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Male Antifertility Effect of Ocimum sanctum Linn.: A Study in Albino Rat 菟丝子对男性的抗生育作用。:白化大鼠的研究
Pub Date : 2013-12-01 DOI: 10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75627
V. A. Mankapure, A. Mankapure, P. V. Sohani
Experiments were carried out to study the effect of high dose of "tulsi" ( Ocimum sanctum Linn.) pellets on testis and epididymis in male albino rat. Wheat flour, oil and honey pellets of tulsi leaves were fed to albino rat, at 400mg/ 100g body weight per day, along with normal diet, for a period of 72 days. One group of tulsi-fed rats was left for recovery, after the last dose fed on day 72, up to day 120. This high dose of tulsi was found to cause duration-dependant decrease of testis weight and derangements in the histo-architecture of testis as well as epididymis. The diameter of seminiferous tubules decreased considerably, with corresponding increase in the interstitium. Spermatogenesis was arrested, accompanied by degeneration of seminiferous epithelial elements. Epididymal tubules regressed, and the luminal spermatozoa formed a coagulum. In the recovery group, testis and epididymis regained normal weights, where as spermatogenesis was partially restored. Thus, high dose of tulsi leaf affects testicular and epididymyal structure and function reversibly.
采用实验方法研究了大剂量土尔西丸对雄性白化大鼠睾丸和附睾的影响。白化大鼠在正常饮食的基础上,每天以400mg/ 100g体重的剂量饲喂小麦粉、杜氏叶油和蜂蜜颗粒,为期72天。第72天末次给药后,留一组大鼠恢复,直至第120天。这种高剂量的图尔西被发现引起睾丸重量的持续依赖性下降和睾丸和附睾的组织结构紊乱。精小管直径明显减小,间质相应增大。精子发生停止,并伴有精原上皮细胞的退化。附睾小管退行,管腔精子形成凝块。在恢复组,睾丸和附睾恢复正常体重,其中精子发生部分恢复。因此,高剂量杜氏叶对睾丸和附睾结构和功能的影响是可逆的。
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引用次数: 1
Effect of Curcumin Supplementation on Hepatic, Renal and Intestinal Organization of Anabas testudineus (Bloch): Light and Electron Microscopic Studies 补充姜黄素对黄颡鱼肝脏、肾脏和肠道组织的影响:光镜和电镜研究
Pub Date : 2013-12-01 DOI: 10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75545
M. Manju, A. S. Vijayasree, M. A. Akbarsha, O. Oommen
The ultrastructure of hepatic, renal and intestinal tissues of Anabas testudineus and the influence of dietary curcumin (0.5 and 1% for 6 months) on the organization of these tissues were studied. The results revealed an increased vascularity in curcumin-treated fish liver. The size of hepatopancreas and its nuclei and melanomacrophage centres increased in the treated liver while size of hepatocytes and their nuclei remained unchanged. The hypertrophy and hyper-activity of hepatopancreas might provide for proper digestion and absorption of food. In the intestine, the number of goblet's cells in the villi decreased in the curcumin treated group which might help the retention of food in the intestine. Therefore, based on the above results it can be concluded that curcumin is beneficial to fish and, so, could be of application in aquaculture practices.
研究了泥鳅肝脏、肾脏和肠道组织的超微结构,以及饲料中添加0.5%和1%姜黄素6个月后对这些组织的影响。结果显示姜黄素处理过的鱼肝脏血管性增加。肝胰腺及其核和黑素巨噬细胞中心的大小在处理后的肝脏中增加,而肝细胞及其核的大小保持不变。肝胰腺的肥大和高活性可能有助于食物的消化和吸收。在肠道中,姜黄素处理组绒毛中的杯状细胞数量减少,这可能有助于肠道中食物的保留。综上所述,姜黄素对鱼类有益,可在水产养殖中推广应用。
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引用次数: 6
Adaptive and Ecological Significance of the Seasonal Changes in Hematological, Biochemical and Hormonal Parameters in the Tropical Goat Capra Hircus 热带山羊血液学、生化和激素参数季节性变化的适应性和生态学意义
Pub Date : 2013-12-01 DOI: 10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75629
Somenath Ghosh, A. Singh, C. Haldar
Summary The neuroendocrine system, through which animals integrate environmental changes and decide when to reproduce, to grow and to store energy, plays a major role in adaptation to the environment. Adaptation of any vertebrate in general and ruminants in particular are influenced by climatic changes being maximally exposed to nature. Elaborating adaptive significance of ruminants in response to season-dependent ecological stresses, we selected the best window i.e., study of variations in blood biochemistry which is totally lacking for goats. Our objective was to find the season- and gender-dependent variations of blood biochemistry at (i) metabolic (glucose, cholesterol, protein, %hemoglobin) (ii) hormonal (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, melatonin) (iii) hematological (total leucocytes count- TLC; differential leukocyte count- DLC) and, finally, (iv) oxidative load of blood (superoxide dismutaseSOD; catalase, malondialdihyde- MDA) in the goat Capra hircus during three different seasons (summer, winter and monsoon). Compared to summer significant changes were noted at metabolic level during monsoon and winter as those seasons provide for inflammatory and cold stress. Cholesterol and glucose levels were high in females than males during all three seasons. Irrespective of sexes, serum protein was highest during winter while testosterone was high irrespective of seasons; hence, males were sexually active throughout the year. Estrogen was high only during the onset of winter (October, heat phase) making the female goats short-day breeders. Melatonin, a neurohormone, regulating reproduction and immunity, was highest in winter (short days) and low during summer and monsoon. Hematological parameters were lowest during summer (long days). Blood oxidative load was high during monsoon and winter due to season-bound infections that induce oxidative stress. High metabolic and immune parameters were noted during winter and monsoon which suggest an adaptive significance in tropical goats against ecological stress induced by low temperature of winter and pathogenic invasion occurring while grazing during monsoon.
动物通过神经内分泌系统整合环境变化,决定何时繁殖、生长和储存能量,在适应环境中起着重要作用。任何脊椎动物,特别是反刍动物的适应都受到气候变化的影响,它们最大程度地暴露于自然。在阐述反刍动物对季节依赖的生态压力的适应意义时,我们选择了最好的窗口,即研究山羊完全缺乏的血液生化变化。我们的目标是发现血液生化在(i)代谢(葡萄糖、胆固醇、蛋白质、血红蛋白%)(ii)激素(睾酮、雌激素、黄体酮、褪黑激素)(iii)血液学(白细胞总数- TLC;差异白细胞计数- DLC),最后,(iv)血液氧化负荷(超氧化物歧化酶;在三个不同季节(夏季、冬季和季风季节)山羊卡普拉·hircus中过氧化氢酶,丙二醛- MDA)。与夏季相比,季风和冬季的代谢水平发生了显著变化,因为这些季节提供了炎症和冷应激。在这三个季节中,女性的胆固醇和葡萄糖水平都比男性高。不论男女,血清蛋白在冬季最高,而睾酮在季节均较高;因此,雄性全年都有性活动。雌性激素仅在冬季(10月,热期)开始时高,使母山羊短日繁殖。褪黑素是一种调节生殖和免疫的神经激素,在冬季(昼短)最高,在夏季和季风期较低。夏季(白昼较长)血液学指标最低。在季风和冬季,由于季节性感染引起氧化应激,血液氧化负荷高。热带山羊在冬季和季风期间具有较高的代谢和免疫参数,这表明热带山羊对冬季低温和季风期间放牧时发生的病原入侵所引起的生态应激具有适应意义。
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引用次数: 18
Effects of Aqueous Extract of Cnestis ferruginea (Vahl Ex DC) Root on the Biochemical and Clinical Parameters of Anastrozole-Induced Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Rat Model 铁杉根水提物对阿那曲唑诱导多囊卵巢综合征大鼠模型生化及临床指标的影响
Pub Date : 2013-12-01 DOI: 10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75630
M. Yakubu, Bosede O. Ibiyo
Aqueous extract of Cnestis ferruginea root was investigated for its effects on biochemical and clinical parameters of rat model with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Female animals (150.46 ± 2.31 g) assigned to group A were not induced into PCOS, while those in groups B, C, D, E and F were induced into PCOS by oral administration of 0.5 mg/kg body weight of anastrozole dissolved in 1% CMC (2 mL/kg) daily for 21 days. Animals in groups A and B both received 0.5 mL of distilled water while those in groups C, D, E and F received same volume corresponding to 25, 50, 100 mg/kg body weight (bw) of the extract and 7.14 mg/kg bw of metformin, respectively, once daily for thirty days. Weight of the animals, vaginal cytology and levels of some hormones in serum were determined. The extract contained alkaloids (26.80 mg/L), tannins (0.10 mg/L), saponins (4.60 mg/L), flavonoids (14.60 mg/L) and anthraquinones (0.30 mg/L). The irregular and lengthened estrous cycle, absence of follicles in the ovarian stroma, elevated (P<0.05) serum testosterone and reduced (P<0.05) serum progesterone, LH and FSH were reversed and/or attenuated by the extract treatment in a manner similar to metformin. The increase in body weight of the animals was not significantly different. The extract treatment reversed the hyperandrogenemia and attenuated the irregular estrous cycle in PCOS-induced rats. The saponins and flavonoids present in the plant are considered responsible for the clinical benefits of Cnestis ferruginea roots in the management of PCOS.
研究铁杉根水提物对多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)模型大鼠的生化及临床指标的影响。A组雌性动物(150.46±2.31 g)未诱导PCOS, B、C、D、E、F组雌性动物每日口服1% CMC溶解阿那曲唑0.5 mg/kg体重(2 mL/kg)诱导PCOS,连续21 D。A、B组均给予蒸馏水0.5 mL, C、D、E、F组分别给予同等体积的提取物25、50、100 mg/kg体重和7.14 mg/kg体重,每日1次,连用30 D。测定动物体重、阴道细胞学和血清中某些激素的水平。提取液中含有生物碱(26.80 mg/L)、单宁(0.10 mg/L)、皂苷(4.60 mg/L)、黄酮类(14.60 mg/L)和蒽醌类(0.30 mg/L)。以类似二甲双胍的方式,提取物可逆转和/或减弱小鼠的发情周期不规则和延长、卵巢间质无卵泡、血清睾酮升高(P<0.05)、血清黄体酮、LH和FSH降低(P<0.05)。各组动物体重的增加无显著差异。提取物可逆转多囊卵巢综合征大鼠高雄激素血症,减轻不规律的发情周期。在植物中存在的皂苷和类黄酮被认为是负责在多囊卵巢综合征的管理中,铁杉根的临床益处。
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引用次数: 5
PPAR-γ: A Master Metabolic Nuclear Receptor PPAR-γ:主要的代谢性核受体
Pub Date : 2013-06-01 DOI: 10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75785
S. Onteru, Dheer Singh
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) is a member of metabolic nuclear receptors called PPARs, which regulate all facets of the fatty acid metabolism including transport, synthesis, storage, mobilization, activation and oxidation of fatty acids. Hence, this receptor could be a drug target for metabolic syndrome-related noncommunicable diseases (NCD) like obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancers. The PPAR-γ gene has different size and transcriptional variants in different species. The major transcriptional variants (PPAR-γ1 and PPAR-γ2) encode proteins with 475/477 and 505 amino acids, respectively. Transcriptional regulation of PPAR-γ is mainly due to combinatorial activity of several transcription factors, chromatin remodelers and non-coding RNA at its promoters and enhancers during energy-surplus state. The miR-130a/b could be a major miRNA regulating PPAR-γ transcripts at post-transcriptional levels. Its protein has a large ligand-binding pocket to bind a wide range of endogenous and exogenous natural (e.g., dietary lipids) and synthetic ligands (TZDs). Along with its obligate partner RXR, and other co-activators, it exerts its action by DNA binding at DR1 and DR2 repeats and also by chromatin remodeling at the promoters and enhancers of its target genes. It has important physiological roles in adipocyte differentiation, inflammation, insulin sensitivity and reproduction. By enhancing the transcription of genes related to lipid uptake, triglyceride synthesis and glucose metabolism, PPAR-γ sequesters the plasma-free fatty acids into adipose tissue and, thereby, it plays a greater role of promoting systemic insulin sensitivity. Hence, it is a key target for anti-diabetic drugs like TZDs. Due to many side effects for classical PPAR-γ-targeting drugs like TZDs, selective PPAR-γ modulators are gaining a great lot of attention. Future studies need to be carried out to understand its transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation in non-adipose tissues adopting advanced "omics" approaches. Such studies will be helpful in designing selective PPAR-γ modulators with limited side effects.
过氧化物酶体增殖体活化受体-γ (PPAR-γ)是代谢核受体PPAR的一员,它调节脂肪酸的转运、合成、储存、动员、活化和氧化等脂肪酸代谢的各个方面。因此,这种受体可能成为代谢综合征相关非传染性疾病(NCD)的药物靶点,如肥胖、糖尿病、心血管疾病和癌症。PPAR-γ基因在不同物种中具有不同的大小和转录变异。主要的转录变异体PPAR-γ1和PPAR-γ2分别编码475/477和505个氨基酸。PPAR-γ的转录调控主要是由于能量过剩状态下启动子和增强子上的几种转录因子、染色质重塑子和非编码RNA的组合活性。miR-130a/b可能是在转录后水平调控PPAR-γ转录的主要miRNA。其蛋白质具有大的配体结合袋,可结合广泛的内源性和外源性天然(如膳食脂质)和合成配体(TZDs)。与它的专一伴侣RXR和其他共激活因子一起,它通过在DR1和DR2重复上的DNA结合以及在其靶基因的启动子和增强子上的染色质重塑来发挥作用。它在脂肪细胞分化、炎症、胰岛素敏感性和生殖等方面具有重要的生理作用。PPAR-γ通过增强脂质摄取、甘油三酯合成和葡萄糖代谢相关基因的转录,将血浆游离脂肪酸隔离到脂肪组织中,从而发挥更大的促进全身胰岛素敏感性的作用。因此,它是TZDs等抗糖尿病药物的关键靶点。由于传统的PPAR-γ靶向药物如TZDs的许多副作用,选择性PPAR-γ调节剂受到了广泛的关注。未来的研究需要采用先进的“组学”方法来了解其在非脂肪组织中的转录和转录后调控。这些研究将有助于设计具有有限副作用的选择性PPAR-γ调节剂。
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引用次数: 0
An Update on Human Thyroid Hormone Receptors in Health and Disease: Chemistry, Physiology and Pathophysiology 人甲状腺激素受体在健康和疾病中的最新进展:化学、生理学和病理生理学
Pub Date : 2013-06-01 DOI: 10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75784
Liaquat Alikhan Sheerinbanu, S. Sharmila, M. M. Aruldhas
Iodothyronines, the tetra- and tri-iodothyronines (T 4 and T 3 ), commonly known as thyroid hormones (THs), are secreted by thyroid glands. Thyroid hormones influence the growth and differentiation of every organ of the body via specific nuclear receptors (TRs), which belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Though thyroid glands secrete predominantly T 4 (which remains bound to its serum binding proteins), T 3 is the biologically active TH. Free T 4 enters the target cells through specific transporters and is converted into T 3 by cell-specific isoforms of cytoplasmic 5' deiodinase, which regulate the circulating T 3 levels and its availability for nuclear TRs in a tissue-specific manner. T 3 is then translocated to the nucleus, with the help of NADPH-dependent cytosolic transporter, where it binds to the monomers of TR subtypes (TRα and TRβ). Prior to the binding of T 3 , TR monomer dimerizes with the 9-cis retinoic acid or retinoid X receptor (RXR) and the TR-RXR heterodimer, in association with corepressors, binds to specific TR response element (TRE) in the target genes. Upon T 3 binding to the TR monomer of the TR-RXR-TRE complex, corepressors get released paving way for the binding of coactivators, thereby inducing the transcription of T 3 -responsive genes. Apart from the canonical nuclear signalling mechanism, membrane-mediated signalling by THs occurs through its interaction with plasma membrane integrin ανβ3. The impact of TH status and TR signalling on a broad range of genes makes studying its effect in vivo a difficult task. Studies on knock-in/out/mutant animal models and humans harboring several mutations of TR isoforms have helped explain various disorders of TH action, particularly the hypothyroid condition associated with the resistance to TH action. The aim of this review is to provide the readers with the information on THs biosynthesis along with the recent progress in TR signalling and its physiological impact on human health.
碘甲状腺原氨酸,四碘和三碘甲状腺原氨酸(t4和t3),通常被称为甲状腺激素(THs),由甲状腺分泌。甲状腺激素通过特定的核受体(TRs)影响身体各器官的生长和分化,这些核受体属于核受体超家族。虽然甲状腺分泌的主要是t4(仍与其血清结合蛋白结合),但t3是具有生物活性的TH。游离t4通过特定的转运体进入靶细胞,并通过细胞质5'脱碘酶的细胞特异性异构体转化为t3,该异构体以组织特异性的方式调节循环t3水平及其对核tr的可用性。然后,在nadph依赖的细胞质转运体的帮助下,t3转运到细胞核,在那里它与TR亚型(TRα和TRβ)的单体结合。在与t3结合之前,TR单体与9-顺式维甲酸或类维甲酸X受体(RXR)二聚体结合,TR-RXR异源二聚体与辅抑制因子结合,与靶基因中的特异性TR反应元件(TRE)结合。当t3与TR- rxr - tre复合物的TR单体结合时,协同抑制因子释放,为协同激活因子的结合铺平道路,从而诱导t3应答基因的转录。除了典型的核信号传导机制外,它还通过与质膜整合素ανβ3的相互作用实现膜介导的信号传导。TH状态和TR信号对多种基因的影响使得研究其在体内的作用成为一项艰巨的任务。对敲入/敲出/突变动物模型和携带多种TR异构体突变的人类的研究有助于解释各种TH作用障碍,特别是与TH作用抵抗相关的甲状腺功能减退。本文就三手藤的生物合成、三手藤信号转导的最新进展及其对人体健康的生理影响作一综述。
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引用次数: 0
A brief overview of androgen receptor: Its structure, functions and role in health and disease 雄激素受体的结构、功能及其在健康和疾病中的作用
Pub Date : 2013-06-01 DOI: 10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75783
K. Nikhil, S. Sharan, P. Roy
The androgen receptor (AR) signalling axis plays a vital role in the development, function and homeostasis of the prostate. The classical action of AR is to regulate gene transcriptional processes successively via AR nuclear translocation, binding to androgen response elements on target genes and recruitment of, or crosstalk with, transcription factors. Dysregulation of androgen/AR signalling perturbs normal reproductive development and accounts for a wide range of pathological conditions such as androgen-insensitive syndrome, prostate cancer (PCa) and cardiovascular diseases. Prostate cancer (PCa) initiation and progression is also uniquely dependent on AR. Androgen deprivation therapy remains the standard form of treatment of advanced PCa. Recent research provides a much more detailed understanding of the role of AR in normal human development and physiology in relation to its structure and functions. This review discusses genomic and non-genomic actions of AR, as well as their co-regulators. In addition we also explore several clinically relevant aspects of the molecular biology of the AR in the pathogenesis of non-cancerous and cancerous diseases.
雄激素受体(AR)信号轴在前列腺的发育、功能和稳态中起着至关重要的作用。AR的经典作用是通过AR核易位、与靶基因上的雄激素反应元件结合、转录因子的募集或与转录因子的串扰,依次调控基因的转录过程。雄激素/AR信号的失调会干扰正常的生殖发育,并导致多种病理状况,如雄激素不敏感综合征、前列腺癌(PCa)和心血管疾病。前列腺癌(PCa)的发生和发展也独特地依赖于AR。雄激素剥夺疗法仍然是晚期前列腺癌治疗的标准形式。最近的研究对AR在正常人类发育和生理中的作用及其结构和功能提供了更详细的了解。本文综述了AR的基因组和非基因组作用,以及它们的共同调节因子。此外,我们还探讨了AR在非癌性和癌性疾病发病机制中的分子生物学的几个临床相关方面。
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引用次数: 0
Estrogen receptors in health and disease 雌激素受体在健康和疾病中的作用
Pub Date : 2013-06-01 DOI: 10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75682
A. Gurjar, K. Khan, M. Yadav, H. Kumar, N. Chattopadhyay, S. Sanyal
Estrogen signalling is a balance between two closely related transcription factors (TFs), the estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ), both of which bind to similar DNA element called estrogen response element (ERE). ERs do not function by themselves but require a number of co-regulatory proteins (SRC1, A1, NCoR) whose cell-speciuc expression elucidates some of the divergent cellular actions of estrogen. A considerable body of evidence has shown that over-expression of ERα leads to uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation resulting in carcinomas of breast, ovary, uterus and prostate while ERβ down-regulation causes colon cancer. ERs are well-known regulators of several aspects of metabolism, including glucose and lipid metabolism, whereas impaired estrogen signalling is associated with the development of metabolic bone disorders as in post-menopausal women. We review new evidences depicting the importance of ER in understanding the normal physiological functions and how the disruption of typical estrogen signalling leads to the development and progression of various forms of endocrine cancers and metabolic disorders including post-menopausal osteoporosis, diabetes and obesity. Re-examination of available therapies will enable us to therapeutically address fundamental issues towards the design of pharmacologic molecules so as to target crucial metabolic cascades and genes.
雌激素信号是两种密切相关的转录因子(TFs),雌激素受体(ERα和ERβ)之间的平衡,两者都结合类似的DNA元件,称为雌激素反应元件(ERE)。内质网本身不发挥作用,但需要一些共调节蛋白(SRC1, A1, NCoR),其细胞特异性表达阐明了雌激素的一些不同的细胞作用。大量证据表明,ERα的过度表达导致细胞生长和增殖失控,导致乳腺癌、卵巢癌、子宫癌和前列腺癌,而ERβ的下调导致结肠癌。众所周知,内质网是代谢的几个方面的调节因子,包括葡萄糖和脂质代谢,而雌激素信号受损与绝经后妇女的代谢性骨疾病的发展有关。我们回顾了新的证据,描述了雌激素受体在理解正常生理功能中的重要性,以及典型雌激素信号的破坏如何导致各种形式的内分泌癌和代谢紊乱(包括绝经后骨质疏松症、糖尿病和肥胖)的发生和进展。重新检查现有的治疗方法将使我们能够从治疗上解决药物分子设计的基本问题,从而针对关键的代谢级联和基因。
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引用次数: 0
Glucocorticoids in Health and Disease with Special Reference to Glucocorticoid Receptor Signalling Pathways and Molecular Networking 糖皮质激素在健康和疾病中的作用,特别涉及糖皮质激素受体信号通路和分子网络
Pub Date : 2013-06-01 DOI: 10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75697
Banteiskhem Kharwanlang, Ramesh Sharma
Glucocorticoids have a diverse role in physiological and pathological conditions, making them a class of potent drugs in clinical use ranging from organ transplantation, arthritis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) to oncological problems. The use of glucocorticoids in clinical practices, however, is associated with many side effects and steroid resistance in certain diseases. Understanding the underlying mechanism of glucocorticoid action is an ultimate concern in overcoming these complications. Several studies have pointed the role of glucocorticoid receptor interaction with many other signalling pathways in these situations. Designing of drugs that could modulate these interactions, while maintaining glucocorticoid receptor molecular network in a homeostatic balance, is a challenge in glucocorticoids pharmacology. Some prospective molecules like theophylline and compound A, are reported to have such effect.
糖皮质激素在生理和病理条件中具有多种作用,使其成为临床应用的一类有效药物,从器官移植,关节炎,哮喘,慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)到肿瘤问题。然而,在临床实践中使用糖皮质激素与某些疾病的许多副作用和类固醇耐药性有关。了解糖皮质激素作用的潜在机制是克服这些并发症的最终关注点。一些研究指出糖皮质激素受体在这些情况下与许多其他信号通路相互作用的作用。设计能够调节这些相互作用的药物,同时保持糖皮质激素受体分子网络处于稳态平衡,是糖皮质激素药理学的一个挑战。一些有前途的分子,如茶碱和化合物A,据报道具有这种作用。
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引用次数: 1
Ultrastructural Studies on the Ultimobranchial Bodies of Freshwater Turtle Lissemys punctata Granulosa 淡水龟尾鳃体超微结构的研究
Pub Date : 2012-12-01 DOI: 10.18519/JER/2012/V16/75933
A. S. Jadhav
In the background that there is scanty literature on the ultrastructure of ultimobranchial bodies of the fresh-water turtles, this paper describes the ultrastructure of the gland of freshwater turtle Lissemys punctata granulosa . The gland was dissected out and subjected to transmission electron microscopic analysis to examine the structure of the gland. The gland is composed of a single type of cells with a few secretory granules of similar size, large cytoplasmic bodies, Golgi region, and fewer mitochondria.
在有关淡水龟多鳃体超微结构研究文献较少的背景下,本文对淡水龟(Lissemys punctata granulosa)腺体超微结构进行了研究。解剖腺体,透射电镜分析腺体结构。腺体由一种类型的细胞组成,有少量大小相似的分泌颗粒、较大的细胞质体、高尔基区和较少的线粒体。
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Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction
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