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Special Issue: The Behavior of Crystalline Materials: In Honor of Professor Hussein Zbib 特刊:晶体材料的行为:纪念Hussein Zbib教授
IF 1.2 4区 材料科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2021-10-13 DOI: 10.1115/1.4052487
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引用次数: 0
Protective and Thermophysical Characteristics of Plasma-Electrolytic Coatings on the Ultra-Light Magnesium Alloy 超轻镁合金等离子体电解涂层的防护及热物理特性
IF 1.2 4区 材料科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2021-10-12 DOI: 10.1115/1.4052718
S. Grigoriev, I. Kondratsky, B. Krit, V. Ludin, V. Medvetskova, N. Morozova, I. Suminov, A. Apelfeld, R. Wu
Magnesium alloys are now widely used for various purposes due to their unique properties despite the significant disadvantage associated with low corrosion resistance. The plasma-electrolytic oxidation (PEO), which allows the formation of ceramic coatings on the surface of magnesium alloys, is the most advanced and effective method for their protection. But firstly, PEO process of magnesium alloys has some difficulties, and secondly, PEO coatings affect the thermophysical characteristics of the modified materials, in particular they reduce thermal diffusivity. The presented work is devoted to the development of the technological parameters for formation of protective coating on the ultra-light alloy Mg-8Li-1Al-0.6Ce-0.3Y by the PEO method. The results analyses of electrolytes acidity and specific electrical conductivity before and after PEO process and also investigation data of the coatings structure and surface morphology are presented. An integral assessment of the ability of thermal diffusivity and corrosion resistance of the modified alloy was made. Studying of protective and thermophysical characteristics of the obtained coating showed that it provides a sufficiently high corrosion protection, despite the relatively small thickness, and the presence of pores and slightly (not more than 5%) reduces the thermal diffusivity of the magnesium ultra-light alloy.
尽管镁合金具有与低耐腐蚀性相关的显著缺点,但由于其独特的性能,镁合金现在被广泛用于各种目的。等离子体电解氧化(PEO)是在镁合金表面形成陶瓷涂层的最先进、最有效的保护方法。但首先,镁合金的PEO工艺存在一些困难,其次,PEO涂层影响了改性材料的热物理特性,特别是降低了热扩散率。研究了用PEO法在超轻合金Mg-8Li-1Al-0.6Ce-0.3Y上形成保护层的工艺参数。介绍了PEO工艺前后电解质酸度和电导率的分析结果,以及涂层结构和表面形貌的研究数据。对改性合金的热扩散能力和耐腐蚀能力进行了综合评价。对所获得涂层的保护性和热物理特性的研究表明,尽管厚度相对较小,但它提供了足够高的腐蚀保护,并且孔隙的存在略微(不超过5%)降低了镁超轻合金的热扩散率。
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引用次数: 4
Nondestructive Photoelastic and Machine Learning Characterization of Surface Cracks and Prediction of Weibull Parameters for Photovoltaic Silicon Wafers 光伏硅片表面裂纹的无损光弹性和机器学习表征及威布尔参数预测
IF 1.2 4区 材料科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2021-10-08 DOI: 10.1115/1.4052673
L. Rowe, Alexander J. Kaczkowski, T. Lin, G. Horn, H. Johnson
A nondestructive photoelastic method is presented for characterizing surface microcracks in monocrystalline silicon wafers, calculating the strength of the wafers, and predicting Weibull parameters under various loading conditions. Defects are first classified from through thickness infrared photoelastic images using a support vector machine learning algorithm. Characteristic wafer strength is shown to vary with the angle of applied uniaxial tensile load, showing greater strength when loaded perpendicular to the direction of wire motion than when loaded along the direction of wire motion. Observed variations in characteristic strength and Weibull shape modulus with applied tensile loading direction stem from the distribution of crack orientations and the bulk stress field acting on the microcracks. Using this method it is possible to improve manufacturing processes for silicon wafers by rapidly, accurately, and nondestructively characterizing large batches in an automated way.
提出了一种无损光弹性方法来表征单晶硅片表面微裂纹,计算硅片的强度,并预测不同加载条件下的威布尔参数。首先使用支持向量机学习算法从全厚度红外光弹性图像中对缺陷进行分类。晶片的特征强度随所施加的单轴拉伸载荷的角度而变化,当垂直于金属丝运动方向加载时比沿金属丝运动的方向加载时显示出更大的强度。观察到的特征强度和威布尔形状模量随拉伸载荷方向的变化源于裂纹方向的分布和作用在微裂纹上的体积应力场。使用这种方法,可以通过以自动化的方式快速、准确和无损地表征大批量硅片,从而改进硅片的制造工艺。
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引用次数: 0
Microstructural Design of Graphene Nanocomposites for Improved Electrical Conductivity 提高电导率的石墨烯纳米复合材料的微观结构设计
IF 1.2 4区 材料科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1115/1.4051307
A. Gbaguidi, S. Namilae, Daewon Kim
The electrical conductivity and percolation onset of graphene-based nanocomposites are studied by varying both planar and transversal aspect ratios of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) fillers using a three-dimensional stochastic percolation-based model. The graphene nanoplatelets are modeled as elliptical fillers to enable planar aspect ratio variations. We find that decreasing the graphite’s thickness results in an exponential performance improvement of the nanocomposites, in contrast to a linear improvement obtained when the planar aspect ratio is increased, for the same filler volume. Furthermore, we show that hybrid nanocomposites fabricated with partial replacement of GNP by carbon nanotube (CNT) may improve the electrical performance of the GNP monofiller composites. Improvement or deterioration of the electrical properties is mainly based on the morphology and content of the fillers mixed in the hybrids. Nonetheless, using a minimal amount of CNT for substitution always leads to the highest improvement in conductivity in the hybrids, while additional CNTs only lead to smaller improvement at best or even deterioration. The results are validated against experimental works and offer useful insights for the fabrication of highly conductive nanocomposites.
采用基于三维随机渗透的模型,通过改变石墨烯纳米片(GNP)填料的平面和横向长宽比,研究了石墨烯基纳米复合材料的电导率和渗透开始。石墨烯纳米片被建模为椭圆填料,以实现平面宽高比变化。我们发现,在相同的填料体积下,减少石墨的厚度会导致纳米复合材料的性能呈指数级提高,而当平面纵横比增加时则会得到线性提高。此外,我们发现用碳纳米管(CNT)部分替代GNP制备的杂化纳米复合材料可以改善GNP单填料复合材料的电性能。电性能的改善或恶化主要取决于混合材料中填料的形态和含量。尽管如此,使用最少量的碳纳米管替代总是导致杂化材料电导率的最大改善,而额外的碳纳米管充其量只能带来较小的改善,甚至导致劣化。研究结果与实验结果相比较,为高导电性纳米复合材料的制备提供了有益的启示。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Zirconium Oxide Reinforcement on Microstructural, Electrochemical, and Mechanical Properties of TiNi Alloy Produced via Powder Metallurgy Route 氧化锆增强对粉末冶金法制备TiNi合金组织、电化学和力学性能的影响
IF 1.2 4区 材料科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1115/1.4051308
S. A. Raza, M. Khan, M. R. A. Karim, R. Ali, M. Naseer, S. Z. Abbas, M. Ahmad
Equiatomic TiNi alloy composites, reinforced with 0, 5, 10, and 15 vol% ZrO2, were synthesized using conventional sintering approach. Equiatomic TiNi pre-alloyed powder and ZrO2 powder were mixed in planetary ball mill for 6 h followed by cold compaction and pressure-less sintering, respectively. The sintered density was found to vary inversely with the addition of ZrO2 content. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra have shown the formation of multiple-phases which were resulted from the decomposition of the B19′ and B2 phases of the equiatomic TiNi alloy due to the addition of ZrO2 and higher diffusion rate of Ni than that of Ti in the alloy composite. An increase in hardness was noted due to the addition of ZrO2, measured by micro and nanoindentation techniques. Potentiodynamic polarization scan revealed a 10% decrease in the corrosion rate of the composite containing 10 vol% ZrO2. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results indicated an increase in passive layer resistance (Rcoat) due to the increase in charge transfer resistance (Rct) caused by the reduced leaching of ions from the surface.
采用常规烧结方法合成了0、5、10和15 vol% ZrO2增强的等原子TiNi合金复合材料。等原子ti预合金粉和ZrO2粉分别在行星球磨机中混合6 h,然后进行冷压和无压烧结。烧结密度随ZrO2含量的增加呈反比变化。x射线衍射(XRD)结果表明,加入ZrO2后,等原子TiNi合金的B19′和B2相分解形成多相,且合金复合材料中Ni的扩散速率高于Ti。通过微压痕和纳米压痕技术测量,发现由于添加了ZrO2,硬度有所增加。动电位极化扫描显示,含ZrO2含量为10 vol%的复合材料的腐蚀速率降低了10%。电化学阻抗谱(EIS)结果表明,钝化层电阻(Rcoat)增加是由于离子从表面浸出减少导致电荷转移电阻(Rct)增加所致。
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引用次数: 3
Effect of Synthesis Procedure on Particle Dispersion and Hardness of Al- Sic Functionally Graded Metal Matrix Composite 合成工艺对Al- Sic功能梯度金属基复合材料颗粒分散性和硬度的影响
IF 1.2 4区 材料科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1115/1.4052631
Noha M. Hassan, M. Antar, Natalie Saleem, Sara Aboukhelil, Lina Ghonim
Fabrication of Functionally Graded Metal Matrix Composites (FGMMC) especially with high ceramic reinforcement's volume fraction is highly challenging. Depending on the processing technique and process parameters various defects may arise. This research aims to find the best procedure to make FGMMCs with the highest quality and minimum cost. A new method is proposed that incorporates lost-foam and melt infiltration with semicentrifugal casting to produce FGMMC. Experiments were performed to in-situ fabricate 6061-Aluminum alloy reinforced with gradient distributed Silicon carbide particles (Al/SiC FGMMC). Effect of SiC %, Al pouring temperature and rotational speed on the fabricated specimens hardness and reinforcement gradient were investigated using design of experiments and regression analysis. Results reveal the optimum procedure and process settings based on desired properties/gradient required. Mathematical model formulated captures the effect of these process parameters on process cost, and cost of poor quality. Improper selection of those parameters may lead to extensive losses due cost of poor quality which is 12 times higher than the material cost. The proposed manufacturing process proved satisfactory in ensuring proper dispersion. A desirability function can by used to determine the process parameters and volume fraction that minimizes the defects and gives superior properties for a specific application.
功能化梯度金属基复合材料(FGMMC)的制备具有很高的挑战性,特别是具有高陶瓷增强体体积分数的金属基复合材料。根据加工工艺和工艺参数的不同,可能会产生各种缺陷。本研究旨在寻找最佳的工艺,以获得最高的质量和最低的成本。提出了一种半离心铸造法生产FGMMC的新方法。对原位制备梯度分布碳化硅颗粒增强6061铝合金(Al/SiC FGMMC)进行了实验研究。采用实验设计和回归分析的方法,研究了SiC含量、Al浇注温度和转速对试样硬度和增强梯度的影响。结果显示了基于所需属性/梯度的最佳程序和工艺设置。所建立的数学模型捕捉了这些工艺参数对工艺成本和不良质量成本的影响。这些参数的选择不当,可能会造成比材料成本高12倍的劣质成本,造成巨大的损失。所提出的制造工艺在保证适当分散方面令人满意。期望函数可用于确定工艺参数和体积分数,从而最大限度地减少缺陷并为特定应用提供优越的性能。
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引用次数: 2
Experimental and Molecular Dynamics Simulation-Based Investigations on Hydrogen Embrittlement Behavior of Chromium Electroplated 4340 Steel 基于实验和分子动力学模拟的镀铬4340钢氢脆行为研究
IF 1.2 4区 材料科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1115/1.4051400
Ozge Dogan, M. F. Kapci, V. Esat, B. Bal
In this study, chromium electroplating process, corresponding hydrogen embrittlement, and the effects of baking on hydrogen diffusion are investigated. Three types of materials in the form of Raw 4340 steel, Chromium electroplated 4340 steel, and Chromium electroplated and baked 4340 steel are used in order to shed light on the aforementioned processes. Mechanical and microstructural analyses are carried out to observe the effects of hydrogen diffusion. Mechanical analyses show that the tensile strength and hardness of the specimens deteriorate after the chrome-electroplating process due to the presence of atomic hydrogen. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses are carried out for material characterization. Microstructural analyses reveal that hydrogen enters into the material with chromium electroplating process, and baking after chromium electroplating process is an effective way to prevent hydrogen embrittlement. Additionally, the effects of hydrogen on the tensile response of α-Fe-based microstructure with a similar chemical composition of alloying elements are simulated through molecular dynamics (MD) method.
本文研究了镀铬工艺、相应的氢脆以及烘烤对氢扩散的影响。为了阐明上述工艺,使用了三种材料,即生4340钢、电镀铬4340钢和电镀铬和烘烤4340钢。通过力学和显微组织分析来观察氢扩散的影响。力学分析表明,由于原子氢的存在,镀铬后试样的抗拉强度和硬度下降。对材料进行了x射线衍射(XRD)分析。显微组织分析表明,镀铬过程中氢气进入材料,镀铬后的烘烤是防止氢脆的有效方法。此外,采用分子动力学(MD)方法模拟了氢对化学成分相似的α- fe基微观组织拉伸响应的影响。
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引用次数: 1
Quasi-Static and Dynamic Behavior of Inconel 625 Obtained by Laser Metal Deposition: Experimental Characterization and Constitutive Modeling 激光金属沉积Inconel 625的准静态和动态行为:实验表征和本构建模
IF 1.2 4区 材料科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1115/1.4051087
M. Utzeri, A. Bhagavatam, E. Mancini, G. Dinda, M. Sasso, G. Newaz
Laser metal deposition (LMD) is an additive manufacturing process with an extreme potential in large-scale metal production. Among the printable metals, the Inconel 625 has found a wide variety of cutting-edge applications in the aerospace, defense, and space sectors. Thus, knowledge of mechanical properties under quasi-static and dynamic conditions is fundamental. In this work, the quasi-static and dynamic compression behavior of Inconel 625 obtained by LMD is presented. The curves of printed Inconel 625 showed a change in slope in the work hardening phase, which is due to the mechanics of the dislocation motion. Therefore, a modified two-stage (TS) Hollomon power-law is proposed to model this specific mechanical behavior, which identifies a threshold strain that delimit two different hardening behaviors. Furthermore, Johnson–Cook and Cowper–Symonds models were used to represent the effect of strain rate and temperature on the material properties. A variable strain rate sensitivity along the compression strain was found. Hence, double sensitivity terms were introduced into the TS Hollomon power-law, allowing to reproduce the dynamic behavior of Inconel 625.
激光金属沉积(LMD)是一种在大规模金属生产中具有巨大潜力的增材制造工艺。在可打印的金属中,Inconel 625在航空航天、国防和航天领域得到了广泛的应用。因此,了解准静态和动态条件下的力学性能是基本的。本文介绍了用LMD获得的Inconel 625的准静态和动态压缩特性。印模Inconel 625在加工硬化阶段出现了斜率的变化,这是位错运动的机理造成的。因此,提出了一种改进的两阶段(TS) Hollomon幂律来模拟这种特定的力学行为,它确定了划分两种不同硬化行为的阈值应变。采用Johnson-Cook和Cowper-Symonds模型表征应变速率和温度对材料性能的影响。发现了沿压缩应变方向的变应变率敏感性。因此,双灵敏度项被引入TS Hollomon幂律,允许再现Inconel 625的动态行为。
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引用次数: 4
Modeling the Creep of Nickel 模拟镍的蠕变
IF 1.2 4区 材料科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2021-10-01 DOI: 10.1115/1.4051421
R. Sandström, Jing Zhang
Many metals and alloys have a stress exponent for the creep rate that is considerably higher than the value of three that is typically predicted by creep recovery models. One example is pure Ni. Creep data from Norman and Duran that are analyzed in the paper give a stress exponent of about seven in the temperature range 0.3–0.55 of the melting point. It has recently been shown that the high creep exponent of Al and Cu in the power-law breakdown regime can be explained by the presence of strain-induced vacancies. By applying a creep recovery model that does not involve adjustable parameters, it is shown that strain-induced vacancies can also explain the high-stress exponent of pure nickel.
许多金属和合金的蠕变速率的应力指数远远高于蠕变恢复模型通常预测的值3。一个例子是纯Ni。本文分析了Norman和Duran的蠕变数据,在熔点的0.3-0.55温度范围内,应力指数约为7。最近的研究表明,Al和Cu在幂律击穿状态下的高蠕变指数可以用应变诱导空位的存在来解释。采用不含可调参数的蠕变恢复模型,发现应变引起的空位也能解释纯镍的高应力指数。
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引用次数: 3
Characterization of the Formability of High-Purity Polycrystalline Niobium Sheets for SRF Applications SRF用高纯度多晶铌片成形性的表征
IF 1.2 4区 材料科学 Q3 ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL Pub Date : 2021-09-27 DOI: 10.1115/1.4052557
Jean-Franco̧is Croteau, Guillaume Robin, E. Cantergiani, S. Atieh, N. Jacques, G. Mazars, M. Martiny
The forming limit diagram of high-purity niobium sheets used for the manufacturing of superconducting radiofrequency (SRF) cavities is presented. The Marciniak (in-plane) test was used with niobium blanks with a thickness of 1 mm and blank carriers of annealed oxygen-free electronic copper. A high formability was measured, with an approximate true major strain at necking for plane-strain of 0.441. The high formability of high-purity niobium is likely caused by its high strain rate sensitivity of 0.112. Plastic strain anisotropies (r-values) of 1.66, 1.00, and 2.30 were measured in the 0°, 45°, and 90° directions. However, stress–strain curves at a nominal strain rate of ~10−3 s−1 showed similar mechanical properties in the three directions. Theoretical calculations of the forming limit curves (FLCs) were conducted using an analytical two-zone model. The obtained results indicate that the anisotropy and strain rate sensitivity of niobium affect its formability. The model was used to investigate the influence of strain rate on strains at necking. The obtained results suggest that the use of high-speed sheet forming should further increase the formability of niobium.
给出了用于超导射频腔制造的高纯度铌片的成形极限图。采用厚度为1mm的铌毛坯和退火无氧电子铜的毛坯载体进行Marciniak(平面内)试验。测量了高成形性,在颈缩处的平面应变近似为0.441的真实主应变。高纯度铌的高成形性可能是由于其应变率灵敏度高达0.112。在0°、45°和90°方向上测得塑性应变各向异性(r值)分别为1.66、1.00和2.30。然而,在名义应变速率为~10−3 s−1时,应力-应变曲线在三个方向上表现出相似的力学性能。采用解析双区模型对成形极限曲线进行了理论计算。结果表明,铌的各向异性和应变速率敏感性影响其成形性。利用该模型研究了应变速率对缩颈处应变的影响。结果表明,采用高速板料成形可以进一步提高铌的成形性能。
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引用次数: 0
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