Pub Date : 2013-12-01DOI: 10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75627
V. A. Mankapure, A. Mankapure, P. V. Sohani
Experiments were carried out to study the effect of high dose of "tulsi" ( Ocimum sanctum Linn.) pellets on testis and epididymis in male albino rat. Wheat flour, oil and honey pellets of tulsi leaves were fed to albino rat, at 400mg/ 100g body weight per day, along with normal diet, for a period of 72 days. One group of tulsi-fed rats was left for recovery, after the last dose fed on day 72, up to day 120. This high dose of tulsi was found to cause duration-dependant decrease of testis weight and derangements in the histo-architecture of testis as well as epididymis. The diameter of seminiferous tubules decreased considerably, with corresponding increase in the interstitium. Spermatogenesis was arrested, accompanied by degeneration of seminiferous epithelial elements. Epididymal tubules regressed, and the luminal spermatozoa formed a coagulum. In the recovery group, testis and epididymis regained normal weights, where as spermatogenesis was partially restored. Thus, high dose of tulsi leaf affects testicular and epididymyal structure and function reversibly.
{"title":"Male Antifertility Effect of Ocimum sanctum Linn.: A Study in Albino Rat","authors":"V. A. Mankapure, A. Mankapure, P. V. Sohani","doi":"10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75627","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75627","url":null,"abstract":"Experiments were carried out to study the effect of high dose of \"tulsi\" ( Ocimum sanctum Linn.) pellets on testis and epididymis in male albino rat. Wheat flour, oil and honey pellets of tulsi leaves were fed to albino rat, at 400mg/ 100g body weight per day, along with normal diet, for a period of 72 days. One group of tulsi-fed rats was left for recovery, after the last dose fed on day 72, up to day 120. This high dose of tulsi was found to cause duration-dependant decrease of testis weight and derangements in the histo-architecture of testis as well as epididymis. The diameter of seminiferous tubules decreased considerably, with corresponding increase in the interstitium. Spermatogenesis was arrested, accompanied by degeneration of seminiferous epithelial elements. Epididymal tubules regressed, and the luminal spermatozoa formed a coagulum. In the recovery group, testis and epididymis regained normal weights, where as spermatogenesis was partially restored. Thus, high dose of tulsi leaf affects testicular and epididymyal structure and function reversibly.","PeriodicalId":15664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction","volume":"92 1","pages":"123-132"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89081378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-01DOI: 10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75545
M. Manju, A. S. Vijayasree, M. A. Akbarsha, O. Oommen
The ultrastructure of hepatic, renal and intestinal tissues of Anabas testudineus and the influence of dietary curcumin (0.5 and 1% for 6 months) on the organization of these tissues were studied. The results revealed an increased vascularity in curcumin-treated fish liver. The size of hepatopancreas and its nuclei and melanomacrophage centres increased in the treated liver while size of hepatocytes and their nuclei remained unchanged. The hypertrophy and hyper-activity of hepatopancreas might provide for proper digestion and absorption of food. In the intestine, the number of goblet's cells in the villi decreased in the curcumin treated group which might help the retention of food in the intestine. Therefore, based on the above results it can be concluded that curcumin is beneficial to fish and, so, could be of application in aquaculture practices.
{"title":"Effect of Curcumin Supplementation on Hepatic, Renal and Intestinal Organization of Anabas testudineus (Bloch): Light and Electron Microscopic Studies","authors":"M. Manju, A. S. Vijayasree, M. A. Akbarsha, O. Oommen","doi":"10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75545","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75545","url":null,"abstract":"The ultrastructure of hepatic, renal and intestinal tissues of Anabas testudineus and the influence of dietary curcumin (0.5 and 1% for 6 months) on the organization of these tissues were studied. The results revealed an increased vascularity in curcumin-treated fish liver. The size of hepatopancreas and its nuclei and melanomacrophage centres increased in the treated liver while size of hepatocytes and their nuclei remained unchanged. The hypertrophy and hyper-activity of hepatopancreas might provide for proper digestion and absorption of food. In the intestine, the number of goblet's cells in the villi decreased in the curcumin treated group which might help the retention of food in the intestine. Therefore, based on the above results it can be concluded that curcumin is beneficial to fish and, so, could be of application in aquaculture practices.","PeriodicalId":15664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction","volume":"31 1","pages":"83-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78395765","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-01DOI: 10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75629
Somenath Ghosh, A. Singh, C. Haldar
Summary The neuroendocrine system, through which animals integrate environmental changes and decide when to reproduce, to grow and to store energy, plays a major role in adaptation to the environment. Adaptation of any vertebrate in general and ruminants in particular are influenced by climatic changes being maximally exposed to nature. Elaborating adaptive significance of ruminants in response to season-dependent ecological stresses, we selected the best window i.e., study of variations in blood biochemistry which is totally lacking for goats. Our objective was to find the season- and gender-dependent variations of blood biochemistry at (i) metabolic (glucose, cholesterol, protein, %hemoglobin) (ii) hormonal (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, melatonin) (iii) hematological (total leucocytes count- TLC; differential leukocyte count- DLC) and, finally, (iv) oxidative load of blood (superoxide dismutaseSOD; catalase, malondialdihyde- MDA) in the goat Capra hircus during three different seasons (summer, winter and monsoon). Compared to summer significant changes were noted at metabolic level during monsoon and winter as those seasons provide for inflammatory and cold stress. Cholesterol and glucose levels were high in females than males during all three seasons. Irrespective of sexes, serum protein was highest during winter while testosterone was high irrespective of seasons; hence, males were sexually active throughout the year. Estrogen was high only during the onset of winter (October, heat phase) making the female goats short-day breeders. Melatonin, a neurohormone, regulating reproduction and immunity, was highest in winter (short days) and low during summer and monsoon. Hematological parameters were lowest during summer (long days). Blood oxidative load was high during monsoon and winter due to season-bound infections that induce oxidative stress. High metabolic and immune parameters were noted during winter and monsoon which suggest an adaptive significance in tropical goats against ecological stress induced by low temperature of winter and pathogenic invasion occurring while grazing during monsoon.
{"title":"Adaptive and Ecological Significance of the Seasonal Changes in Hematological, Biochemical and Hormonal Parameters in the Tropical Goat Capra Hircus","authors":"Somenath Ghosh, A. Singh, C. Haldar","doi":"10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75629","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75629","url":null,"abstract":"Summary The neuroendocrine system, through which animals integrate environmental changes and decide when to reproduce, to grow and to store energy, plays a major role in adaptation to the environment. Adaptation of any vertebrate in general and ruminants in particular are influenced by climatic changes being maximally exposed to nature. Elaborating adaptive significance of ruminants in response to season-dependent ecological stresses, we selected the best window i.e., study of variations in blood biochemistry which is totally lacking for goats. Our objective was to find the season- and gender-dependent variations of blood biochemistry at (i) metabolic (glucose, cholesterol, protein, %hemoglobin) (ii) hormonal (testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, melatonin) (iii) hematological (total leucocytes count- TLC; differential leukocyte count- DLC) and, finally, (iv) oxidative load of blood (superoxide dismutaseSOD; catalase, malondialdihyde- MDA) in the goat Capra hircus during three different seasons (summer, winter and monsoon). Compared to summer significant changes were noted at metabolic level during monsoon and winter as those seasons provide for inflammatory and cold stress. Cholesterol and glucose levels were high in females than males during all three seasons. Irrespective of sexes, serum protein was highest during winter while testosterone was high irrespective of seasons; hence, males were sexually active throughout the year. Estrogen was high only during the onset of winter (October, heat phase) making the female goats short-day breeders. Melatonin, a neurohormone, regulating reproduction and immunity, was highest in winter (short days) and low during summer and monsoon. Hematological parameters were lowest during summer (long days). Blood oxidative load was high during monsoon and winter due to season-bound infections that induce oxidative stress. High metabolic and immune parameters were noted during winter and monsoon which suggest an adaptive significance in tropical goats against ecological stress induced by low temperature of winter and pathogenic invasion occurring while grazing during monsoon.","PeriodicalId":15664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction","volume":"37 1","pages":"113-122"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90604516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-12-01DOI: 10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75630
M. Yakubu, Bosede O. Ibiyo
Aqueous extract of Cnestis ferruginea root was investigated for its effects on biochemical and clinical parameters of rat model with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Female animals (150.46 ± 2.31 g) assigned to group A were not induced into PCOS, while those in groups B, C, D, E and F were induced into PCOS by oral administration of 0.5 mg/kg body weight of anastrozole dissolved in 1% CMC (2 mL/kg) daily for 21 days. Animals in groups A and B both received 0.5 mL of distilled water while those in groups C, D, E and F received same volume corresponding to 25, 50, 100 mg/kg body weight (bw) of the extract and 7.14 mg/kg bw of metformin, respectively, once daily for thirty days. Weight of the animals, vaginal cytology and levels of some hormones in serum were determined. The extract contained alkaloids (26.80 mg/L), tannins (0.10 mg/L), saponins (4.60 mg/L), flavonoids (14.60 mg/L) and anthraquinones (0.30 mg/L). The irregular and lengthened estrous cycle, absence of follicles in the ovarian stroma, elevated (P<0.05) serum testosterone and reduced (P<0.05) serum progesterone, LH and FSH were reversed and/or attenuated by the extract treatment in a manner similar to metformin. The increase in body weight of the animals was not significantly different. The extract treatment reversed the hyperandrogenemia and attenuated the irregular estrous cycle in PCOS-induced rats. The saponins and flavonoids present in the plant are considered responsible for the clinical benefits of Cnestis ferruginea roots in the management of PCOS.
{"title":"Effects of Aqueous Extract of Cnestis ferruginea (Vahl Ex DC) Root on the Biochemical and Clinical Parameters of Anastrozole-Induced Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Rat Model","authors":"M. Yakubu, Bosede O. Ibiyo","doi":"10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75630","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75630","url":null,"abstract":"Aqueous extract of Cnestis ferruginea root was investigated for its effects on biochemical and clinical parameters of rat model with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Female animals (150.46 ± 2.31 g) assigned to group A were not induced into PCOS, while those in groups B, C, D, E and F were induced into PCOS by oral administration of 0.5 mg/kg body weight of anastrozole dissolved in 1% CMC (2 mL/kg) daily for 21 days. Animals in groups A and B both received 0.5 mL of distilled water while those in groups C, D, E and F received same volume corresponding to 25, 50, 100 mg/kg body weight (bw) of the extract and 7.14 mg/kg bw of metformin, respectively, once daily for thirty days. Weight of the animals, vaginal cytology and levels of some hormones in serum were determined. The extract contained alkaloids (26.80 mg/L), tannins (0.10 mg/L), saponins (4.60 mg/L), flavonoids (14.60 mg/L) and anthraquinones (0.30 mg/L). The irregular and lengthened estrous cycle, absence of follicles in the ovarian stroma, elevated (P<0.05) serum testosterone and reduced (P<0.05) serum progesterone, LH and FSH were reversed and/or attenuated by the extract treatment in a manner similar to metformin. The increase in body weight of the animals was not significantly different. The extract treatment reversed the hyperandrogenemia and attenuated the irregular estrous cycle in PCOS-induced rats. The saponins and flavonoids present in the plant are considered responsible for the clinical benefits of Cnestis ferruginea roots in the management of PCOS.","PeriodicalId":15664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction","volume":"42 1","pages":"99-112"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84717076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-01DOI: 10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75785
S. Onteru, Dheer Singh
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) is a member of metabolic nuclear receptors called PPARs, which regulate all facets of the fatty acid metabolism including transport, synthesis, storage, mobilization, activation and oxidation of fatty acids. Hence, this receptor could be a drug target for metabolic syndrome-related noncommunicable diseases (NCD) like obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancers. The PPAR-γ gene has different size and transcriptional variants in different species. The major transcriptional variants (PPAR-γ1 and PPAR-γ2) encode proteins with 475/477 and 505 amino acids, respectively. Transcriptional regulation of PPAR-γ is mainly due to combinatorial activity of several transcription factors, chromatin remodelers and non-coding RNA at its promoters and enhancers during energy-surplus state. The miR-130a/b could be a major miRNA regulating PPAR-γ transcripts at post-transcriptional levels. Its protein has a large ligand-binding pocket to bind a wide range of endogenous and exogenous natural (e.g., dietary lipids) and synthetic ligands (TZDs). Along with its obligate partner RXR, and other co-activators, it exerts its action by DNA binding at DR1 and DR2 repeats and also by chromatin remodeling at the promoters and enhancers of its target genes. It has important physiological roles in adipocyte differentiation, inflammation, insulin sensitivity and reproduction. By enhancing the transcription of genes related to lipid uptake, triglyceride synthesis and glucose metabolism, PPAR-γ sequesters the plasma-free fatty acids into adipose tissue and, thereby, it plays a greater role of promoting systemic insulin sensitivity. Hence, it is a key target for anti-diabetic drugs like TZDs. Due to many side effects for classical PPAR-γ-targeting drugs like TZDs, selective PPAR-γ modulators are gaining a great lot of attention. Future studies need to be carried out to understand its transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation in non-adipose tissues adopting advanced "omics" approaches. Such studies will be helpful in designing selective PPAR-γ modulators with limited side effects.
{"title":"PPAR-γ: A Master Metabolic Nuclear Receptor","authors":"S. Onteru, Dheer Singh","doi":"10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75785","url":null,"abstract":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) is a member of metabolic nuclear receptors called PPARs, which regulate all facets of the fatty acid metabolism including transport, synthesis, storage, mobilization, activation and oxidation of fatty acids. Hence, this receptor could be a drug target for metabolic syndrome-related noncommunicable diseases (NCD) like obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancers. The PPAR-γ gene has different size and transcriptional variants in different species. The major transcriptional variants (PPAR-γ1 and PPAR-γ2) encode proteins with 475/477 and 505 amino acids, respectively. Transcriptional regulation of PPAR-γ is mainly due to combinatorial activity of several transcription factors, chromatin remodelers and non-coding RNA at its promoters and enhancers during energy-surplus state. The miR-130a/b could be a major miRNA regulating PPAR-γ transcripts at post-transcriptional levels. Its protein has a large ligand-binding pocket to bind a wide range of endogenous and exogenous natural (e.g., dietary lipids) and synthetic ligands (TZDs). Along with its obligate partner RXR, and other co-activators, it exerts its action by DNA binding at DR1 and DR2 repeats and also by chromatin remodeling at the promoters and enhancers of its target genes. It has important physiological roles in adipocyte differentiation, inflammation, insulin sensitivity and reproduction. By enhancing the transcription of genes related to lipid uptake, triglyceride synthesis and glucose metabolism, PPAR-γ sequesters the plasma-free fatty acids into adipose tissue and, thereby, it plays a greater role of promoting systemic insulin sensitivity. Hence, it is a key target for anti-diabetic drugs like TZDs. Due to many side effects for classical PPAR-γ-targeting drugs like TZDs, selective PPAR-γ modulators are gaining a great lot of attention. Future studies need to be carried out to understand its transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation in non-adipose tissues adopting advanced \"omics\" approaches. Such studies will be helpful in designing selective PPAR-γ modulators with limited side effects.","PeriodicalId":15664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction","volume":"360 1","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76420297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-01DOI: 10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75784
Liaquat Alikhan Sheerinbanu, S. Sharmila, M. M. Aruldhas
Iodothyronines, the tetra- and tri-iodothyronines (T 4 and T 3 ), commonly known as thyroid hormones (THs), are secreted by thyroid glands. Thyroid hormones influence the growth and differentiation of every organ of the body via specific nuclear receptors (TRs), which belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Though thyroid glands secrete predominantly T 4 (which remains bound to its serum binding proteins), T 3 is the biologically active TH. Free T 4 enters the target cells through specific transporters and is converted into T 3 by cell-specific isoforms of cytoplasmic 5' deiodinase, which regulate the circulating T 3 levels and its availability for nuclear TRs in a tissue-specific manner. T 3 is then translocated to the nucleus, with the help of NADPH-dependent cytosolic transporter, where it binds to the monomers of TR subtypes (TRα and TRβ). Prior to the binding of T 3 , TR monomer dimerizes with the 9-cis retinoic acid or retinoid X receptor (RXR) and the TR-RXR heterodimer, in association with corepressors, binds to specific TR response element (TRE) in the target genes. Upon T 3 binding to the TR monomer of the TR-RXR-TRE complex, corepressors get released paving way for the binding of coactivators, thereby inducing the transcription of T 3 -responsive genes. Apart from the canonical nuclear signalling mechanism, membrane-mediated signalling by THs occurs through its interaction with plasma membrane integrin ανβ3. The impact of TH status and TR signalling on a broad range of genes makes studying its effect in vivo a difficult task. Studies on knock-in/out/mutant animal models and humans harboring several mutations of TR isoforms have helped explain various disorders of TH action, particularly the hypothyroid condition associated with the resistance to TH action. The aim of this review is to provide the readers with the information on THs biosynthesis along with the recent progress in TR signalling and its physiological impact on human health.
{"title":"An Update on Human Thyroid Hormone Receptors in Health and Disease: Chemistry, Physiology and Pathophysiology","authors":"Liaquat Alikhan Sheerinbanu, S. Sharmila, M. M. Aruldhas","doi":"10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75784","url":null,"abstract":"Iodothyronines, the tetra- and tri-iodothyronines (T 4 and T 3 ), commonly known as thyroid hormones (THs), are secreted by thyroid glands. Thyroid hormones influence the growth and differentiation of every organ of the body via specific nuclear receptors (TRs), which belong to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Though thyroid glands secrete predominantly T 4 (which remains bound to its serum binding proteins), T 3 is the biologically active TH. Free T 4 enters the target cells through specific transporters and is converted into T 3 by cell-specific isoforms of cytoplasmic 5' deiodinase, which regulate the circulating T 3 levels and its availability for nuclear TRs in a tissue-specific manner. T 3 is then translocated to the nucleus, with the help of NADPH-dependent cytosolic transporter, where it binds to the monomers of TR subtypes (TRα and TRβ). Prior to the binding of T 3 , TR monomer dimerizes with the 9-cis retinoic acid or retinoid X receptor (RXR) and the TR-RXR heterodimer, in association with corepressors, binds to specific TR response element (TRE) in the target genes. Upon T 3 binding to the TR monomer of the TR-RXR-TRE complex, corepressors get released paving way for the binding of coactivators, thereby inducing the transcription of T 3 -responsive genes. Apart from the canonical nuclear signalling mechanism, membrane-mediated signalling by THs occurs through its interaction with plasma membrane integrin ανβ3. The impact of TH status and TR signalling on a broad range of genes makes studying its effect in vivo a difficult task. Studies on knock-in/out/mutant animal models and humans harboring several mutations of TR isoforms have helped explain various disorders of TH action, particularly the hypothyroid condition associated with the resistance to TH action. The aim of this review is to provide the readers with the information on THs biosynthesis along with the recent progress in TR signalling and its physiological impact on human health.","PeriodicalId":15664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction","volume":"12 1","pages":"57-78"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74428440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-01DOI: 10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75783
K. Nikhil, S. Sharan, P. Roy
The androgen receptor (AR) signalling axis plays a vital role in the development, function and homeostasis of the prostate. The classical action of AR is to regulate gene transcriptional processes successively via AR nuclear translocation, binding to androgen response elements on target genes and recruitment of, or crosstalk with, transcription factors. Dysregulation of androgen/AR signalling perturbs normal reproductive development and accounts for a wide range of pathological conditions such as androgen-insensitive syndrome, prostate cancer (PCa) and cardiovascular diseases. Prostate cancer (PCa) initiation and progression is also uniquely dependent on AR. Androgen deprivation therapy remains the standard form of treatment of advanced PCa. Recent research provides a much more detailed understanding of the role of AR in normal human development and physiology in relation to its structure and functions. This review discusses genomic and non-genomic actions of AR, as well as their co-regulators. In addition we also explore several clinically relevant aspects of the molecular biology of the AR in the pathogenesis of non-cancerous and cancerous diseases.
{"title":"A brief overview of androgen receptor: Its structure, functions and role in health and disease","authors":"K. Nikhil, S. Sharan, P. Roy","doi":"10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75783","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75783","url":null,"abstract":"The androgen receptor (AR) signalling axis plays a vital role in the development, function and homeostasis of the prostate. The classical action of AR is to regulate gene transcriptional processes successively via AR nuclear translocation, binding to androgen response elements on target genes and recruitment of, or crosstalk with, transcription factors. Dysregulation of androgen/AR signalling perturbs normal reproductive development and accounts for a wide range of pathological conditions such as androgen-insensitive syndrome, prostate cancer (PCa) and cardiovascular diseases. Prostate cancer (PCa) initiation and progression is also uniquely dependent on AR. Androgen deprivation therapy remains the standard form of treatment of advanced PCa. Recent research provides a much more detailed understanding of the role of AR in normal human development and physiology in relation to its structure and functions. This review discusses genomic and non-genomic actions of AR, as well as their co-regulators. In addition we also explore several clinically relevant aspects of the molecular biology of the AR in the pathogenesis of non-cancerous and cancerous diseases.","PeriodicalId":15664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction","volume":"11 1","pages":"19-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75548775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-01DOI: 10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75682
A. Gurjar, K. Khan, M. Yadav, H. Kumar, N. Chattopadhyay, S. Sanyal
Estrogen signalling is a balance between two closely related transcription factors (TFs), the estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ), both of which bind to similar DNA element called estrogen response element (ERE). ERs do not function by themselves but require a number of co-regulatory proteins (SRC1, A1, NCoR) whose cell-speciuc expression elucidates some of the divergent cellular actions of estrogen. A considerable body of evidence has shown that over-expression of ERα leads to uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation resulting in carcinomas of breast, ovary, uterus and prostate while ERβ down-regulation causes colon cancer. ERs are well-known regulators of several aspects of metabolism, including glucose and lipid metabolism, whereas impaired estrogen signalling is associated with the development of metabolic bone disorders as in post-menopausal women. We review new evidences depicting the importance of ER in understanding the normal physiological functions and how the disruption of typical estrogen signalling leads to the development and progression of various forms of endocrine cancers and metabolic disorders including post-menopausal osteoporosis, diabetes and obesity. Re-examination of available therapies will enable us to therapeutically address fundamental issues towards the design of pharmacologic molecules so as to target crucial metabolic cascades and genes.
{"title":"Estrogen receptors in health and disease","authors":"A. Gurjar, K. Khan, M. Yadav, H. Kumar, N. Chattopadhyay, S. Sanyal","doi":"10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75682","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75682","url":null,"abstract":"Estrogen signalling is a balance between two closely related transcription factors (TFs), the estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ), both of which bind to similar DNA element called estrogen response element (ERE). ERs do not function by themselves but require a number of co-regulatory proteins (SRC1, A1, NCoR) whose cell-speciuc expression elucidates some of the divergent cellular actions of estrogen. A considerable body of evidence has shown that over-expression of ERα leads to uncontrolled cell growth and proliferation resulting in carcinomas of breast, ovary, uterus and prostate while ERβ down-regulation causes colon cancer. ERs are well-known regulators of several aspects of metabolism, including glucose and lipid metabolism, whereas impaired estrogen signalling is associated with the development of metabolic bone disorders as in post-menopausal women. We review new evidences depicting the importance of ER in understanding the normal physiological functions and how the disruption of typical estrogen signalling leads to the development and progression of various forms of endocrine cancers and metabolic disorders including post-menopausal osteoporosis, diabetes and obesity. Re-examination of available therapies will enable us to therapeutically address fundamental issues towards the design of pharmacologic molecules so as to target crucial metabolic cascades and genes.","PeriodicalId":15664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction","volume":"46 1","pages":"41-56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89800599","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-01DOI: 10.18519/JER/2013/V17/75697
Banteiskhem Kharwanlang, Ramesh Sharma
Glucocorticoids have a diverse role in physiological and pathological conditions, making them a class of potent drugs in clinical use ranging from organ transplantation, arthritis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) to oncological problems. The use of glucocorticoids in clinical practices, however, is associated with many side effects and steroid resistance in certain diseases. Understanding the underlying mechanism of glucocorticoid action is an ultimate concern in overcoming these complications. Several studies have pointed the role of glucocorticoid receptor interaction with many other signalling pathways in these situations. Designing of drugs that could modulate these interactions, while maintaining glucocorticoid receptor molecular network in a homeostatic balance, is a challenge in glucocorticoids pharmacology. Some prospective molecules like theophylline and compound A, are reported to have such effect.
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Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.18519/JER/2012/V16/75933
A. S. Jadhav
In the background that there is scanty literature on the ultrastructure of ultimobranchial bodies of the fresh-water turtles, this paper describes the ultrastructure of the gland of freshwater turtle Lissemys punctata granulosa . The gland was dissected out and subjected to transmission electron microscopic analysis to examine the structure of the gland. The gland is composed of a single type of cells with a few secretory granules of similar size, large cytoplasmic bodies, Golgi region, and fewer mitochondria.
{"title":"Ultrastructural Studies on the Ultimobranchial Bodies of Freshwater Turtle Lissemys punctata Granulosa","authors":"A. S. Jadhav","doi":"10.18519/JER/2012/V16/75933","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18519/JER/2012/V16/75933","url":null,"abstract":"In the background that there is scanty literature on the ultrastructure of ultimobranchial bodies of the fresh-water turtles, this paper describes the ultrastructure of the gland of freshwater turtle Lissemys punctata granulosa . The gland was dissected out and subjected to transmission electron microscopic analysis to examine the structure of the gland. The gland is composed of a single type of cells with a few secretory granules of similar size, large cytoplasmic bodies, Golgi region, and fewer mitochondria.","PeriodicalId":15664,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Endocrinology and Reproduction","volume":"37 1","pages":"77-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89147697","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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