In this study, the effects of the different concentrations of hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and acetic acid and a surfactant on the physicochemical characteristics of coal, such as pore diameter distribution, pore fractal dimension, and chemical structures were studied. The wettability performance of the reagent-modified coal was proposed. The results demonstrated that the mineral dissolution rate of HF in coal sample was much higher than those by HCl and HAC treatment, which increases the surface roughness of coal. With the increase of the concentration of multicomponent acid solution, the number of micropores decreased and the number of macropores increased. Moreover, both fractal dimensions D1 and D2 of the coal sample treated with the multicomponent acid comprising 6% HCl, 6% HF, and 6% HAC (#3) were the smallest. This shows that compound reagent #3 is available to enhance the pore size distribution with a better effect than the other five ones. Compared with the raw coal (#7), treatment with high concentrations of HCl (#4) significantly decreased the contact angle on coal (#4), whereas treatment with high concentrations of HF or HAC (#6 or #5), significantly increased it.
{"title":"Experimental investigation on physicochemical and wetting characteristics of modified gas coal: Effects of multicomponent acids and surfactant","authors":"","doi":"10.1115/1.4062320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062320","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 In this study, the effects of the different concentrations of hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, and acetic acid and a surfactant on the physicochemical characteristics of coal, such as pore diameter distribution, pore fractal dimension, and chemical structures were studied. The wettability performance of the reagent-modified coal was proposed. The results demonstrated that the mineral dissolution rate of HF in coal sample was much higher than those by HCl and HAC treatment, which increases the surface roughness of coal. With the increase of the concentration of multicomponent acid solution, the number of micropores decreased and the number of macropores increased. Moreover, both fractal dimensions D1 and D2 of the coal sample treated with the multicomponent acid comprising 6% HCl, 6% HF, and 6% HAC (#3) were the smallest. This shows that compound reagent #3 is available to enhance the pore size distribution with a better effect than the other five ones. Compared with the raw coal (#7), treatment with high concentrations of HCl (#4) significantly decreased the contact angle on coal (#4), whereas treatment with high concentrations of HF or HAC (#6 or #5), significantly increased it.","PeriodicalId":15676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45816825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The use of geopolymers as a full replacement for cement in oil well cementing applications requires the development of not only environmentally friendly but also user-friendly cementitious materials. This study aims to investigate the early-age mechanical and chemical properties of synthesized one-part geopolymers, which are heat-cured rock-based products. These geopolymers were synthesized from granite-based precursors and were activated by solid powders of potassium silicate, with a small portion of potassium hydroxide (KOH) as an accelerator to enhance the setting time and early strength. The mechanical and chemical properties of the one-part geopolymers were characterized, and the mineralogy of the solidified samples was analyzed through crystallography to better understand their microstructure. The study found that the investigated one-part geopolymer mixes, which were activated by a solid activator with a modulus ratio of 2.4, developed acceptable compressive strength of around 7 to 13 MPa within 24 hours and up to 7 days. The use of one-part geopolymers has the potential to provide environmentally- and user-friendly slurries that can facilitate their utilization for large-scale in-situ applications in the petroleum and civil engineering sectors.
{"title":"Development of One-Part Rock-Based Geopolymers for Downhole Cementing Applications","authors":"M. Omran, M. Khalifeh","doi":"10.1115/1.4062250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062250","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The use of geopolymers as a full replacement for cement in oil well cementing applications requires the development of not only environmentally friendly but also user-friendly cementitious materials. This study aims to investigate the early-age mechanical and chemical properties of synthesized one-part geopolymers, which are heat-cured rock-based products. These geopolymers were synthesized from granite-based precursors and were activated by solid powders of potassium silicate, with a small portion of potassium hydroxide (KOH) as an accelerator to enhance the setting time and early strength. The mechanical and chemical properties of the one-part geopolymers were characterized, and the mineralogy of the solidified samples was analyzed through crystallography to better understand their microstructure. The study found that the investigated one-part geopolymer mixes, which were activated by a solid activator with a modulus ratio of 2.4, developed acceptable compressive strength of around 7 to 13 MPa within 24 hours and up to 7 days. The use of one-part geopolymers has the potential to provide environmentally- and user-friendly slurries that can facilitate their utilization for large-scale in-situ applications in the petroleum and civil engineering sectors.","PeriodicalId":15676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42742836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The gas-phase accelerating beyond the liquid phase caused by gas-liquid slippage cannot be ignored in short horizontal pipelines with undulation and inflow, and there is no method to calculate it. Therefore, a pressure drop prediction model for variable liquid holdup was developed in this paper. The theoretical model calculation results were validated using CFD. The effectiveness of the pressure drop prediction model has been demonstrated. The various pressure drop, liquid holdup, and development length laws were then examined. The findings indicate that: The pressure drop in the developed section of stratified flow is not only the friction pressure drop but also the acceleration pressure drop; the length of the stratified flow development section and pipeline pressure drop are more easily affected by the flow rate than the liquid holdup in the pipe inlet. Using the relevant data from coalbed methane horizontal Wells as an example, the L/D of the development section is approximately 40–85 when the inlet flow rate is 0.8–1 m/s, and the inlet liquid holdup is 0.3–0.5. The pressure drop characteristics in the gas-liquid stratified flow development section are obviously different from those in the stable section. The development of a pressure drop prediction model for the stratified flow development section lays the theoretical groundwork for the investigation of gas-liquid two-phase flow in horizontal pipelines with short or undulating and inflow conditions.
{"title":"Pressure drop prediction model of the gas-liquid stratified flow development section in the horizontal pipeline","authors":"Fenna Zhang, Ying-ying Zhang, Jia Li, H. Zhu, Jian Zhang, Yaoguang Qi","doi":"10.1115/1.4062249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062249","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The gas-phase accelerating beyond the liquid phase caused by gas-liquid slippage cannot be ignored in short horizontal pipelines with undulation and inflow, and there is no method to calculate it. Therefore, a pressure drop prediction model for variable liquid holdup was developed in this paper. The theoretical model calculation results were validated using CFD. The effectiveness of the pressure drop prediction model has been demonstrated. The various pressure drop, liquid holdup, and development length laws were then examined. The findings indicate that: The pressure drop in the developed section of stratified flow is not only the friction pressure drop but also the acceleration pressure drop; the length of the stratified flow development section and pipeline pressure drop are more easily affected by the flow rate than the liquid holdup in the pipe inlet. Using the relevant data from coalbed methane horizontal Wells as an example, the L/D of the development section is approximately 40–85 when the inlet flow rate is 0.8–1 m/s, and the inlet liquid holdup is 0.3–0.5. The pressure drop characteristics in the gas-liquid stratified flow development section are obviously different from those in the stable section. The development of a pressure drop prediction model for the stratified flow development section lays the theoretical groundwork for the investigation of gas-liquid two-phase flow in horizontal pipelines with short or undulating and inflow conditions.","PeriodicalId":15676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48100439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Meng, Zihan Zhang, Jiaping Tao, C. Zhang, Liu Yang
Shale formations as major unconventional energy resources are crucial in satisfying the global energy needs of the future. Via nanoindentation method and upscale method, the macromechanical parameters of shale, such as hardness, elastic modulus, are obtained. The conventional Mori-Tanaka upscale method only divides the data into three mineral classes and fails to fully incorporate micromechanical properties to reflect the macro-scale properties of samples.The research measures micromechanical parameters of shale via nanoindentation and performs cluster analysis of nanoindentation measurements. The results of cluster analysis are then combined with the Mori-Tanaka upscale model to evaluate the macro-scale mechanical property of shale. The elastic modulus, hardness and fracture toughness are divided into five groups (clusters) via cluster analysis, with each representing a certain mineral composition. This research is of great significance for more reasonably and accurately characterizing shale mechanical properties, optimizing the recovery scheme, and improving the recovery efficiency of shale gas.
{"title":"A Novel Upscaling Method For Evaluating Mechanical Properties Of The Shale Oil Reservoir Based On Cluster Analysis And Nanoindentation","authors":"S. Meng, Zihan Zhang, Jiaping Tao, C. Zhang, Liu Yang","doi":"10.1115/1.4062248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062248","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Shale formations as major unconventional energy resources are crucial in satisfying the global energy needs of the future. Via nanoindentation method and upscale method, the macromechanical parameters of shale, such as hardness, elastic modulus, are obtained. The conventional Mori-Tanaka upscale method only divides the data into three mineral classes and fails to fully incorporate micromechanical properties to reflect the macro-scale properties of samples.The research measures micromechanical parameters of shale via nanoindentation and performs cluster analysis of nanoindentation measurements. The results of cluster analysis are then combined with the Mori-Tanaka upscale model to evaluate the macro-scale mechanical property of shale. The elastic modulus, hardness and fracture toughness are divided into five groups (clusters) via cluster analysis, with each representing a certain mineral composition. This research is of great significance for more reasonably and accurately characterizing shale mechanical properties, optimizing the recovery scheme, and improving the recovery efficiency of shale gas.","PeriodicalId":15676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44232431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A comprehensive understanding of the effects of free radicals on the ignition properties of practical fuel is critical for the performance of hypersonic vehicles. In this study, the free radical effects of H, CH3, and C2H5 on the ignition delay times of methane/air mixtures at dosages of 10−7 - 10−2 (mole fraction) were systemically analyzed via kinetic analysis with two detailed mechanisms (i.e., AramcoMech 2.0 and USC MECH II). Results showed that the addition of free radicals mainly promoted the ignition process at low temperature (800 K). While the addition of molecule H2 mainly improved the ignition process at high temperature (1250 K). When the additional fractions of free radicals were less than 10-3, promoting effects of the three kinds of free radicals were the same. Differences appeared only when the contents were higher than 10-2. Further kinetic analyses indicated that the addition of free radicals could change the critical reactions during the ignition process of methane/air mixtures. The ignition delay times were reduced by increasing the generation rate of OH radical and heat release rate with the addition of free radicals, while the overall output of OH and flame temperature were not affected by the free radicals.
{"title":"Investigating the Effects of H, CH3, and C2H5 Radicals on the Kinetics of Ignition for Methane/Air Mixtures","authors":"Hui-Sheng Peng, Tianming Yang","doi":"10.1115/1.4062193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062193","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A comprehensive understanding of the effects of free radicals on the ignition properties of practical fuel is critical for the performance of hypersonic vehicles. In this study, the free radical effects of H, CH3, and C2H5 on the ignition delay times of methane/air mixtures at dosages of 10−7 - 10−2 (mole fraction) were systemically analyzed via kinetic analysis with two detailed mechanisms (i.e., AramcoMech 2.0 and USC MECH II). Results showed that the addition of free radicals mainly promoted the ignition process at low temperature (800 K). While the addition of molecule H2 mainly improved the ignition process at high temperature (1250 K). When the additional fractions of free radicals were less than 10-3, promoting effects of the three kinds of free radicals were the same. Differences appeared only when the contents were higher than 10-2. Further kinetic analyses indicated that the addition of free radicals could change the critical reactions during the ignition process of methane/air mixtures. The ignition delay times were reduced by increasing the generation rate of OH radical and heat release rate with the addition of free radicals, while the overall output of OH and flame temperature were not affected by the free radicals.","PeriodicalId":15676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48984871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. SubLaban, Travis Kessler, Noah Van Dam, J. H. Mack
Octane sensitivity (OS), defined as the research octane number (RON) minus the motor octane number (MON) of a fuel, has gained interest among researchers due to its effect on knocking conditions in internal combustion engines. Compounds with a high OS enable higher efficiencies, especially within advanced compression ignition engines. RON/MON must be experimentally tested to determine OS, requiring time, funding, and specialized equipment. Thus, predictive models trained with existing experimental data and molecular descriptors (via quantitative structure property relationships, QSPR) would allow for the preemptive screening of compounds prior to performing these experiments. The present work proposes two methods for predicting the OS of a given compound: using artificial neural networks (ANNs) trained with QSPR descriptors to predict RON and MON individually to compute OS (derived octane sensitivity, dOS), and using ANNs trained with QSPR descriptors to directly predict OS. 25 ANNs were trained for both RON and MON and their test sets achieved an overall 6.4% and 5.2% error, respectively. 25 additional ANNs were trained for both dOS and OS; dOS calculations were found to have 15.3% error while predicting OS directly resulted in 9.9% error. A chemical analysis of the top QSPR descriptors for RON/MON and OS is conducted, highlighting desirable structural features for high-performing molecules and offering insight into the inner mathematical workings of ANNs; such chemical interpretations study the interconnections between structural features, descriptors, and fuel performance showing that connectivity, structural diversity, and atomic hybridization consistently drive fuel performance.
{"title":"Artificial Neural Network Models for Octane Number and Octane Sensitivity: A Quantitative Structure Property Relationship Approach to Fuel Design","authors":"A. SubLaban, Travis Kessler, Noah Van Dam, J. H. Mack","doi":"10.1115/1.4062189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062189","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Octane sensitivity (OS), defined as the research octane number (RON) minus the motor octane number (MON) of a fuel, has gained interest among researchers due to its effect on knocking conditions in internal combustion engines. Compounds with a high OS enable higher efficiencies, especially within advanced compression ignition engines. RON/MON must be experimentally tested to determine OS, requiring time, funding, and specialized equipment. Thus, predictive models trained with existing experimental data and molecular descriptors (via quantitative structure property relationships, QSPR) would allow for the preemptive screening of compounds prior to performing these experiments. The present work proposes two methods for predicting the OS of a given compound: using artificial neural networks (ANNs) trained with QSPR descriptors to predict RON and MON individually to compute OS (derived octane sensitivity, dOS), and using ANNs trained with QSPR descriptors to directly predict OS. 25 ANNs were trained for both RON and MON and their test sets achieved an overall 6.4% and 5.2% error, respectively. 25 additional ANNs were trained for both dOS and OS; dOS calculations were found to have 15.3% error while predicting OS directly resulted in 9.9% error. A chemical analysis of the top QSPR descriptors for RON/MON and OS is conducted, highlighting desirable structural features for high-performing molecules and offering insight into the inner mathematical workings of ANNs; such chemical interpretations study the interconnections between structural features, descriptors, and fuel performance showing that connectivity, structural diversity, and atomic hybridization consistently drive fuel performance.","PeriodicalId":15676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47311730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nowadays, with the progress in technology, the demand for fossil fuels has increased. Therefore, improving the oil recovery from the current oil reservoir is among the crucial issues. Formation damage is a well-recognized subject that causes a reduction in the productivity or injectivity of an oil well. Reducing or controlling formation damage can be effective in improving oil recovery. There are various mechanisms that cause formation damage such as fine migration and clay swelling. In this study, the simultaneous effect of fine migration and swelling on the permeability of a carbonate rock was investigated. Kaolinite and smectite(bentonite) minerals were selected as the representative case for migration and swelling, respectively. Primarily, bottle tests were conducted to study the effect of different fluids on the swelling potential of the kaolinite and smectite. According to the structural feature of the kaolinite, it has the smallest cation exchange capacity (CEC) and consequently a low swelling tendency. Therefore, it showed negligible swelling in the presence of all fluids. According to the high cation concentration of the formation water (FW) and seawater (SW), smectite did not show a high swelling effect. However, diluting the FW and SW increased the swelling tendency of the bentonite. Nanoparticles were not able to control the swelling of the bentonite according to their larger size than the spacing of clay layers. Zirconium Oxychloride was also utilized as the swelling inhibitor which showed high efficiency. Eventually, different injection scenarios were tried using synthetic carbonate core samples with specific clay contents, and the best injection plan for formation damage control was determined.
{"title":"Investigating different fluids and injection patterns on the effect of reservoir rock quality alteration due to swelling and migration of clay minerals at carbonate reservoirs","authors":"Mehran Karami, B. Sedaee, A. Nakhaee","doi":"10.1115/1.4062190","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062190","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Nowadays, with the progress in technology, the demand for fossil fuels has increased. Therefore, improving the oil recovery from the current oil reservoir is among the crucial issues. Formation damage is a well-recognized subject that causes a reduction in the productivity or injectivity of an oil well. Reducing or controlling formation damage can be effective in improving oil recovery. There are various mechanisms that cause formation damage such as fine migration and clay swelling. In this study, the simultaneous effect of fine migration and swelling on the permeability of a carbonate rock was investigated. Kaolinite and smectite(bentonite) minerals were selected as the representative case for migration and swelling, respectively. Primarily, bottle tests were conducted to study the effect of different fluids on the swelling potential of the kaolinite and smectite. According to the structural feature of the kaolinite, it has the smallest cation exchange capacity (CEC) and consequently a low swelling tendency. Therefore, it showed negligible swelling in the presence of all fluids. According to the high cation concentration of the formation water (FW) and seawater (SW), smectite did not show a high swelling effect. However, diluting the FW and SW increased the swelling tendency of the bentonite. Nanoparticles were not able to control the swelling of the bentonite according to their larger size than the spacing of clay layers. Zirconium Oxychloride was also utilized as the swelling inhibitor which showed high efficiency. Eventually, different injection scenarios were tried using synthetic carbonate core samples with specific clay contents, and the best injection plan for formation damage control was determined.","PeriodicalId":15676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46483882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Mavukwana, K. R. Burra, Baraka Celestin Sempuga, M. Castaldi, Ashwani K. Gupta
The fate of sulfur and conversion of metals during the co-gasification of MSW and gypsum is examined here using Aspen Plus combined with Thermo-Calc for the process model development. The effect of air ratio, temperature, and MSW to gypsum feed mass ratio on the syngas evolution, sulfur transformation and mineral speciation behavior is investigated. The results showed prevention of gypsum sulfur transformation to sulfur dioxide at temperatures below 1050 °C, air ratio < 0.4, and MSW to CaSO4 feed mass ratio < 33 wt.%. Approximately 90 wt.% of feed was transformed into gas products comprising 22% CO and 19% H2. At approximately 900 °C, major minerals formed were CaS (alabandite), melilite, anorthite, rankinite, nepheline, and wollastonite. Melilite, a calcium silicate of aluminum and magnesium, dominated over all other silicates. At temperatures >1000 °C, these minerals transformed into a more stable calcium orthosilicate (CaSiO4) and molten oxysulfide. At temperatures higher than 1200 °C, all metals in MSW were transformed into molten oxides. The results show that syngas and minerals can be recovered during the co-gasification of MSW and gypsum to directly reveal the synergetic benefits of co-processing MSW and gypsum low-value waste materials.
{"title":"Sulfur Transformation and Metals Recovery during Co-gasification of Municipal Solid Waste and Gypsum","authors":"A. Mavukwana, K. R. Burra, Baraka Celestin Sempuga, M. Castaldi, Ashwani K. Gupta","doi":"10.1115/1.4062164","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062164","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The fate of sulfur and conversion of metals during the co-gasification of MSW and gypsum is examined here using Aspen Plus combined with Thermo-Calc for the process model development. The effect of air ratio, temperature, and MSW to gypsum feed mass ratio on the syngas evolution, sulfur transformation and mineral speciation behavior is investigated. The results showed prevention of gypsum sulfur transformation to sulfur dioxide at temperatures below 1050 °C, air ratio < 0.4, and MSW to CaSO4 feed mass ratio < 33 wt.%. Approximately 90 wt.% of feed was transformed into gas products comprising 22% CO and 19% H2. At approximately 900 °C, major minerals formed were CaS (alabandite), melilite, anorthite, rankinite, nepheline, and wollastonite. Melilite, a calcium silicate of aluminum and magnesium, dominated over all other silicates. At temperatures >1000 °C, these minerals transformed into a more stable calcium orthosilicate (CaSiO4) and molten oxysulfide. At temperatures higher than 1200 °C, all metals in MSW were transformed into molten oxides. The results show that syngas and minerals can be recovered during the co-gasification of MSW and gypsum to directly reveal the synergetic benefits of co-processing MSW and gypsum low-value waste materials.","PeriodicalId":15676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41557413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yunfei Xu, Zhihua Wang, Jiajun Hong, Bo Zhou, H. Pu
Unlike conventional waxy crude oil, the condensate undergoes a complex phase evolution process in high-temperature and high-pressure conditions of deep gas-condensate reservoir, which makes it more difficult to predict and prevent the wax precipitation. This study measured the component composition, physical properties and carbon number distribution of the closed sampled condensates from the wellbore region. The fluid component in wells was corrected by combining with the gas-oil ratio of the actual production data. The wellbore temperature and pressure profiles were accurately predicted using the corrected component, and the phase envelope relationship of gas-condensate flow was reasonably determined. A cold finger apparatus was designed to test the wax deposition characteristics. The main test unit consists of a completely closed high-pressure autoclave and a cold finger with a maximum 140 °C temperature-tolerant and 16000 psi pressure-tolerant ability. The wax deposition characteristics were formulated, including wax appearance temperature (WAT), critical conditions for wax deposition, wax crystal morphology, wax deposition rate. The primary mechanisms causing wax deposition in the wellbore region of deep gas-condensate reservoirs are still the thermal diffusion and molecular diffusion. A wax crystal improved wax inhibitor consisting of hydrocarbons and polymers was collected and employed. The wax crystal improved wax inhibitor showed remarkable wax prevention performance, reducing WAT by up to 80% and achieving a 90% wax inhibiting rate within the experimental measurement concentrations. These results offer insights into the wax precipitation behavior, wax deposition characteristics, and wax prevention of the condensates.
{"title":"An Insight into Wax Precipitation, Deposition and Prevention Stratagem of Gas-Condensate Flow in Wellbore Region","authors":"Yunfei Xu, Zhihua Wang, Jiajun Hong, Bo Zhou, H. Pu","doi":"10.1115/1.4062084","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062084","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Unlike conventional waxy crude oil, the condensate undergoes a complex phase evolution process in high-temperature and high-pressure conditions of deep gas-condensate reservoir, which makes it more difficult to predict and prevent the wax precipitation. This study measured the component composition, physical properties and carbon number distribution of the closed sampled condensates from the wellbore region. The fluid component in wells was corrected by combining with the gas-oil ratio of the actual production data. The wellbore temperature and pressure profiles were accurately predicted using the corrected component, and the phase envelope relationship of gas-condensate flow was reasonably determined. A cold finger apparatus was designed to test the wax deposition characteristics. The main test unit consists of a completely closed high-pressure autoclave and a cold finger with a maximum 140 °C temperature-tolerant and 16000 psi pressure-tolerant ability. The wax deposition characteristics were formulated, including wax appearance temperature (WAT), critical conditions for wax deposition, wax crystal morphology, wax deposition rate. The primary mechanisms causing wax deposition in the wellbore region of deep gas-condensate reservoirs are still the thermal diffusion and molecular diffusion. A wax crystal improved wax inhibitor consisting of hydrocarbons and polymers was collected and employed. The wax crystal improved wax inhibitor showed remarkable wax prevention performance, reducing WAT by up to 80% and achieving a 90% wax inhibiting rate within the experimental measurement concentrations. These results offer insights into the wax precipitation behavior, wax deposition characteristics, and wax prevention of the condensates.","PeriodicalId":15676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49533490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The air-assisted atomizer used in a two-stroke aviation engine has two separate operation sequences, namely the fuel injection and air injection, in contrast to the synchronous fuel/air injection of conventional effervescent atomizers for continuous combustion engines. This work presents a numerical flow modeling to explore the effects of these two injection sequences on the effervescent spray formation, using the combined methodology of Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase technique and SST k-ω turbulence model. The transient fuel delivery in the internal fuel passage of the atomizer and the effects of the injection sequences on the developments of the droplet sprays were studied. Three characteristic times T1, T2 and T3, were introduced to specify the fuel injection duration, air injection duration, and the time interval between these two injection sequences respectively. The results showed that the most important role of T1 is to meter fuel mass loading, and T2 plays the dominant role on anchor-shaped spray structure. For the air injection sequence, there is a critical time, T3c, which is defined as the minimum opening time of the air injector, for the complete ejection of the fuel in the atomizer, shows a linear correlation to T2, but is weakly related to T1.
{"title":"Effects of injection sequences on spray characteristics of an air-assisted atomizer for two-stroke aviation engines","authors":"Yituan He, Denglin Zheng, Chunzhi Liu, Shiyong Liao","doi":"10.1115/1.4062083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4062083","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The air-assisted atomizer used in a two-stroke aviation engine has two separate operation sequences, namely the fuel injection and air injection, in contrast to the synchronous fuel/air injection of conventional effervescent atomizers for continuous combustion engines. This work presents a numerical flow modeling to explore the effects of these two injection sequences on the effervescent spray formation, using the combined methodology of Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase technique and SST k-ω turbulence model. The transient fuel delivery in the internal fuel passage of the atomizer and the effects of the injection sequences on the developments of the droplet sprays were studied. Three characteristic times T1, T2 and T3, were introduced to specify the fuel injection duration, air injection duration, and the time interval between these two injection sequences respectively. The results showed that the most important role of T1 is to meter fuel mass loading, and T2 plays the dominant role on anchor-shaped spray structure. For the air injection sequence, there is a critical time, T3c, which is defined as the minimum opening time of the air injector, for the complete ejection of the fuel in the atomizer, shows a linear correlation to T2, but is weakly related to T1.","PeriodicalId":15676,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Energy Resources Technology-transactions of The Asme","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45461072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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