Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.38035
Bochang Jin, S. Dong, X. Tian, F. Wang, Qinfeng Gao, G. Lin, Jianhong Guan
Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka)is a typical deposit-feeder,that is,food came from some organic matter in sediment such as bacteria,prozotoa,benthic microalgae and detritus of macroalgae.Artificial feeds are applied in some areas for sea cucumber farming to increase production of the pond cultured sea cucumbers,however,to what extent the artificial feed contributes to their growth is still unclear.Study on the food sources by a traditional way of direct gut content analysis has limitations.Stable isotope is a predictable method to evaluate food sources of A.japonicus.The present experiments were conducted to estimate contribution of artificial feed to growth of sea cucumber at five different stocking densities(5,10,15,25 and 35 ind/m2)using a stable carbon isotope ratio(δ13C)tracer.Sea cucumbers with an average weight of(4.78±0.58)g were randomly assigned to the enclosures.The animals were fed with artificial feed at 8:00 every day,at a feeding rate of about 5% wet weight.There were 5 treatments and 3 replicates in the experiment that lasted for 6 months.The control treatments without feed were set simultaneously.A lab experiment with four plastic aquaria(100 cm×60 cm×60 cm)was conducted and feeding time and ration were the same as the pond experiment.The results showed that the final weight and δ13C value of sea cucumbers were affected markedly by both artificial feed and stocking density(P0.05).With stocking density increasing,final weight of the animals decreased from(35.62±3.50)g to(24.59±4.38)g,and with stocking density increasing from 5 ind/m2 to 35 ind/m2,the δ13C values of sea cucumbers decreased from-13.262‰ to-15.102‰(P0.05).Contributions of artificial feed to the growth of the sea cucumbers increased with increasing of stocking density,only 3.78%±2.98% at 5 ind/m2 to 29.48%±3.31% at 35 ind/m2.Previous studies showed that artificial feed contributed 23.0%-61.6% to the growth of shrimp and fish,which is higher than that to A.japonicus.This was caused by quality of artificial feed and the physiological characteristics of feeding behavior of sea cucumbers.
{"title":"Using carbon stable isotope ratio(δ~(13)C)to evaluate contribution of artificial feeds to growth of pond cultured juvenile sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka)","authors":"Bochang Jin, S. Dong, X. Tian, F. Wang, Qinfeng Gao, G. Lin, Jianhong Guan","doi":"10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.38035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.38035","url":null,"abstract":"Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus(Selenka)is a typical deposit-feeder,that is,food came from some organic matter in sediment such as bacteria,prozotoa,benthic microalgae and detritus of macroalgae.Artificial feeds are applied in some areas for sea cucumber farming to increase production of the pond cultured sea cucumbers,however,to what extent the artificial feed contributes to their growth is still unclear.Study on the food sources by a traditional way of direct gut content analysis has limitations.Stable isotope is a predictable method to evaluate food sources of A.japonicus.The present experiments were conducted to estimate contribution of artificial feed to growth of sea cucumber at five different stocking densities(5,10,15,25 and 35 ind/m2)using a stable carbon isotope ratio(δ13C)tracer.Sea cucumbers with an average weight of(4.78±0.58)g were randomly assigned to the enclosures.The animals were fed with artificial feed at 8:00 every day,at a feeding rate of about 5% wet weight.There were 5 treatments and 3 replicates in the experiment that lasted for 6 months.The control treatments without feed were set simultaneously.A lab experiment with four plastic aquaria(100 cm×60 cm×60 cm)was conducted and feeding time and ration were the same as the pond experiment.The results showed that the final weight and δ13C value of sea cucumbers were affected markedly by both artificial feed and stocking density(P0.05).With stocking density increasing,final weight of the animals decreased from(35.62±3.50)g to(24.59±4.38)g,and with stocking density increasing from 5 ind/m2 to 35 ind/m2,the δ13C values of sea cucumbers decreased from-13.262‰ to-15.102‰(P0.05).Contributions of artificial feed to the growth of the sea cucumbers increased with increasing of stocking density,only 3.78%±2.98% at 5 ind/m2 to 29.48%±3.31% at 35 ind/m2.Previous studies showed that artificial feed contributed 23.0%-61.6% to the growth of shrimp and fish,which is higher than that to A.japonicus.This was caused by quality of artificial feed and the physiological characteristics of feeding behavior of sea cucumbers.","PeriodicalId":15710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fisheries of China","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69962366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.37800
Yanhong Yao, Lingfu Kong, Dengqiang Wang, Wenhui He, Li He, L. Yu
The cavefish Triptophysa xiangxiensis is a species of loach belonging to family Cobitidae,order Cypriniformes.It is endemic to Longshan County of western Hunan Province of China.In this study,a total of 103 individuals from three T.xiangxiensis populations obtained from three caves in Wulongshan Mountain were studied using 16 pairs of microsatellite markers.Using polymorphism information content(PIC),mean heterozygosity(H),number of effective alleles and F-statistics,the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation were evaluated.A total of 83 different alleles were detected in all examined loci.The number of alleles ranged from 3 to 8,with an average number of about 5 per locus.The observed(Ho)and expected heterozygosity(He)ranged from 0.362 5 to 0.946 5 and from 0.538 6 to 0.906 5,respectively.The polymorphism information content for these three populations were 0.263 2,0.231 3,0.303 5.The results from this study indicated that two of the selected 16 microsatellite loci were high polymorphic and two loci were low polymorphic,the other twelve microsatellite loci showed moderate polymorphic.The analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA)indicated that almost majority of the variance in the T.xiangxiensis was within stocks(92.84%),and 7.16% was among stocks.The result of AMOVA,F-statistics,Nei's genetic distance and genetic identity indicated that genetic difference was relatively small and genetic differentiation was low,with high genetic identity between both populations.The information obtained in this study will contribute to the conservation of this endangered T.xiangxiensis species.
{"title":"Microsatellite analysis of population genetic diversity in Triplophysa xiangxiensis","authors":"Yanhong Yao, Lingfu Kong, Dengqiang Wang, Wenhui He, Li He, L. Yu","doi":"10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.37800","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.37800","url":null,"abstract":"The cavefish Triptophysa xiangxiensis is a species of loach belonging to family Cobitidae,order Cypriniformes.It is endemic to Longshan County of western Hunan Province of China.In this study,a total of 103 individuals from three T.xiangxiensis populations obtained from three caves in Wulongshan Mountain were studied using 16 pairs of microsatellite markers.Using polymorphism information content(PIC),mean heterozygosity(H),number of effective alleles and F-statistics,the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation were evaluated.A total of 83 different alleles were detected in all examined loci.The number of alleles ranged from 3 to 8,with an average number of about 5 per locus.The observed(Ho)and expected heterozygosity(He)ranged from 0.362 5 to 0.946 5 and from 0.538 6 to 0.906 5,respectively.The polymorphism information content for these three populations were 0.263 2,0.231 3,0.303 5.The results from this study indicated that two of the selected 16 microsatellite loci were high polymorphic and two loci were low polymorphic,the other twelve microsatellite loci showed moderate polymorphic.The analysis of molecular variance(AMOVA)indicated that almost majority of the variance in the T.xiangxiensis was within stocks(92.84%),and 7.16% was among stocks.The result of AMOVA,F-statistics,Nei's genetic distance and genetic identity indicated that genetic difference was relatively small and genetic differentiation was low,with high genetic identity between both populations.The information obtained in this study will contribute to the conservation of this endangered T.xiangxiensis species.","PeriodicalId":15710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fisheries of China","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69962432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.38107
Danli Wang, D. Zuo, Lan-mei Wang, Jiayao Li, Yunlong Zhao
The Australian redclaw crayfish,Cherax quadricarinatus,is a crustacean belonging to the order Decapoda,family Parastacidae.In recent years,the cultivation of redclaw crayfish(Cherax quadricarinatus)is developing,and the disease of C.quadricarinatus was one of the major factors in its culture and even caused redclaw crayfish to die.The viral disease was found in polyculture of redclaw crayfish with Penaeus vannamei.To explore the pathogenic mechanism of C.quadricarinatus infected by WSSV(white spot syndrome virus),a prophenoloxidase gene(CqproPO)was cloned from haemocytes of C.quadricarinatus by Rapid Amplification Complementary DNA Ends(RACE)method,the proPO gene expression patterns in different tissues and the mRNA expression of proPO gene in hemocyte,hepatopancreas and gill tissues of C.quadricarinatus artificially infected by WSSV were studied.The results indicated that the full length cDNA of CqproPO consisted of 2 962 bp with a 1 998 bp Open Reading Frame(ORF),which encoded 665 amino acids,and the predicted molecular mass was 75.86 ku.Sequence analysis showed CqproPO contained two conserved copperbinding sites;The secondary and tertiary structure assay also showed that the CqproPO has α-helices and β-strands,which is delimiting a cavity where the hydrophobic ligands are bound just as other HCs.ORF contains two tyrosine kinase phosphorylation sites,13 casein kinase Ⅱ phosphorylation sites,7 protein kinase C phosphorylation sites,one dependent on cAMP-and cGMP protein kinase phosphorylation sites and three N-glycosylation sites,and these sites were structural basis of the physiological functions completed.The deduced amino acids sequence of CqproPO shared 79% homology with Procambarus clarkii and 74%,69%,67%,67% with Pacifastacus leniusculus,Nephrops norvegicus,Homarus americanus,Homarus gammarus respectively;Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CqproPO and prophenoloxidase from P.clarkii,P.leniusculus,N.norvegicus,H.americanus,H.gammarus and Panulirus longipes were in the same phylogenetic branch;The Realtime-PCR results showed that CqproPO was widely distributed,with the highest expression level in haemocytes,small amount of expression in intestine,antennal gland,gills,ovary and hepatopancreas,detectable expression level in stomach and muscle,while expression was almost undetectable in testis;The expression levels of prophenoloxidase(proPO)in haemocytes,hepatopancreas and gills from C.quadricarinatus were studied and compared by means of artificial WSSV infection.The results indicated that the expression level of CqproPO in the non-immunized infected group(group Ⅱ)and immunized infected group(group Ⅲ)reached the maximum at 12 h and 24h,which was 1.3-2.55 times higher than that in the control group,and was noticeably higher than the controls(P0.05).But the expression level of prophenoloxidase gene had sharply declined with the time extending of the infection.The expression level of proPO gene from crayfishes injected by immune polysaccharides
{"title":"cDNA cloning and expression analysis of prophenoloxidase in Cherax quadricarinatus","authors":"Danli Wang, D. Zuo, Lan-mei Wang, Jiayao Li, Yunlong Zhao","doi":"10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.38107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.38107","url":null,"abstract":"The Australian redclaw crayfish,Cherax quadricarinatus,is a crustacean belonging to the order Decapoda,family Parastacidae.In recent years,the cultivation of redclaw crayfish(Cherax quadricarinatus)is developing,and the disease of C.quadricarinatus was one of the major factors in its culture and even caused redclaw crayfish to die.The viral disease was found in polyculture of redclaw crayfish with Penaeus vannamei.To explore the pathogenic mechanism of C.quadricarinatus infected by WSSV(white spot syndrome virus),a prophenoloxidase gene(CqproPO)was cloned from haemocytes of C.quadricarinatus by Rapid Amplification Complementary DNA Ends(RACE)method,the proPO gene expression patterns in different tissues and the mRNA expression of proPO gene in hemocyte,hepatopancreas and gill tissues of C.quadricarinatus artificially infected by WSSV were studied.The results indicated that the full length cDNA of CqproPO consisted of 2 962 bp with a 1 998 bp Open Reading Frame(ORF),which encoded 665 amino acids,and the predicted molecular mass was 75.86 ku.Sequence analysis showed CqproPO contained two conserved copperbinding sites;The secondary and tertiary structure assay also showed that the CqproPO has α-helices and β-strands,which is delimiting a cavity where the hydrophobic ligands are bound just as other HCs.ORF contains two tyrosine kinase phosphorylation sites,13 casein kinase Ⅱ phosphorylation sites,7 protein kinase C phosphorylation sites,one dependent on cAMP-and cGMP protein kinase phosphorylation sites and three N-glycosylation sites,and these sites were structural basis of the physiological functions completed.The deduced amino acids sequence of CqproPO shared 79% homology with Procambarus clarkii and 74%,69%,67%,67% with Pacifastacus leniusculus,Nephrops norvegicus,Homarus americanus,Homarus gammarus respectively;Phylogenetic analysis revealed that CqproPO and prophenoloxidase from P.clarkii,P.leniusculus,N.norvegicus,H.americanus,H.gammarus and Panulirus longipes were in the same phylogenetic branch;The Realtime-PCR results showed that CqproPO was widely distributed,with the highest expression level in haemocytes,small amount of expression in intestine,antennal gland,gills,ovary and hepatopancreas,detectable expression level in stomach and muscle,while expression was almost undetectable in testis;The expression levels of prophenoloxidase(proPO)in haemocytes,hepatopancreas and gills from C.quadricarinatus were studied and compared by means of artificial WSSV infection.The results indicated that the expression level of CqproPO in the non-immunized infected group(group Ⅱ)and immunized infected group(group Ⅲ)reached the maximum at 12 h and 24h,which was 1.3-2.55 times higher than that in the control group,and was noticeably higher than the controls(P0.05).But the expression level of prophenoloxidase gene had sharply declined with the time extending of the infection.The expression level of proPO gene from crayfishes injected by immune polysaccharides ","PeriodicalId":15710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fisheries of China","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69963191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.38126
Huajie Lu, Xinjun Chen, Bilin Liu
Beak is one of the most important hard tissues of Cephalopoda which is usually used in fishery biology and biomass estimation.According to the 2 916 samples of short-fin squid Illex argentinus collected by Chinese squid jigging vessels from January to March in 2010 in Southwest Atlantic Ocean,the morphologic parameters were measured and the growth characteristics of beak were studied.The result of principal component analysis of twelve morphologic indices showed that upper hood length(UHL),upper crest length(UCL),upper wing length(UWL),lower hood length(LHL),lower crest length(LCL)and lower wing length(LWL)could be used to represent the length growth features of beak of each dome,and the ratios of HL to CL,RL to RL,RW to WL,LWL/CL and WL/CL could be used as indicators of entire growth for beak(upper beak and lower beak)growth,and the each dome growth,the entire beak growth impacted by sex,gonad maturity and individual size were analyzed by the analysis of variance(ANOVA)and least-significant difference(LSD).The results indicated that the UHL,UCL,UWL,LHL,LCL and LWL were closely related to sex,and for females or males,the UHL,UCL,UWL,LHL,LCL and LWL were closely related to gonad maturity and mantle length,however the ratios of HL/CL,RL/CL,RW/CL,LWL/CL,WL/CL were nearly constant without changing with sex,gonad maturity or different mantle length with the ratios of 78.04%,22.46%,17.28%,81.41% and 23.07% for upper beak and 50.69%,43.31%,41.13%,144.98% and 93.68% for lower beak respectively.This study suggested that there are significant effects of individual size on beak morphology of I.argentinus in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean.
{"title":"Effects of individual size on beak morphology of Illex argentinus in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean","authors":"Huajie Lu, Xinjun Chen, Bilin Liu","doi":"10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.38126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.38126","url":null,"abstract":"Beak is one of the most important hard tissues of Cephalopoda which is usually used in fishery biology and biomass estimation.According to the 2 916 samples of short-fin squid Illex argentinus collected by Chinese squid jigging vessels from January to March in 2010 in Southwest Atlantic Ocean,the morphologic parameters were measured and the growth characteristics of beak were studied.The result of principal component analysis of twelve morphologic indices showed that upper hood length(UHL),upper crest length(UCL),upper wing length(UWL),lower hood length(LHL),lower crest length(LCL)and lower wing length(LWL)could be used to represent the length growth features of beak of each dome,and the ratios of HL to CL,RL to RL,RW to WL,LWL/CL and WL/CL could be used as indicators of entire growth for beak(upper beak and lower beak)growth,and the each dome growth,the entire beak growth impacted by sex,gonad maturity and individual size were analyzed by the analysis of variance(ANOVA)and least-significant difference(LSD).The results indicated that the UHL,UCL,UWL,LHL,LCL and LWL were closely related to sex,and for females or males,the UHL,UCL,UWL,LHL,LCL and LWL were closely related to gonad maturity and mantle length,however the ratios of HL/CL,RL/CL,RW/CL,LWL/CL,WL/CL were nearly constant without changing with sex,gonad maturity or different mantle length with the ratios of 78.04%,22.46%,17.28%,81.41% and 23.07% for upper beak and 50.69%,43.31%,41.13%,144.98% and 93.68% for lower beak respectively.This study suggested that there are significant effects of individual size on beak morphology of I.argentinus in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean.","PeriodicalId":15710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fisheries of China","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69963262","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.38153
G. Cui, Aqing Chen, Weiqun Lv
Inimicus japonicus is one of the most commercially important marine fishes in China and Japan.The embryonic and morphological development of larvae of this species has been studied,but it is incompletely known about its osteological development.In order to obtain the knowledge of the normal onset of skeletal structures throughout development,the developmental sequences of vertebral column and the appendicular skeleton were examined in laboratory-reared larvae of Inimicus japonicus from hatching through 35 days after hatching(d.a.h)by the the clearing and staining technique of cartilage and bone.According to the observation,the vertebral column started to develop from haemal arches and neural arches at 10 d.a.h and 11 d.a.h respectively.Then,centrum,medullary spines,and pulses spines were formed at 20 d.a.h.and they were completely ossified by 35 d.a.h with trunk vertebrae flexion.The development sequence and ossification of centrum,medulllary spines,and pulses spines both started from anterior to posterior.The appendicular skeleton developed in following sequences:the pectoral fin is the first to develop,followed by caudal fins,anal fins,dorsal fins,and then ventral fins.The pectoral fin started to develop from the cleithrum and the fin plate at 3 d.a.h.Cartilages of pterygiophore of pectoral fin were formed at 11 d.a.h and some fin-supports of pectoral fins separated at 35 d.a.h.Pelvic girdle and ventral fin appeared right at 18 d.a.h,later than pectoral fin,but they are rapidly developmented.Dorsal and anal fin appeared at 20 d.a.h,and dorsal and anal fin-ray complements completed at 23 d.a.h.However,anal fin developed posterior from the middle section.The development of the caudal fin began with the appearance of the hypural at 8 d.a.h,and then caudal fin rays and fin-supports begin to develop.Caudal fin was basically formed at 15 d.a.h with two leaves a fin bone formation,which divided the caudal fin rays into two parts.The caudal fins bone formed and started preliminary ossification at 35 d.a.h.Previously-recognized critical periods for Inimicus japonicas,corresponded to transformation phases from the primitive,basic modes to stable,more functional modes in both swimming functional development and changing in living habits.The study of the development of the vertebral column and the appendicular skeleton of Inimicus japonicas will provide the basis for the functional adaptation during early development.
{"title":"Early development of the vertebral column and the appendicular skeleton in the Inimicus japonicus","authors":"G. Cui, Aqing Chen, Weiqun Lv","doi":"10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.38153","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.38153","url":null,"abstract":"Inimicus japonicus is one of the most commercially important marine fishes in China and Japan.The embryonic and morphological development of larvae of this species has been studied,but it is incompletely known about its osteological development.In order to obtain the knowledge of the normal onset of skeletal structures throughout development,the developmental sequences of vertebral column and the appendicular skeleton were examined in laboratory-reared larvae of Inimicus japonicus from hatching through 35 days after hatching(d.a.h)by the the clearing and staining technique of cartilage and bone.According to the observation,the vertebral column started to develop from haemal arches and neural arches at 10 d.a.h and 11 d.a.h respectively.Then,centrum,medullary spines,and pulses spines were formed at 20 d.a.h.and they were completely ossified by 35 d.a.h with trunk vertebrae flexion.The development sequence and ossification of centrum,medulllary spines,and pulses spines both started from anterior to posterior.The appendicular skeleton developed in following sequences:the pectoral fin is the first to develop,followed by caudal fins,anal fins,dorsal fins,and then ventral fins.The pectoral fin started to develop from the cleithrum and the fin plate at 3 d.a.h.Cartilages of pterygiophore of pectoral fin were formed at 11 d.a.h and some fin-supports of pectoral fins separated at 35 d.a.h.Pelvic girdle and ventral fin appeared right at 18 d.a.h,later than pectoral fin,but they are rapidly developmented.Dorsal and anal fin appeared at 20 d.a.h,and dorsal and anal fin-ray complements completed at 23 d.a.h.However,anal fin developed posterior from the middle section.The development of the caudal fin began with the appearance of the hypural at 8 d.a.h,and then caudal fin rays and fin-supports begin to develop.Caudal fin was basically formed at 15 d.a.h with two leaves a fin bone formation,which divided the caudal fin rays into two parts.The caudal fins bone formed and started preliminary ossification at 35 d.a.h.Previously-recognized critical periods for Inimicus japonicas,corresponded to transformation phases from the primitive,basic modes to stable,more functional modes in both swimming functional development and changing in living habits.The study of the development of the vertebral column and the appendicular skeleton of Inimicus japonicas will provide the basis for the functional adaptation during early development.","PeriodicalId":15710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fisheries of China","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69963282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.38212
Junjie Fan, Shao-Zhong Xu, Z. Fang, Rushu Wen
The effects of 17α-methyltestosterone(MT)on target gene expression and morphological masculinization in female mosquitofish(Gambusia affinis)during the growth and development is studied in order to test if the level of ARα mRNA expression in mosquitofish can be considered a valid biomarker for aquaculture androgen POPs.With juvenile female mosquitofish exposed to MT with 0.5,5,50 and 500 nmol/L for 21 d,the body length(BL),body weight(BW),body health index(CF),and the anal fin 3rd fin section length(FL),the section number(FJ),and the most wide department width(FW),as well as the level of ARα mRNA and VTGα mRNA expression were quantitatively determined by morphology and in vitro methods,and set the control group and the parallel groups.The results showed that the BL and CF in female juvenile exposed to different concentrations of MT for 21 d were not significantly different,only the BW in fish exposed to 50 and 500 nmol/L of high-dose groups was significantly decreased(P0.05)when compared with the control group;the FJ in 3rd fin of anal fin showed a significant increase,FL was along with extending and FW also showed a significant increase in width(P0.05);Female juveniles were exposed to different concentrations of MT after 21 d,ARα mRNA expression level was displayed dose-related increase significantly(P0.05).The results indicated that the androgenic effects of MT was very significant,resulting in the morphological masculinization in female mosquitofish during the growth and development process;ARα mRNA expression levels could be used as the ideal biomarkers for monitoring the aquaculture water androgen pollutants.
{"title":"Target gene expression and morphological masculinization in mosquitofish(Gambusia affinis)exposed to 17α-methyltestosterone","authors":"Junjie Fan, Shao-Zhong Xu, Z. Fang, Rushu Wen","doi":"10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.38212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.38212","url":null,"abstract":"The effects of 17α-methyltestosterone(MT)on target gene expression and morphological masculinization in female mosquitofish(Gambusia affinis)during the growth and development is studied in order to test if the level of ARα mRNA expression in mosquitofish can be considered a valid biomarker for aquaculture androgen POPs.With juvenile female mosquitofish exposed to MT with 0.5,5,50 and 500 nmol/L for 21 d,the body length(BL),body weight(BW),body health index(CF),and the anal fin 3rd fin section length(FL),the section number(FJ),and the most wide department width(FW),as well as the level of ARα mRNA and VTGα mRNA expression were quantitatively determined by morphology and in vitro methods,and set the control group and the parallel groups.The results showed that the BL and CF in female juvenile exposed to different concentrations of MT for 21 d were not significantly different,only the BW in fish exposed to 50 and 500 nmol/L of high-dose groups was significantly decreased(P0.05)when compared with the control group;the FJ in 3rd fin of anal fin showed a significant increase,FL was along with extending and FW also showed a significant increase in width(P0.05);Female juveniles were exposed to different concentrations of MT after 21 d,ARα mRNA expression level was displayed dose-related increase significantly(P0.05).The results indicated that the androgenic effects of MT was very significant,resulting in the morphological masculinization in female mosquitofish during the growth and development process;ARα mRNA expression levels could be used as the ideal biomarkers for monitoring the aquaculture water androgen pollutants.","PeriodicalId":15710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fisheries of China","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69964118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Effects of different inoculation densities on growth and toxin production of Alexandrium minutum were studied.Experiments were conducted under conditions of varying inoculation densities(0.05×104,0.10×104,0.15×104,0.30×104 cells/mL).Higher inoculation densities always resulted in shorter lag phase of A.minutum,and an earlier setting in of the steady growth phase.However,the specific growth rate and maximum cell concentration of A.minutum decreased with increasing inoculation densities.The multiplication models developed correlated well with the observations,as the inoculation density increased,the initial-density dependent parameter a also deceased and the reduction of environmental capacity,instantaneous multiplication included.According to MBA analysis,toxicity of A.minutum is typically highest when cells are growing fast in early exponential phase and lowest as growth slows and eventually stops in plateau phase.The PSP-toxin congeners,GTX1(2.14 fmol/cell),GTX2(2.08 fmol/cell),GTX3(4.97 fmol/cell),GTX4(5.04 fmol/cell)were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence diction(HPLC-FLD).Result of this study implied that toxin production of the dinoflagellate A.minutum is better in 0.10×104-0.15×104 cells/mL than other condition of inoculations densities.
{"title":"Effects of different inoculation densities on growth and toxin production of Alexandrium minutum","authors":"Zhongyuan Bian, Xihong Yang, Wancui Xie, Chaohua Zhang, Zhuo Li, Yadong Yang","doi":"10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.38266","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.38266","url":null,"abstract":"Effects of different inoculation densities on growth and toxin production of Alexandrium minutum were studied.Experiments were conducted under conditions of varying inoculation densities(0.05×104,0.10×104,0.15×104,0.30×104 cells/mL).Higher inoculation densities always resulted in shorter lag phase of A.minutum,and an earlier setting in of the steady growth phase.However,the specific growth rate and maximum cell concentration of A.minutum decreased with increasing inoculation densities.The multiplication models developed correlated well with the observations,as the inoculation density increased,the initial-density dependent parameter a also deceased and the reduction of environmental capacity,instantaneous multiplication included.According to MBA analysis,toxicity of A.minutum is typically highest when cells are growing fast in early exponential phase and lowest as growth slows and eventually stops in plateau phase.The PSP-toxin congeners,GTX1(2.14 fmol/cell),GTX2(2.08 fmol/cell),GTX3(4.97 fmol/cell),GTX4(5.04 fmol/cell)were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence diction(HPLC-FLD).Result of this study implied that toxin production of the dinoflagellate A.minutum is better in 0.10×104-0.15×104 cells/mL than other condition of inoculations densities.","PeriodicalId":15710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fisheries of China","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69964533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.38268
Ru Xiaohong, Luo Kun, Luan Sheng, Kong Jie, Xu Shengyu, Chen Rongjian, Chen Guoliang
In 2011,seven batches of Litopenaeus vannamei,introduced from America and Singapore were collected to evaluate the growth performance.The nest design was adopted and 130 full-sib families(17 hybridized combinations and 7 inbred combinations)were obtained by artificial insemination.Offspring of the 130 families were cultured separately through the larval and juvenile stages,and were fluorescence-tagged when they reached a body length of 3 cm.The shrimps were tagged with a unique family code by injecting different colours of "Visible Implant Fluorescent Elastomers"(VIE)before being stocked in one grow-out pond.All families were randomly divided into two groups and then cultured in both Huanghua,Hebei and Aoshan,Qingdao,simultaneously.Body weight(g)of these shrimps was measured after 153 d.Growth performance of every population and combination was evaluated by analyzing the least squares means(LSM)and heterosis for body weight in L.vannamei.The results showed that,on the 153rd day,the variation coefficient of body weight of the L.vannamei stocks was 13%-26%.The LSM for body weight of the UA5 batch,UA4 batch and SIN batch were higher than average by 5.34%,2.51% and 1.67%,respectively.So these 3 batches could be used as parents for high quality cultivars.A growth performance analysis showed the average LSM of hybridized combination(18.14 g)was higher than the average LSM of inbred combinations(17.17 g).The highest LSM occurred in the cross between the UA4 batch and the UA5 batch,with 7.61 percent higher than average.Heterosis analysis showed,they ranged from a low of-1.77% to a high of 11.72%,with a mean of 5.45%,positive heterotic vigor was detected in most hybridized combination.The highest heterosis occurred in the cross between the UA1 batch and the UA2 batch.Our study provides insight into methods for improving the accuracy of genetic selection for growth traits in L.vannamei,and for genetics and breeding research into quantitative traits in other aquatic animals.
{"title":"Evaluation of growth performance in Litopenaeus vannamei populations introduced from other nations","authors":"Ru Xiaohong, Luo Kun, Luan Sheng, Kong Jie, Xu Shengyu, Chen Rongjian, Chen Guoliang","doi":"10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.38268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.38268","url":null,"abstract":"In 2011,seven batches of Litopenaeus vannamei,introduced from America and Singapore were collected to evaluate the growth performance.The nest design was adopted and 130 full-sib families(17 hybridized combinations and 7 inbred combinations)were obtained by artificial insemination.Offspring of the 130 families were cultured separately through the larval and juvenile stages,and were fluorescence-tagged when they reached a body length of 3 cm.The shrimps were tagged with a unique family code by injecting different colours of \"Visible Implant Fluorescent Elastomers\"(VIE)before being stocked in one grow-out pond.All families were randomly divided into two groups and then cultured in both Huanghua,Hebei and Aoshan,Qingdao,simultaneously.Body weight(g)of these shrimps was measured after 153 d.Growth performance of every population and combination was evaluated by analyzing the least squares means(LSM)and heterosis for body weight in L.vannamei.The results showed that,on the 153rd day,the variation coefficient of body weight of the L.vannamei stocks was 13%-26%.The LSM for body weight of the UA5 batch,UA4 batch and SIN batch were higher than average by 5.34%,2.51% and 1.67%,respectively.So these 3 batches could be used as parents for high quality cultivars.A growth performance analysis showed the average LSM of hybridized combination(18.14 g)was higher than the average LSM of inbred combinations(17.17 g).The highest LSM occurred in the cross between the UA4 batch and the UA5 batch,with 7.61 percent higher than average.Heterosis analysis showed,they ranged from a low of-1.77% to a high of 11.72%,with a mean of 5.45%,positive heterotic vigor was detected in most hybridized combination.The highest heterosis occurred in the cross between the UA1 batch and the UA2 batch.Our study provides insight into methods for improving the accuracy of genetic selection for growth traits in L.vannamei,and for genetics and breeding research into quantitative traits in other aquatic animals.","PeriodicalId":15710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fisheries of China","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69964594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.38373
Yan Sun, Xiaoling Song, Fei Liu, Yuhong Li, Jie Huang
In order to select WSSV disease-resistant strains,a marine Bacillus sp.was isolated and purified from digestive tract from the healthy of Chinese shrimp(Fenneropenaeus chinensis).The morphology and gram stain indicated that the strain is a gram-positive and rod-shaped bacterium,with a single polar flagellum and oval spores.The colony is circular and slightly raised.Identification analyses by the Biolog Carbon Source Utilization,ATB Microbial Identification System,and the fatty acid gas chromatography indicated that the most similar strain in physiological and biochemical characteristics is Bacillus firmus.Phylogenetic analysis with 16S rRNA sequence showed that it has 100% homology with the previously reported Bacillus firmus.The cultured strain PC024 was added to feed by conglutinating to the surface of the pellets and fed to Litopenaeus vannamei.After feeding for 20 d,the shrimp was challenged with WSSV by intramuscular injection to observe the cumulative mortality in 14 d post-challenge.The results showed that the experimental group fed with the strain PC024 had a relative survival rate of 33.7% in comparison with the control group.The immune-related enzyme activity in the serum and hepatopancreas of shrimp in the experimental group was significantly increased than the control group.And the total number of bacteria of the intestine of the experimental group is always significantly higher than that of the control group and Bacillus firmus can be isolated from the experimental group.This study suggests that the Bacillus firmus PC024 can be used as the WSSV disease prevention probiotic strains and can further be used in shrimp farming.
{"title":"Isolation and identification of Bacillus sp.and evaluation of its effect on WSSV disease resistance in Litopenaeus vannamei","authors":"Yan Sun, Xiaoling Song, Fei Liu, Yuhong Li, Jie Huang","doi":"10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.38373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.38373","url":null,"abstract":"In order to select WSSV disease-resistant strains,a marine Bacillus sp.was isolated and purified from digestive tract from the healthy of Chinese shrimp(Fenneropenaeus chinensis).The morphology and gram stain indicated that the strain is a gram-positive and rod-shaped bacterium,with a single polar flagellum and oval spores.The colony is circular and slightly raised.Identification analyses by the Biolog Carbon Source Utilization,ATB Microbial Identification System,and the fatty acid gas chromatography indicated that the most similar strain in physiological and biochemical characteristics is Bacillus firmus.Phylogenetic analysis with 16S rRNA sequence showed that it has 100% homology with the previously reported Bacillus firmus.The cultured strain PC024 was added to feed by conglutinating to the surface of the pellets and fed to Litopenaeus vannamei.After feeding for 20 d,the shrimp was challenged with WSSV by intramuscular injection to observe the cumulative mortality in 14 d post-challenge.The results showed that the experimental group fed with the strain PC024 had a relative survival rate of 33.7% in comparison with the control group.The immune-related enzyme activity in the serum and hepatopancreas of shrimp in the experimental group was significantly increased than the control group.And the total number of bacteria of the intestine of the experimental group is always significantly higher than that of the control group and Bacillus firmus can be isolated from the experimental group.This study suggests that the Bacillus firmus PC024 can be used as the WSSV disease prevention probiotic strains and can further be used in shrimp farming.","PeriodicalId":15710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fisheries of China","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69965784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.38395
T. He, Zhizhong Xiao, Qinghua Liu, Li Jun
Based on the histological observations under optical microscope,we studied the ontogeny of the gill of rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus at(24±1.0)℃.At hatching,gill anlage was visible in the pharyngeal region.On 2 DAH(Day After Hatching),as the branchial cavity was formed,four pairs of gill arches were evident and some muscular fibres were observed in gill arches.The blood cells were visible in the vascular structures of gills on 3 DAH,and the primordial filaments first appeared in the second and third arches,then in the first and fourth arches on 4 DAH.The primordial lamellae were first formed in the filaments of the second and third gill arches on 6 DAH,then in the first and fourth arches on 7 DAH.On 6 DAH,the pseudobranch anlage was observed as a paired structure lied by the anterior branchial cavity and the lamellae in the pseudobranch were visible on 7 DAH.The chloride cells were first arranged in the base of the lamellae on 7 DAH,then also in the base of filaments on 8 DAH.The pavement cells were visible in the branchial epithelium on 8 DAH and the pillar cells were developed to delimit the vascular structures of lamellae on 9 DAH.On 10 DAH,the mucous cells were seen in the lamellae of pseudobranch.From 14 DAH forward,the filaments and lamellae of gills increased in number and length prominently and the gill of larvae was similar to that of juvenile fish.The specific activity of Na+,K+-ATPase increased from cleavage period(0.712±0.400)U/g to segmentation period(2.315±0.515)U/g,and then decreased progressively to a low level until 9 DAH(1.389±0.734)U/g.Subsequently,the activity increased.After 12 DAH,it decreased to the minimum at(0.246±0.126)U/g on 14 DAH.Then the activity increased rapidly and reached the maximum at(4.731±0.309)U/g on 18 DAH.From 20 DAH,the specific activity of Na+,K+-ATPase reached a relatively stable level until 50 DAH(3.667±0.633)U/g.The change of Na+,K+-ATPase activity is closely related with the development of gill,especially the chloride cells.The mortality of rock bream larvae was very high in the period when the specific activity of Na+,K+-ATPase reached the minimum from 12 to 16 DAH.
{"title":"Ontogeny of the gill and Na~+,K~+-ATPase activity of rock bream(Oplegnathus fasciatus)","authors":"T. He, Zhizhong Xiao, Qinghua Liu, Li Jun","doi":"10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.38395","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1231.2013.38395","url":null,"abstract":"Based on the histological observations under optical microscope,we studied the ontogeny of the gill of rock bream Oplegnathus fasciatus at(24±1.0)℃.At hatching,gill anlage was visible in the pharyngeal region.On 2 DAH(Day After Hatching),as the branchial cavity was formed,four pairs of gill arches were evident and some muscular fibres were observed in gill arches.The blood cells were visible in the vascular structures of gills on 3 DAH,and the primordial filaments first appeared in the second and third arches,then in the first and fourth arches on 4 DAH.The primordial lamellae were first formed in the filaments of the second and third gill arches on 6 DAH,then in the first and fourth arches on 7 DAH.On 6 DAH,the pseudobranch anlage was observed as a paired structure lied by the anterior branchial cavity and the lamellae in the pseudobranch were visible on 7 DAH.The chloride cells were first arranged in the base of the lamellae on 7 DAH,then also in the base of filaments on 8 DAH.The pavement cells were visible in the branchial epithelium on 8 DAH and the pillar cells were developed to delimit the vascular structures of lamellae on 9 DAH.On 10 DAH,the mucous cells were seen in the lamellae of pseudobranch.From 14 DAH forward,the filaments and lamellae of gills increased in number and length prominently and the gill of larvae was similar to that of juvenile fish.The specific activity of Na+,K+-ATPase increased from cleavage period(0.712±0.400)U/g to segmentation period(2.315±0.515)U/g,and then decreased progressively to a low level until 9 DAH(1.389±0.734)U/g.Subsequently,the activity increased.After 12 DAH,it decreased to the minimum at(0.246±0.126)U/g on 14 DAH.Then the activity increased rapidly and reached the maximum at(4.731±0.309)U/g on 18 DAH.From 20 DAH,the specific activity of Na+,K+-ATPase reached a relatively stable level until 50 DAH(3.667±0.633)U/g.The change of Na+,K+-ATPase activity is closely related with the development of gill,especially the chloride cells.The mortality of rock bream larvae was very high in the period when the specific activity of Na+,K+-ATPase reached the minimum from 12 to 16 DAH.","PeriodicalId":15710,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fisheries of China","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69965945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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