Journal of Education and Health Promotion最新文献

Background: Clinical education is a crucial component of the medical education system, providing essential opportunities to enhance students' clinical competence and skills. In light of the numerous challenges in the clinical environment of the operating room, this study was conducted to compare the impact of team-based and mastery-based learning methods on the student's clinical competence and their evaluation.

Materials and methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 6^th-semester operating room technology students at Hamadan University of Medical Sciences in 2023. In this study, students were selected by the convenience sampling method and were placed in two educational groups (team-based and mastery-based) of 31 people by the matching method. After implementing the training process in the operating room environment, the data related to the study were collected from Liu et al.'s clinical competence questionnaire and clinical assessment checklist of operating room nursing students.

Results: Findings showed that implementing the team-based learning method significantly affected students' clinical competence (P value = 0.012). Also, utilizing a mastery-based learning method compared to a team-based one had a significantly greater impact on the level of clinical skills and evaluation of students (P value = 0.007).

Conclusion: The results of this study have practical implications for clinical instructors and higher education institutions. Clinical instructors are advised to adopt a team-based learning method to enhance the student's clinical competence in the operating room. Furthermore, higher education institutions are encouraged to provide adequate resources and make essential efforts to modernize educational methods in clinical environments, thereby empowering students and improving the quality of healthcare.

Background: Pregnancy is associated with several transient hormonal changes that not only affect the patient's health but also their relations with others in their surroundings. The alterations in the hormonal levels may affect the oral as well as systemic health of the individual during pregnancy. The present study aimed to evaluate oral health during pregnancy using a maternal oral screening (MOS) tool.

Materials and methods: This multicenter, cross-sectional, prospective study was conducted in the Gynaecology outpatient department after obtaining Ethical clearance from the Institutional Ethics Committee. The total sample size was 100 pregnant women who were selected in a random manner. The oral health of pregnant female subjects was assessed using a "14-item" OHIP questionnaire along with clinical oral examination. The study data were analyzed using the statistical software SPSS version 20.0 (IBM, NY, US). Descriptive statistics data were observed as mean, standard deviation (SD), and percentages. Statistical association evaluation was done by the "Chi-square" statistical tool. 'P' values lower than 0.05 were statistically significant.

Results: On analyzing the MOS tool, 23.1% had dental problems, whereas 54% visited a dentist during the past year. 34% subjects were "at risk" of poor oral health. The analytical tools reported high sensitivity (75-90%) and low specificity (13-18%) of the MOS tool for the detection of pregnant women who are at risk of developing poor oral health. On comparing the MOS tool with OHIP-14, Item 1 of MOS demonstrated the highest sensitivity (84.3%), whereas Item 2 demonstrated only 52.2% specificity. On combining item numbers 1 and 2, sensitivity was found to increase up to 95.7% but a decrease in specificity was noted. On comparing the MOS tool and clinical oral/dental examination, combining items 1 and 2 resulted in the highest sensitivity (97.2%). On combining items 1 and 2 of the MOS tool, low specificity (12%) for dental assessment and OHIP-14 (17.1%) was obtained.

Conclusion: The MOS tool can be used for evaluating the oral health status in pregnant females. The present study highlights the importance of conserving oral health during pregnancy.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought to light the significant challenge of vaccine non-acceptance among certain individuals. Understanding the impact of demographic characteristics on individuals' vaccination intentions is crucial for effectively addressing the issue of vaccine hesitancy. The objective of this study was to investigate the predictive factors of COVID-19 vaccine behavioral intention among unvaccinated students.

Materials and methods: This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in the academic year 2021-2022. A localized online questionnaire based on the integrated theoretical framework was sent to participants via social media. A total of 432 unvaccinated students (66.5% female and 33.5% male) participated in this study. The questionnaire consisted of sections of demographic information, integration of the health belief model (HBM), extended parallel model (EPPM), and theory of planned behavior (TPB), and the messages received by participants about the Covid-19 vaccine that changed their minds about vaccination. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, and Chi-square tests were performed with SPSS 24.0 for Windows. α was considered to be 0.05.

Results: Most respondents intended to get vaccinated. All exogenous latent variables were positively associated with vaccination intention. There were notable variations in the perceived susceptibility to and fear of COVID-19 based on gender characteristics. Educational level and age were significantly associated with some of the latent variables such as response efficacy and perceived susceptibility. The study shed light on the key messages that influenced our participants' vaccine-related beliefs and attitudes. Notably, concerns were raised regarding "possible future side effects," the "presence of smart chips in the vaccine," the "lack of research, evidence, and WHO approval for emergency use," as well as "political issues."

Conclusion: These findings can lead to a better understanding of the psychosocial factors underlying vaccine acceptance and assist public health agencies in developing educational programs specifically designed to promote student awareness of vaccination in pandemic situations.

Background: Problem-based learning (PBL) as a teaching methodology not only increases students' knowledge, but also fosters their critical thinking skills (CTS). We aimed to examine the impact of PBL regarding the enhancement of CTS, the acquisition of knowledge, and the perceptions of nursing students.

Materials and methods: This quasi-experimental research was carried out in 2023 using a single-group pretest-posttest design. Individuals involved were 36 third-year bachelor of science nursing students from Sirjan School of Medical Sciences, Sirjan, Iran, through census sapling. Experimental intervention was the practice of a problem-centered learning approach for ten classroom sessions. Data were gathered at baseline and subsequently after the intervention through valid and reliable questionnaires. Students' perceptions of PBL experience (n = 10) were obtained through a focus group discussion (FGD). For quantitative data, frequency count, mean, and standard deviation were used for the description of variables. Also, two independent samples t, paired t, Mann-Whitney U, and Wilcoxon tests were employed for inferential statistics. Qualitative data were examined through content analysis according to Graneheim and Lundman.

Results: Quantitative analysis proved that there was a statistically meaningful difference in pre-test and post-test scores in relation to CTS (71.76 ± 7.80 vs. 130.35 ± 9.71), and knowledge acquisition (8.94 ± 2.06 vs. 12.25 ± 2.34), respectively. Also, the same statistically significant trend was observed between male and female participants (P = 0.001). Qualitative data revealed that PBL has an influence on student engagement, motivation, and feedback, and makes students active and lifelong learners.

Conclusions: It was found that problem-based learning has significant positive effects on the critical thinking and knowledge acquisition of nursing students. Therefore, problem-based learning can be used in nursing education for effective and proper training.

Background: Mental health problems, including depression, are common among parents of individuals with disabilities. Therefore, the current study aimed to identify the prevalence of depression among parents of individuals with disabilities and explore the impact of certain factors on it, such as the type of disability, age of the individual with disabilities, the number of individuals with disabilities in the family, and the gender of the individuals with disabilities.

Materials and methods: A descriptive research method was utilized in the study. The study participants were 403 parents, including 327 parents of individuals with disabilities (119 fathers and 208 mothers), and 76 parents of individuals without disabilities (34 fathers and 42 mothers) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II).

Results: The results revealed that the prevalence of depression among parents of individuals with disabilities was 38.5% in general, with higher rates among mothers (45.2%) compared to fathers (26.9%). The study also found that parents of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) had higher rates of depression (58.5%). Furthermore, the results indicated that the type of disability had a significant impact on parental depression, while factors such as the number of individuals with disabilities within the family, the gender of the individual with a disability, and the age of the individuals with disabilities did not.

Conclusion: The study recommends further research on parental depression using larger samples and focusing on specific disability categories to gain a clearer understanding of the situation for different groups of parents.

Background: Weight-related body image concerns significantly impact mental health and weight management in young adults (YAs) and are shaped by cultural, societal, and digital factors. Despite the prevalence of these issues, few studies have explored them in this demographic. This study utilizes a validated tool to examine key aspects of weight-related body image concerns in YAs.

Materials and methods: A cross-sectional analytical survey was conducted using a pre-validated tool, in the outpatient settings of a tertiary healthcare in India. Snowball and purposive sampling techniques were employed, and data were analyzed using STATA/SE version 14.2.

Results: A total of 1071 YAs (mean age: 22.3 ± 3.5 years) were selected, mostly from middle-income groups (61.9%) and students (63.6%), with a slight female predominance (57.1%). The prevalence of obesity was 25.2%, underweight was 11.5%, and moderate to severe body concerns were present in half of the obese (49.6%) and underweight participants (47.1%), with severe issues highest in obese YAs. Regression analysis showed increased odds of body image issues in the underweight (OR: 1.89 [1.29-2.76], P < 0.001) and obese categories (OR: 2.89 [2.18-3.83], P < 0.001). Subdomain analysis revealed that self-consciousness (P < 0.001) and lack of confidence (P < 0.001) were highest in obese YAs, while anxiety (P < 0.001), loneliness (P < 0.01), and embarrassment (P < 0.001) were highest in the underweight group.

Conclusion: The study highlights the high prevalence of weight-related body image concerns in YAs, with underweight, overweight, and obese individuals experiencing significant distress. The findings emphasize the need for culturally tailored interventions to improve mental health in YAs with obesity.

Background: As individuals age, the functionality of internal organs declines. Gastrointestinal disorders are prevalent in elderlies and significantly impact their caregivers. Hence, this research examined the impact of the 5A self-management care model on the caregiver's care burden in aged with peptic ulcers.

Materials and methods: In 2024 in Ilam (Iran), a double-blind randomized controlled trial was done on seventy informal elderly caregivers who were randomly divided into control and intervention groups with permuted blocks. The participants in the intervention group received eight weeks of the 5A care model, but the control group just implemented routine care. The Zarit Burden Index was completed before and two weeks after the end of the intervention. Statistical tests included the Chi-square, paired t, and, independent t in the level of significance considered less than 0.05 and analyzed in SPSS V.16.

Results: The mean and standard deviation of the age of the caregivers who finished the study were 42.11 ± 5.37. The mean and standard deviation score of the caregiver's care burden improved in the intervention group but decayed in the control group (P = 0.011). Before the intervention, no significant difference was observed between both groups in the caregiver's scores; However, there was a significant difference two weeks after the end of the intervention (P = 0.028).

Conclusion: Implementing the 5A self-management care model reduces the burden of care for the caregivers of elderly people with peptic ulcers. So, this care model minimizes the pressure on the caregiver in social, personal, emotional, and economic dimensions.

Background: Brucellosis is a major bacterial infectious disease common to human beings and animals. It is considered a prevalent infection in developing countries. The present research was carried out to explore the effect of an educational intervention based on the protection motivation theory (PMT) on brucellosis preventive behaviors in rural residents over 20 years of age.

Materials and methods: The present quasiexperimental study was conducted in 2022-23 on 96 rural residents of Mashhad, selected through a cluster sampling. The data collection instrument was a standard questionnaire to measure protection motivation including demographic variables, knowledge, and PMT constructs. The intervention and control groups completed the questionnaire immediately after and 3 months after the intervention. Five training sessions were held for the intervention group as lecture, group discussion, Q and A, and brainstorming. Data analysis was done in SPSS25 using repeated-measures analysis of variance, independent-samples T-test, Mann-Whitney U-test, and Chi-square tests.

Results: The results of analyzing knowledge showed that the mean score of knowledge in the intervention group increased from 47.16 ± 8.3 to 74.79 ± 1.69 immediately after intervention and increased to 74.18 ± 2.63 3 months after the intervention (P < 0.001). However, no significant increase was observed in the control group (P = 0.387). The results showed that the mean score of protection motivation in the intervention group increased from 38.93 ± 10.08 to 55.52 ± 5.11 (P < 0.001). However, no significant increase was observed in the control group (P = 0.510). As the findings showed, the mean score of preventive behavior in the intervention group increased from 59.31 ± 13.05 to 87.38 ± 5.33 (P < 0.001). Yet, no significant difference was found in the control group (P = 0.750).

Conclusion: The present findings showed that an educational intervention based on PMT can improve brucellosis preventive behaviors; therefore, health officials are advised to use theory-based educational interventions to prevent brucellosis in rural residents to reduce the incidence of this disease.

Background: Children's health affects all aspects of family health, and mental disorders add to the care burden of families. To provide care to these children, it is essential to empower families, which can increase their competencies. Considering this issue, the present study will be conducted with the aim of designing and developing an empowerment program for families of children with mental disorders.

Materials and methods: This mixed-method study was conducted in three phases. To develop a family empowerment program, in the first phase, a qualitative study is conducted via semistructured interviews to identify the needs of families of children with mental disorders. Data analysis will be performed via conventional content analysis via the Granheim and Landman method. The second phase will be carried out in three stages: reviewing the literature, prioritizing needs, and developing the initial version of the family empowerment program. In the third phase, the feasibility of the developed program will be evaluated via validated questionnaires before and 3 months after the intervention in two groups of families as a randomized field superiority trial study. In this step, the data will be analyzed via STATA 14 software. For the obtained data, descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations) and ANCOVA tests will be used to evaluate the results.

Discussion: Knowing the views of caregivers and people providing health services to children with mental disorders and their families to create a real and evidence-based empowerment plan, considering the sociocultural goals of society, can potentially help reduce the care burden of these families. The results of studies in this field can help policymakers improve access and equality, guarantee the uniformity of the quality of care, ensure the long-term durability of services, and correct the gaps in empowering families with children with mental disorders.