Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.12911/22998993/188689
Asif Iqbal, R. N. Abbas, Omar Mahmoud Al Zoubi, Muawya A. Alasasfa, Nasir Rahim, Mohammad Tarikuzzaman, S. Aydemir, Muhammad Aamir Iqbal
To prevent environmental pollution, promote ecological restoration and impart production sustainability in biomass crops, optimization of mineral fertilization regimes is strategically required under changing climatic scenarios. There exist research gaps regarding optimal use of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers for the fertilizer-responsive cultivars of forage legumes like cowpea under decreasing soil fertility in semi-arid regions. Therefore, a multi-year field experiment was executed to study yield attributes, green and dry matter yields along with nutritional quality attributes of forage cowpea. The treatments were comprised of different N-P-K levels viz. F 0 = (0-0-0), F 1 = (150-0-0 kg·ha -1 ), F 2 = (150-100-0 kg·ha -1 ) and F 3 = (150-100-100 kg·ha -1 ). The findings revealed that F 3 fertilization regime surpassed rest of treatments by recording the maximum plant population, plant height, leaf area index, plants fresh and dry weights, which led to the highest green forage yield (73% and 5.8% higher than control and following treatment of F 2 , respectively). For dry matter yield, all fertilization regimes performed better than control, however those were statistically at par to each other. Moreover, F 3 treatment exhibited 4.4% and 1.6% higher crude protein and ether extractable fat respectively, compared to the following treatment of F 2 treatment that remained at par with F 3 for total ash content. Contrastingly, the control treatment remained superior by giving the minimum crude fiber content which could be attributed to dwarf plants produced in the absence of fertilizers because stem length tends to contribute the major portion of fiber content in cowpea. Thus, 150-100-100 kg ·ha -1 N-P-K might be recommended to cowpea growers for boosting biomass productivity and nutritional quality, however further field investigations need to assess the impact of these fertilization regimes on biological N fixation process and solar radiation capture by cowpea plants under irrigated and dry semi-arid conditions.
为了防止环境污染、促进生态恢复和实现生物质能作物生产的可持续性，在不断变化的气候条件下，优化矿物肥料施用制度具有战略意义。在半干旱地区土壤肥力下降的情况下，对豇豆等牧草豆科作物肥料反应性栽培品种的氮肥、磷肥和钾肥的优化使用方面存在研究空白。因此，我们进行了一项多年田间试验，研究饲用豇豆的产量属性、绿色和干物质产量以及营养质量属性。试验处理包括不同的氮-磷-钾水平，即 F 0 = (0-0-0)、F 1 = (150-0-0 kg-ha -1 )、F 2 = (150-100-0 kg-ha -1 ) 和 F 3 = (150-100-100 kg-ha -1 )。研究结果表明，F 3 施肥方案的植株数量、株高、叶面积指数、植株鲜重和干重均超过了其他处理，因此青饲料产量最高（分别比对照和 F 2 后续处理高 73% 和 5.8%）。在干物质产量方面，所有施肥方案的表现都优于对照，但在统计学上彼此相当。此外，与 F 2 后续处理相比，F 3 处理的粗蛋白和醚提取脂肪分别高出 4.4% 和 1.6%，而总灰分含量与 F 3 处理持平。相比之下，对照处理的粗纤维含量仍然最低，这可能是由于在没有施肥的情况下植株矮小造成的，因为茎的长度往往是豇豆纤维含量的主要部分。因此，可以建议豇豆种植者施用 150-100-100 kg -ha -1 N-P-K，以提高生物量生产率和营养质量，但还需要进一步的实地调查，以评估这些施肥制度对灌溉和干旱半干旱条件下豇豆植物的生物固氮过程和太阳辐射捕获的影响。
{"title":"Harnessing the Mineral Fertilization Regimes for Bolstering Biomass Productivity and Nutritional Quality of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp)","authors":"Asif Iqbal, R. N. Abbas, Omar Mahmoud Al Zoubi, Muawya A. Alasasfa, Nasir Rahim, Mohammad Tarikuzzaman, S. Aydemir, Muhammad Aamir Iqbal","doi":"10.12911/22998993/188689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/188689","url":null,"abstract":"To prevent environmental pollution, promote ecological restoration and impart production sustainability in biomass crops, optimization of mineral fertilization regimes is strategically required under changing climatic scenarios. There exist research gaps regarding optimal use of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers for the fertilizer-responsive cultivars of forage legumes like cowpea under decreasing soil fertility in semi-arid regions. Therefore, a multi-year field experiment was executed to study yield attributes, green and dry matter yields along with nutritional quality attributes of forage cowpea. The treatments were comprised of different N-P-K levels viz. F 0 = (0-0-0), F 1 = (150-0-0 kg·ha -1 ), F 2 = (150-100-0 kg·ha -1 ) and F 3 = (150-100-100 kg·ha -1 ). The findings revealed that F 3 fertilization regime surpassed rest of treatments by recording the maximum plant population, plant height, leaf area index, plants fresh and dry weights, which led to the highest green forage yield (73% and 5.8% higher than control and following treatment of F 2 , respectively). For dry matter yield, all fertilization regimes performed better than control, however those were statistically at par to each other. Moreover, F 3 treatment exhibited 4.4% and 1.6% higher crude protein and ether extractable fat respectively, compared to the following treatment of F 2 treatment that remained at par with F 3 for total ash content. Contrastingly, the control treatment remained superior by giving the minimum crude fiber content which could be attributed to dwarf plants produced in the absence of fertilizers because stem length tends to contribute the major portion of fiber content in cowpea. Thus, 150-100-100 kg ·ha -1 N-P-K might be recommended to cowpea growers for boosting biomass productivity and nutritional quality, however further field investigations need to assess the impact of these fertilization regimes on biological N fixation process and solar radiation capture by cowpea plants under irrigated and dry semi-arid conditions.","PeriodicalId":15652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecological Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141692861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.12911/22998993/189233
Abdul Ghafoor, H. H. Almutairi, Munthir Almoslem, Saifullah Saifullah, Khalid Turk, M. Munir, F. Zeineldin, Shafaqat Ali
Water is at the core for achieving all 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs). The current study was performed for the appraisal and modeling of the vulnerability of regional aquifers to anthropogenic perturbations. Samples of water were examined to determine their physical and chemical properties. pH of groundwater varied from a value of 7.08 to a value of 8.46. Total dissolved solids (TDS) varied from 1048‒1580 mg·L -1 . Results revealed that 79% of Ca 2+ , 47.3 % of Mg 2+ , and 100% of Na + and Cl ‒ in water samples exceeded the standard permissible limits. The aquifer vulnerability index (AVI) revealed that Neogene aquifer was categorized as high vulnerability to extremely high vulnerability class of risk of contamination. AVI index method was also performed for the other major aqui-fers demonstrating that Dammam aquifer was categorized in the high vulnerability class, whereas Er Radhuma and Aruma categorized as moderately vulnerable to contamination. This study demonstrated an integrated model to help investigate the vulnerability of regional aquifers and highlighted the need for continuous monitoring cam-paigns to investigate the effects of anthropogenic activities on aquifers to make timely and effective decisions.
水是实现所有 17 个可持续发展目标（SDGs）的核心。本研究旨在评估区域含水层易受人为干扰影响的程度，并建立相关模型。地下水的 pH 值从 7.08 到 8.46 不等。总溶解固体（TDS）在 1048-1580 mg-L -1 之间变化。结果显示，水样中 79% 的 Ca 2+、47.3% 的 Mg 2+、100% 的 Na + 和 Cl - 超过了标准允许限值。含水层脆弱性指数（AVI）显示，新近纪含水层被归类为高脆弱性至极高脆弱性污染风险等级。对其他主要含水层也采用了 AVI 指数法，结果表明达曼含水层被归类为高脆弱等级，而 Er Radhuma 和 Aruma 则被归类为中度易受污染等级。这项研究展示了一个有助于调查区域含水层脆弱性的综合模型，并强调有必要开展持续的监测活动，以调查人类活动对含水层的影响，从而做出及时有效的决策。
{"title":"Assessment and Modeling of the Vulnerability of Regional Aquifers to Anthropogenic Perturbations","authors":"Abdul Ghafoor, H. H. Almutairi, Munthir Almoslem, Saifullah Saifullah, Khalid Turk, M. Munir, F. Zeineldin, Shafaqat Ali","doi":"10.12911/22998993/189233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/189233","url":null,"abstract":"Water is at the core for achieving all 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs). The current study was performed for the appraisal and modeling of the vulnerability of regional aquifers to anthropogenic perturbations. Samples of water were examined to determine their physical and chemical properties. pH of groundwater varied from a value of 7.08 to a value of 8.46. Total dissolved solids (TDS) varied from 1048‒1580 mg·L -1 . Results revealed that 79% of Ca 2+ , 47.3 % of Mg 2+ , and 100% of Na + and Cl ‒ in water samples exceeded the standard permissible limits. The aquifer vulnerability index (AVI) revealed that Neogene aquifer was categorized as high vulnerability to extremely high vulnerability class of risk of contamination. AVI index method was also performed for the other major aqui-fers demonstrating that Dammam aquifer was categorized in the high vulnerability class, whereas Er Radhuma and Aruma categorized as moderately vulnerable to contamination. This study demonstrated an integrated model to help investigate the vulnerability of regional aquifers and highlighted the need for continuous monitoring cam-paigns to investigate the effects of anthropogenic activities on aquifers to make timely and effective decisions.","PeriodicalId":15652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecological Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141713803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.12911/22998993/187961
V. Pichura, Larysa Potravka, N. Dudiak, Oleksandr Bahinskyi
As a result of the Russian armed aggression, Ukraine has lost almost a third of its accumulated fresh water reserves worth more than USD18 billion. It has caused a loss of access to quality drinking water for 6 million people in Ukraine and more that 13 million people have a limited access to water for satisfying sanitary and hygienic needs. The situation is complicated due to the destruction of the Kakhovka hydroelectric power station dam which has led to a large-scale man-made disaster, severe negative environmental and socioeconomic consequences, the beginning of natural-climatic transformations of the drained water reservoir. The article presents comprehensive research of the state of the Kakhovka Reservoir functioning before and after the destruction of the hydroelectric power station dam on the basis of the facts and the results of decoded satellite imagery of Sentinel 2, Sentinel-3 and Landsat 8–9. It was found that the water reservoir drainage has caused disruption of microclimatic conditions, an increase in the air temperature by 2.0 °С and more, accelerated evapotranspiration by 1.41–2.04 times, exacerbation of water scarcity in 58.2% of the territory of the drained water area and in the adjacent territories. About 52.0% of the territory of the drained water reservoir has stressful conditions of natural-climatic functioning. The obtained results confirm that the formed aboveground plant biomass of bottom landscapes is not capable of creat - ing appropriate microclimatic conditions which existed in the water area of the Kakhovka Reservoir.
{"title":"Natural and Climatic Transformation of the Kakhovka Reservoir after the Destruction of the Dam","authors":"V. Pichura, Larysa Potravka, N. Dudiak, Oleksandr Bahinskyi","doi":"10.12911/22998993/187961","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/187961","url":null,"abstract":"As a result of the Russian armed aggression, Ukraine has lost almost a third of its accumulated fresh water reserves worth more than USD18 billion. It has caused a loss of access to quality drinking water for 6 million people in Ukraine and more that 13 million people have a limited access to water for satisfying sanitary and hygienic needs. The situation is complicated due to the destruction of the Kakhovka hydroelectric power station dam which has led to a large-scale man-made disaster, severe negative environmental and socioeconomic consequences, the beginning of natural-climatic transformations of the drained water reservoir. The article presents comprehensive research of the state of the Kakhovka Reservoir functioning before and after the destruction of the hydroelectric power station dam on the basis of the facts and the results of decoded satellite imagery of Sentinel 2, Sentinel-3 and Landsat 8–9. It was found that the water reservoir drainage has caused disruption of microclimatic conditions, an increase in the air temperature by 2.0 °С and more, accelerated evapotranspiration by 1.41–2.04 times, exacerbation of water scarcity in 58.2% of the territory of the drained water area and in the adjacent territories. About 52.0% of the territory of the drained water reservoir has stressful conditions of natural-climatic functioning. The obtained results confirm that the formed aboveground plant biomass of bottom landscapes is not capable of creat - ing appropriate microclimatic conditions which existed in the water area of the Kakhovka Reservoir.","PeriodicalId":15652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecological Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141689949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.12911/22998993/188603
Y. Tsytsiura
The article presents the results of a ten-year cycle of studying oilseed radish in the variant of two sowing dates. The technological regulations of the applied sowing options correspond to the classical scheme of spring sowing period and intermediate (post-harvest, post-mowing varieties) in the summer sowing period. The research evaluated the first block of indicators of the multi-service cover crop (MSCC) criteria system. The assessment of the first component of the MSCC system included indicators of the formed aboveground and underground plant biomass with details on such components as the dynamics of mass growth and soil coverage, the structure of the aboveg-round mass by the proportion of leaves, stems and generative part, complex morphometry by the vitality index, plant survival and root system productivity for both sowing dates. Significant levels of ecological adaptability of oilseed radish with the possibility of forming levels of total bioproductivity in the range of 4–7 t·ha -1 of dry matter at a wide range of average daily temperatures (14–22 °C) and precipitation of 29–290 mm were established. It was determined that at high rates of growth processes with the level of achievement of the ‘ground cover’ indicator at 70% on 45–50 days after sowing, high plant survival at the level of 70–80% during intermediate summer use, the formation of an optimized structure with a leafiness at the level of 30–49% at the milestone date of use, with an achievable root system productivity coefficient of 4.7 (in dry matter) and the formation of total plant biomass at the level of 2.0–4.0 t·ha -1 of dry matter even under conditions of I DM < 10 and K h < 0.5, oilseed radish should be classified as a crop that fully corresponds the criteria of the first general productive block of the MSCC system.
文章介绍了在两个播种期变量下对油料萝卜进行十年周期研究的结果。应用播种方案的技术规定符合春播期和夏播期中间期（收获后、播种后品种）的经典方案。研究评估了多重服务覆盖作物（MSCC）标准体系的第一部分指标。多用途覆盖作物标准体系第一部分的评估包括地上和地下植物生物量的形成指标，详细内容包括两个播种期的植株生长动态和土壤覆盖率、以叶、茎和生成部分比例表示的地上-地下植株结构、以生命力指数表示的复合形态、植株存活率和根系生产力。油料萝卜的生态适应性达到了很高的水平，在日平均温度（14-22 °C）和降水量（29-290 毫米）较大的范围内，可以形成 4-7 吨-公顷-1 干物质的总生物生产力水平。结果表明，在高速生长过程中，播种后 45-50 天 "地面覆盖率 "指标达到 70%，夏季中期使用期间植物存活率达到 70-80%，在里程碑使用日期形成优化结构，叶绿素达到 30-49%，根系生产力系数达到 4.7（以干物质计），而在夏季使用期间，植物存活率达到 70-80%。在 I DM < 10 和 K h < 0.5 的条件下，也能形成 2.0-4.0 t-ha -1 干物质的植物总生物量。
{"title":"Evaluation of Ecological Adaptability of Oilseed Radish (Raphanus sativus L. var. oleiformis Pers.) Biopotential Realization in the System of Criteria for Multi-Service Cover Crop","authors":"Y. Tsytsiura","doi":"10.12911/22998993/188603","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/188603","url":null,"abstract":"The article presents the results of a ten-year cycle of studying oilseed radish in the variant of two sowing dates. The technological regulations of the applied sowing options correspond to the classical scheme of spring sowing period and intermediate (post-harvest, post-mowing varieties) in the summer sowing period. The research evaluated the first block of indicators of the multi-service cover crop (MSCC) criteria system. The assessment of the first component of the MSCC system included indicators of the formed aboveground and underground plant biomass with details on such components as the dynamics of mass growth and soil coverage, the structure of the aboveg-round mass by the proportion of leaves, stems and generative part, complex morphometry by the vitality index, plant survival and root system productivity for both sowing dates. Significant levels of ecological adaptability of oilseed radish with the possibility of forming levels of total bioproductivity in the range of 4–7 t·ha -1 of dry matter at a wide range of average daily temperatures (14–22 °C) and precipitation of 29–290 mm were established. It was determined that at high rates of growth processes with the level of achievement of the ‘ground cover’ indicator at 70% on 45–50 days after sowing, high plant survival at the level of 70–80% during intermediate summer use, the formation of an optimized structure with a leafiness at the level of 30–49% at the milestone date of use, with an achievable root system productivity coefficient of 4.7 (in dry matter) and the formation of total plant biomass at the level of 2.0–4.0 t·ha -1 of dry matter even under conditions of I DM < 10 and K h < 0.5, oilseed radish should be classified as a crop that fully corresponds the criteria of the first general productive block of the MSCC system.","PeriodicalId":15652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecological Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141697805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.12911/22998993/188879
Asyeni Miftahul Jannah Asyeni, Muhammad Faizal, Novia Novia, H. Widjajanti
Oil palm fruit mesocarp (OPFM) is a solid by-product containing cellulose, potentially serving as a raw material for biofuel. The cellulose content of this solid by-product can be extracted through delignification. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the application of ozone for OPFM delignification to break down lignin bonds in the material. During the analysis, ozonolysis delignification was influenced by particle size, oxygen flow rate, and reaction time. Ozone flowrate analyzed using the Iodometric method. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin content of raw material and treated samples were analyzed using the α – cellulose, γ – cellulose, and the Kappa method. The results showed that by using a particle size of 100 mesh, and a flow rate of 2 Lmin -1 for 15 min, ozone de - graded 42.03% lignin, 15.89% hemicellulose, and concentrated 62.85% cellulose. SEM and FTIR results showed the removal of hemicellulose and lignin from OPFM with ozonolysis delignification. Furthermore, XRD analysis showed the crystallinity degree of the high cellulose yield.
{"title":"The Effects of Ozonolysis on Oil Palm Fruit Mesocarp Delignification","authors":"Asyeni Miftahul Jannah Asyeni, Muhammad Faizal, Novia Novia, H. Widjajanti","doi":"10.12911/22998993/188879","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/188879","url":null,"abstract":"Oil palm fruit mesocarp (OPFM) is a solid by-product containing cellulose, potentially serving as a raw material for biofuel. The cellulose content of this solid by-product can be extracted through delignification. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the application of ozone for OPFM delignification to break down lignin bonds in the material. During the analysis, ozonolysis delignification was influenced by particle size, oxygen flow rate, and reaction time. Ozone flowrate analyzed using the Iodometric method. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin content of raw material and treated samples were analyzed using the α – cellulose, γ – cellulose, and the Kappa method. The results showed that by using a particle size of 100 mesh, and a flow rate of 2 Lmin -1 for 15 min, ozone de - graded 42.03% lignin, 15.89% hemicellulose, and concentrated 62.85% cellulose. SEM and FTIR results showed the removal of hemicellulose and lignin from OPFM with ozonolysis delignification. Furthermore, XRD analysis showed the crystallinity degree of the high cellulose yield.","PeriodicalId":15652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecological Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141705919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.12911/22998993/188101
M. Pyzalski
The experimental research focused on the influence of solutions containing chicken manure, pig slurry, and silage on the hydration processes of cements and clinker minerals such as C 3 S, β-C 2 S, C 3 A, and C 4 AF. The results showed that the hydration of C 3 S and β-C 2 S led to the formation of various phases, including Ca(OH) 2 , CaCO 3 , and various types of poorly crystalline C-S-H phases contaminated with Mg, S, P, Ti, K, and Cl elements. The C 3 A phase was the most susceptible to biological corrosion, while the C 4 AF phase was the most resistant. Studies on model cement demonstrated a significant influence of solution pH on bacterial presence, where pH ≥ 9 prevented their occurrence, while pH ≤ 4 and pH 6-7 favored their presence. The addition of γ-C 2 S and C 12 A 7 phases to the model cement caused a modification of the sample’s microstructure and revealed exceptional density, where all spaces were fully occupied by hydration products. Such a model of cement matrix construction prevents and limits the penetration of the corrosive agent into the sample interior. The obtained research results suggest the possibility of using such cement for bioreactor construction and employing additions of calcium aluminates and calcium ferrites to further enhance cement resistance to biological corrosion.
实验研究的重点是含有鸡粪、猪泥浆和青贮饲料的溶液对水泥和熟料矿物（如 C 3 S、β-C 2 S、C 3 A 和 C 4 AF）水化过程的影响。结果表明，C 3 S 和 β-C 2 S 的水化过程中会形成各种相，包括 Ca(OH) 2、CaCO 3 和各种类型的结晶度较差的 C-S-H 相，并受到 Mg、S、P、Ti、K 和 Cl 元素的污染。C 3 A 相最容易受到生物腐蚀，而 C 4 AF 相的抗腐蚀性最强。对模型水泥的研究表明，溶液的 pH 值对细菌的存在有显著影响，pH 值≥ 9 的溶液不会出现细菌，而 pH 值≤ 4 和 pH 值 6-7 的溶液则有利于细菌的存在。在模型水泥中加入γ-C 2 S 和 C 12 A 7 相后，样品的微观结构发生了改变，并显示出特殊的密度，所有空间都被水化产物完全占据。这种水泥基质结构模型可以防止和限制腐蚀剂渗入样品内部。研究结果表明，可以使用这种水泥建造生物反应器，并添加钙铝酸盐和钙铁氧体，以进一步增强水泥的抗生物腐蚀性。
{"title":"Study of Biological Media Interactions in Contact with Cement Paste – An Empirical Analysis","authors":"M. Pyzalski","doi":"10.12911/22998993/188101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/188101","url":null,"abstract":"The experimental research focused on the influence of solutions containing chicken manure, pig slurry, and silage on the hydration processes of cements and clinker minerals such as C 3 S, β-C 2 S, C 3 A, and C 4 AF. The results showed that the hydration of C 3 S and β-C 2 S led to the formation of various phases, including Ca(OH) 2 , CaCO 3 , and various types of poorly crystalline C-S-H phases contaminated with Mg, S, P, Ti, K, and Cl elements. The C 3 A phase was the most susceptible to biological corrosion, while the C 4 AF phase was the most resistant. Studies on model cement demonstrated a significant influence of solution pH on bacterial presence, where pH ≥ 9 prevented their occurrence, while pH ≤ 4 and pH 6-7 favored their presence. The addition of γ-C 2 S and C 12 A 7 phases to the model cement caused a modification of the sample’s microstructure and revealed exceptional density, where all spaces were fully occupied by hydration products. Such a model of cement matrix construction prevents and limits the penetration of the corrosive agent into the sample interior. The obtained research results suggest the possibility of using such cement for bioreactor construction and employing additions of calcium aluminates and calcium ferrites to further enhance cement resistance to biological corrosion.","PeriodicalId":15652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecological Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141700986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.12911/22998993/188602
Oleksandr Zhuykov, S. Lavrenko, Tatyana Khodos, Viacheslav Ursal
The limiting factors for the popularization of Sarepta mustard in Ukraine are the lack of developed and ecologically adapted zonal technologies for its cultivation, certain dogmatism and stereotypes of the majority of agricultural pro - ducers regarding the economic feasibility of introducing Sarepta mustard in crop rotations, as well as bias regarding the effectiveness of biologic elements in the production technologies of plant raw materials. A field experiment was conducted to improve the technology of growing Sarepta mustard. The experiment scheme included the following factors and their variants: Factor A (culture cultivation technology) was represented by variants of the traditional zonal mustard cultivation technology; biologized technology (rejection of mineral fertilizers and their replacement with organic preparations) and organic (replacement of mineral fertilizers and synthetic pesticides with organic preparations). Factor B represented different rates of crop sowing (from 2.0 to 3.0 million pieces of similar seeds per 1 ha with an interval of 0.5 million). The Prima mustard variety was sown in the experiment. Plots in the experiment were placed using the method of split plots with partial randomization. An increase in the crop sowing rate from 2.0 to 3.0 million units/ha leads to a deterioration in the value of most biometric indicators (plant height, leafiness) and all indicators of the crop structure. However, taking into account the discrete nature of the real number of plants preserved in the agrocenosis at the time of the study, the values of such indicators as the area of the assimilation apparatus and the leaf index, as well as the yield of conditioned seeds of the culture, had a curvilinear relationship: with an increase in the sowing rate from 2.0 to 2.5 million pcs./ha grew, and subsequently decreased. The norm of 2.5 million seeds per hectare is recognized as the most optimal seeding rate for all variants of cultivation technology. Also, the study noted a significant advantage of the biological and organic technology of Sarepta mustard cultivation over the traditional intensive one in terms of both biometric and structural indicators, as well as the level of yield of conditioned seeds and its quality indicators, first of all, the content of raw fat in the seeds.
{"title":"The Productivity of Sareptsky Mustard Depends on the Sowing Rate and the Level of Biologization of the Crop Growing Technology","authors":"Oleksandr Zhuykov, S. Lavrenko, Tatyana Khodos, Viacheslav Ursal","doi":"10.12911/22998993/188602","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/188602","url":null,"abstract":"The limiting factors for the popularization of Sarepta mustard in Ukraine are the lack of developed and ecologically adapted zonal technologies for its cultivation, certain dogmatism and stereotypes of the majority of agricultural pro - ducers regarding the economic feasibility of introducing Sarepta mustard in crop rotations, as well as bias regarding the effectiveness of biologic elements in the production technologies of plant raw materials. A field experiment was conducted to improve the technology of growing Sarepta mustard. The experiment scheme included the following factors and their variants: Factor A (culture cultivation technology) was represented by variants of the traditional zonal mustard cultivation technology; biologized technology (rejection of mineral fertilizers and their replacement with organic preparations) and organic (replacement of mineral fertilizers and synthetic pesticides with organic preparations). Factor B represented different rates of crop sowing (from 2.0 to 3.0 million pieces of similar seeds per 1 ha with an interval of 0.5 million). The Prima mustard variety was sown in the experiment. Plots in the experiment were placed using the method of split plots with partial randomization. An increase in the crop sowing rate from 2.0 to 3.0 million units/ha leads to a deterioration in the value of most biometric indicators (plant height, leafiness) and all indicators of the crop structure. However, taking into account the discrete nature of the real number of plants preserved in the agrocenosis at the time of the study, the values of such indicators as the area of the assimilation apparatus and the leaf index, as well as the yield of conditioned seeds of the culture, had a curvilinear relationship: with an increase in the sowing rate from 2.0 to 2.5 million pcs./ha grew, and subsequently decreased. The norm of 2.5 million seeds per hectare is recognized as the most optimal seeding rate for all variants of cultivation technology. Also, the study noted a significant advantage of the biological and organic technology of Sarepta mustard cultivation over the traditional intensive one in terms of both biometric and structural indicators, as well as the level of yield of conditioned seeds and its quality indicators, first of all, the content of raw fat in the seeds.","PeriodicalId":15652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecological Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141698896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.12911/22998993/189187
Xiaodong Sun, Vitalii Ishchenko
This study introduces the current status of recycling technology for waste lithium-ion batteries, with a focus on the environmental impact during the recycling process of waste lithium-ion battery cathode materials. Composition of lithium-ion battery was analyzed in order to estimate which components are potentially dangerous to the environment. Heavy metals are main pollutants and change the pH of the environment; also, organic solvent actively reacts with oxidants and reducing agents in the environment. Other parts of waste battery mainly impact an air during the combustion or thermal decomposition generating toxic lithium, cobalt oxides, other gases. Sources of air, water, noise pollution, solid waste, and toxic chemicals generated in the recycling process were identified. Air pollutants generated at every stage of the process of positive electrode materials recycling include dust, acidic gases, and organic gases. The wastewater is generated mainly from the discharge pretreatment and cathode recovery processes (leaching and extraction). Although the wastewater volume is relatively small, its composition is complex, poorly biochemical and toxic (lithium compounds, organic solvents, etc.). In the dismantling process, plastic connectors, circuit boards, high-voltage wiring, powders, collectors and pool electrode material casings are generated as solid waste. Corresponding pollution prevention and control measures are suggested to prevent environmental pollution during the recycling process of waste lithium-ion battery cathode materials.
{"title":"Environmental Impact Analysis of Waste Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Recycling","authors":"Xiaodong Sun, Vitalii Ishchenko","doi":"10.12911/22998993/189187","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/189187","url":null,"abstract":"This study introduces the current status of recycling technology for waste lithium-ion batteries, with a focus on the environmental impact during the recycling process of waste lithium-ion battery cathode materials. Composition of lithium-ion battery was analyzed in order to estimate which components are potentially dangerous to the environment. Heavy metals are main pollutants and change the pH of the environment; also, organic solvent actively reacts with oxidants and reducing agents in the environment. Other parts of waste battery mainly impact an air during the combustion or thermal decomposition generating toxic lithium, cobalt oxides, other gases. Sources of air, water, noise pollution, solid waste, and toxic chemicals generated in the recycling process were identified. Air pollutants generated at every stage of the process of positive electrode materials recycling include dust, acidic gases, and organic gases. The wastewater is generated mainly from the discharge pretreatment and cathode recovery processes (leaching and extraction). Although the wastewater volume is relatively small, its composition is complex, poorly biochemical and toxic (lithium compounds, organic solvents, etc.). In the dismantling process, plastic connectors, circuit boards, high-voltage wiring, powders, collectors and pool electrode material casings are generated as solid waste. Corresponding pollution prevention and control measures are suggested to prevent environmental pollution during the recycling process of waste lithium-ion battery cathode materials.","PeriodicalId":15652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecological Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141709820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.12911/22998993/188878
W. B. Suyasa, Nyoman Sukarta, I. Suprihatin
Heavy metals in wastewater come from processes related to heavy metals as raw materials and contaminants. Heavy metals pose a significant threat. Bioaugmentation technique that utilizes communities of microorganisms to bioaccumulation heavy metals from wastewater. However, the application of SRB in anaerobic system instal - lations for wastewater treatment needs to continue to be developed with more practical applications. In this study, the enriched SRB colony source was applied to an anaerobic tank. The grown SRB is used to extract heavy metals from wastewater with the addition of sulfate and supporting nutrients. Throughout the treatment process, the an - aerobic system with SRB consistently maintained a sulfate removal efficiency of 87–88%, indicating continued sulfate consumption activity by the SRB colony. Despite the high initial concentration of heavy metals, the system effectively removed > 91% of Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cr on days 15, 30, and 45. Additionally, the system reduced the Cu content by 43.6%, thereby reaching peak metal removal heavy. the level was 85% on day 30 and decreased slightly to 83% on day 45. This study bridges the gap in understanding the application of SRB in wastewater treatment systems with effective performance.
{"title":"Development of Heavy Metals Bioaccumulation on Anaerobic Support System with Sulfate Reducing Bacteria Media","authors":"W. B. Suyasa, Nyoman Sukarta, I. Suprihatin","doi":"10.12911/22998993/188878","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/188878","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metals in wastewater come from processes related to heavy metals as raw materials and contaminants. Heavy metals pose a significant threat. Bioaugmentation technique that utilizes communities of microorganisms to bioaccumulation heavy metals from wastewater. However, the application of SRB in anaerobic system instal - lations for wastewater treatment needs to continue to be developed with more practical applications. In this study, the enriched SRB colony source was applied to an anaerobic tank. The grown SRB is used to extract heavy metals from wastewater with the addition of sulfate and supporting nutrients. Throughout the treatment process, the an - aerobic system with SRB consistently maintained a sulfate removal efficiency of 87–88%, indicating continued sulfate consumption activity by the SRB colony. Despite the high initial concentration of heavy metals, the system effectively removed > 91% of Pb, Cd, Zn, and Cr on days 15, 30, and 45. Additionally, the system reduced the Cu content by 43.6%, thereby reaching peak metal removal heavy. the level was 85% on day 30 and decreased slightly to 83% on day 45. This study bridges the gap in understanding the application of SRB in wastewater treatment systems with effective performance.","PeriodicalId":15652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecological Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141710670","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.12911/22998993/188291
Mohamed Mouchane, Zineb Hazyoun, H. Taybi, Najat Assem, K. Bargach
In order to deepen our understanding of the ecosystems around thermal springs and contribute to their preservation and enhancement, our study focused on the physico-chemical analysis of soils located in the immediate vicinity of two thermal springs Ain El Haouamed (S1) and Ain Hamra (S2) in the eastern region of Morocco. At the same time, we identified the plants that thrive in these areas and have developed specific adaptations to particular envi - ronmental conditions. The results of physico-chemical soil analyses revealed distinct characteristics. Around the first thermal spring (S1), the soil has a sandy loam texture, while around the second spring (S2), a clayey loam tex - ture. The pH of both soils is slightly basic. In terms of organic matter, significant variations were observed between soil samples taken in these areas. Electrical conductivity and other physico-chemical parameters showed variable values. A study of the vegetation near the thermal springs shows the presence of ( Matricaria chamomilla, Juncus acutus, Carex sylvatica ) at site 1 and ( Tamarix gallica, Inula viscosa, Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia ) at site 2. This information will certainly contribute to a better understanding of these specific thermal ecosystems. The present study has led to the identification of several plant species of great interest, representing an important advance in our knowledge of the biodiversity of these areas. These results can also be used to develop strategies for the preservation and sustainable management of these particular ecosystems.
为了加深我们对温泉周围生态系统的了解，促进温泉的保护和改善，我们的研究重点是对摩洛哥东部地区 Ain El Haouamed（S1）和 Ain Hamra（S2）两个温泉附近的土壤进行物理化学分析。同时，我们还确定了在这些地区生长的植物，它们对特定的环境条件有着特殊的适应性。土壤理化分析结果显示了这些地区的显著特点。第一个温泉（S1）周围的土壤为砂质壤土，第二个温泉（S2）周围的土壤为粘质壤土。两种土壤的 pH 值都略带碱性。就有机质而言，在这些地区采集的土壤样本之间存在显著差异。电导率和其他物理化学参数显示出不同的值。对温泉附近植被的研究表明，在 1 号地点有（洋甘菊、箭毒草、薹草），在 2 号地点有（柽柳、 粘草、糙叶苇、鹅掌楸）。这些信息必将有助于更好地了解这些特定的热生态系统。通过本次研究，我们确定了几种极具价值的植物物种，这标志着我们在了解这些地区的生物多样性方面取得了重要进展。这些结果还可用于制定保护和可持续管理这些特殊生态系统的战略。
{"title":"Soil Study and Identification of Plant Species Growing Near Two Thermal Springs (Ain El Haouamed and Ain Hamra) in the Eastern Region of Morocco","authors":"Mohamed Mouchane, Zineb Hazyoun, H. Taybi, Najat Assem, K. Bargach","doi":"10.12911/22998993/188291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/188291","url":null,"abstract":"In order to deepen our understanding of the ecosystems around thermal springs and contribute to their preservation and enhancement, our study focused on the physico-chemical analysis of soils located in the immediate vicinity of two thermal springs Ain El Haouamed (S1) and Ain Hamra (S2) in the eastern region of Morocco. At the same time, we identified the plants that thrive in these areas and have developed specific adaptations to particular envi - ronmental conditions. The results of physico-chemical soil analyses revealed distinct characteristics. Around the first thermal spring (S1), the soil has a sandy loam texture, while around the second spring (S2), a clayey loam tex - ture. The pH of both soils is slightly basic. In terms of organic matter, significant variations were observed between soil samples taken in these areas. Electrical conductivity and other physico-chemical parameters showed variable values. A study of the vegetation near the thermal springs shows the presence of ( Matricaria chamomilla, Juncus acutus, Carex sylvatica ) at site 1 and ( Tamarix gallica, Inula viscosa, Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia ) at site 2. This information will certainly contribute to a better understanding of these specific thermal ecosystems. The present study has led to the identification of several plant species of great interest, representing an important advance in our knowledge of the biodiversity of these areas. These results can also be used to develop strategies for the preservation and sustainable management of these particular ecosystems.","PeriodicalId":15652,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ecological Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141710675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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