alternative optimization methods.","PeriodicalId":155608,"journal":{"name":"2017 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC)","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133320657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-01DOI: 10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282434
A. Ganeshan, D. G. Holmes, Lasantha Gunaruwan Meegahapola, B. Mcgrath
Renewable energy generation based microgrids have significantly increased their share of total energy production in recent times, and this is now leading to major restructuring of traditional electrical grid infrastructures. One critical issue is the intermittency of the available power from renewable energy sources, which has made energy storage systems (ESSs) an important component for microgrids. A hydrogen based energy storage system, consisting of an electrolyser, a hydrogen storage tank and a fuel-cell, is particularly attractive in this context since it can directly store energy from PV sources. This paper now explores the possibility of utilizing the electrolyser of this system for fast response short term energy storage to help support momentary power imbalance within the microgrid. This avoids the extra cost incurred by using more conventional fast storage elements, such as batteries or supercapacitors, and thus offers a more sustainable approach for a microgrid system.
{"title":"Enhanced control of a hydrogen energy storage system in a microgrid","authors":"A. Ganeshan, D. G. Holmes, Lasantha Gunaruwan Meegahapola, B. Mcgrath","doi":"10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282434","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282434","url":null,"abstract":"Renewable energy generation based microgrids have significantly increased their share of total energy production in recent times, and this is now leading to major restructuring of traditional electrical grid infrastructures. One critical issue is the intermittency of the available power from renewable energy sources, which has made energy storage systems (ESSs) an important component for microgrids. A hydrogen based energy storage system, consisting of an electrolyser, a hydrogen storage tank and a fuel-cell, is particularly attractive in this context since it can directly store energy from PV sources. This paper now explores the possibility of utilizing the electrolyser of this system for fast response short term energy storage to help support momentary power imbalance within the microgrid. This avoids the extra cost incurred by using more conventional fast storage elements, such as batteries or supercapacitors, and thus offers a more sustainable approach for a microgrid system.","PeriodicalId":155608,"journal":{"name":"2017 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131940486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-01DOI: 10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282380
Donald Azuatalam, G. Verbič, Archie C. Chapman
In this paper, the impacts of different network tariffs on the consumption pattern of electricity consumers/prosumers and the resultant effects on the distribution network is evaluated. A home energy management system (HEMS) based mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed for 39 customers connected to a low voltage (LV) residential feeder to analyse the impacts of demand and energy-based tariffs on network performance. Results show that tariffs with a peak-demand component perform better in terms of electricity cost reduction for the customer, as well as in reducing peak demand and line loading for networks with high PV-battery penetration levels.
{"title":"Impacts of network tariffs on distribution network power flows","authors":"Donald Azuatalam, G. Verbič, Archie C. Chapman","doi":"10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282380","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the impacts of different network tariffs on the consumption pattern of electricity consumers/prosumers and the resultant effects on the distribution network is evaluated. A home energy management system (HEMS) based mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is developed for 39 customers connected to a low voltage (LV) residential feeder to analyse the impacts of demand and energy-based tariffs on network performance. Results show that tariffs with a peak-demand component perform better in terms of electricity cost reduction for the customer, as well as in reducing peak demand and line loading for networks with high PV-battery penetration levels.","PeriodicalId":155608,"journal":{"name":"2017 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC)","volume":"33 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127741143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-01DOI: 10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282508
Thomas Power, G. Verbič
This paper presents a framework for generating synthetic residential solar generation profiles. Using the Dirichlet process, characteristics can be clustered and assigned to unobservable connections in a network. This approach retains the variance of this assignment introduced by sparse data, and allows for profiles to be generated specific to individual characteristics. It is also demonstrated that a Markov process modelling changing solar irradiance can be defined from existing solar generation data, rather than specific solar irradiance data in the event that it is not available. This model was applied to data sourced from Ausgrid's Smart Grid, Smart City Program, and a limited initial application found that profiles specific to assigned characteristics could be generated successfully.
{"title":"A nonparametric Bayesian model for forecasting residential solar generation","authors":"Thomas Power, G. Verbič","doi":"10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282508","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a framework for generating synthetic residential solar generation profiles. Using the Dirichlet process, characteristics can be clustered and assigned to unobservable connections in a network. This approach retains the variance of this assignment introduced by sparse data, and allows for profiles to be generated specific to individual characteristics. It is also demonstrated that a Markov process modelling changing solar irradiance can be defined from existing solar generation data, rather than specific solar irradiance data in the event that it is not available. This model was applied to data sourced from Ausgrid's Smart Grid, Smart City Program, and a limited initial application found that profiles specific to assigned characteristics could be generated successfully.","PeriodicalId":155608,"journal":{"name":"2017 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC)","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129267835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-01DOI: 10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282509
Vanika Sharma, M. H. Haque, S. M. Aziz
Recent reduction in feed-in-tariff makes the installation of residential rooftop solar photovoltaic system unattractive without having suitable battery energy storage system. This paper describes a technique of determining the optimal size of battery storage for a typical residential home in South Australia with grid connected rooftop solar photovoltaic system. An optimization problem is carefully formulated to determine the optimal size of the battery while minimizing the total life cycle cost of the system. Hourly load data as well hourly solar output data for various ratings of the PV systems are used. The optimal size of battery is also determined for different retail prices of grid electricity. The results obtained are then carefully analyzed and discussed. It has been found that, with current retail price of electricity in South Australia, installation of battery storage is becoming more beneficial and crosses the economic breakeven point.
{"title":"Optimal battery size for grid connected rooftop solar photovoltaic systems in South Australia","authors":"Vanika Sharma, M. H. Haque, S. M. Aziz","doi":"10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282509","url":null,"abstract":"Recent reduction in feed-in-tariff makes the installation of residential rooftop solar photovoltaic system unattractive without having suitable battery energy storage system. This paper describes a technique of determining the optimal size of battery storage for a typical residential home in South Australia with grid connected rooftop solar photovoltaic system. An optimization problem is carefully formulated to determine the optimal size of the battery while minimizing the total life cycle cost of the system. Hourly load data as well hourly solar output data for various ratings of the PV systems are used. The optimal size of battery is also determined for different retail prices of grid electricity. The results obtained are then carefully analyzed and discussed. It has been found that, with current retail price of electricity in South Australia, installation of battery storage is becoming more beneficial and crosses the economic breakeven point.","PeriodicalId":155608,"journal":{"name":"2017 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC)","volume":"54 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115156300","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-11-01DOI: 10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282500
M. Nizami, Jahangir Hossain
This paper presents an optimal scheduling model for Demand Response (DR) based Home Energy Management System (HEMS) that schedules residential electrical appliances and Distributed Energy Resource (DER) units for active residential consumers. The scheduling problem is formulated using Mixed-Integer Linear Programing (MILP). The primary objective of the proposed model is to minimize the electricity expenditure of the consumer while maintaining an optimal comfort level. Grid reliability criteria have also been incorporated into the optimization constraints to address the issue of rebound peaks and voltage-level violation in distribution grids which may arise due to large-scale adoption of DR-based HEMS. The proposed HEMS model is simulated and verified with a case study for a typical house, and the simulation showed positive results with up to 18% energy expenditure savings for the consumer.
{"title":"Optimal scheduling of electrical appliances and DER units for home energy management system","authors":"M. Nizami, Jahangir Hossain","doi":"10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282500","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an optimal scheduling model for Demand Response (DR) based Home Energy Management System (HEMS) that schedules residential electrical appliances and Distributed Energy Resource (DER) units for active residential consumers. The scheduling problem is formulated using Mixed-Integer Linear Programing (MILP). The primary objective of the proposed model is to minimize the electricity expenditure of the consumer while maintaining an optimal comfort level. Grid reliability criteria have also been incorporated into the optimization constraints to address the issue of rebound peaks and voltage-level violation in distribution grids which may arise due to large-scale adoption of DR-based HEMS. The proposed HEMS model is simulated and verified with a case study for a typical house, and the simulation showed positive results with up to 18% energy expenditure savings for the consumer.","PeriodicalId":155608,"journal":{"name":"2017 Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126276881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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