Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering最新文献_第3页

A review on microwave assisted thermal remediation of hydrocarbons contaminated soil: Influential factors, mechanism, and prospective 微波辅助热修复碳氢化合物污染土壤综述：影响因素、机理和前景

IF 7.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2024.114726

Yongxing Zhang, Hui Song, Jafar Zanganeh, Behdad Moghtaderi

This review provides an overview of current research on thermal methods for remediating soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, with a specific focus on microwave-assisted heating treatment. Initially, it broadly surveys and analyses existing studies on various thermal remediation techniques, in particular thermal desorption, pyrolysis, and incineration. The challenges of high temperatures, prolonged treatment durations, and substantial energy consumption underlying conventional heating methods were therefore summarised. Microwave heating approach was paid paramount attention in current review due to its distinct characteristics and widespread application in many fields, e.g. water treatment, solid waste management, and soil remediation. It offers distinct advantages over traditional thermal treatment methods, especially lower treatment temperatures, higher rates of pollutant recovery, and a very minimal disruption to soil biology. This paper then delves into the application and mechanisms of petroleum removal through microwave-assisted thermal remediation, and influential factors including soil and pollutant properties, the use of microwave-absorbing materials, and the effects of microwave radiation parameters were reviewed consequently. It can be concluded that microwave susceptors, irradiation power, and exposure duration, play crucial roles in optimising pollutant removal efficiency. While the technology offers significant benefits, including reduced energy consumption, a lower carbon footprint, and shorter remediation times, it is predominantly limited to ex situ applications due to constraints related to microwave penetration depth. Future research directions are proposed to enhance the effectiveness and practicality of microwave-assisted remediation in industrial contexts, emphasising the importance of scaling up laboratory findings to real-world scenarios.

本综述概述了目前对受石油碳氢化合物污染土壤的热修复方法的研究，特别侧重于微波辅助加热处理。首先，它对各种热修复技术，特别是热解吸、热解和焚烧的现有研究进行了广泛的调查和分析。因此，报告总结了传统加热方法所面临的高温、处理时间长和能耗大等挑战。微波加热方法因其独特的特点和在水处理、固体废物管理和土壤修复等多个领域的广泛应用，在本次综述中受到了高度关注。与传统的热处理方法相比，微波具有明显的优势，尤其是处理温度更低、污染物回收率更高，而且对土壤生物的破坏极小。本文随后深入探讨了微波辅助热修复技术的应用和去除石油的机理，并对土壤和污染物特性、微波吸收材料的使用以及微波辐射参数的影响等影响因素进行了综述。最后得出的结论是，微波吸收体、辐照功率和辐照时间在优化污染物去除效率方面起着至关重要的作用。虽然该技术具有降低能耗、减少碳足迹和缩短修复时间等显著优势，但由于微波穿透深度的限制，该技术主要局限于原位应用。本文提出了未来的研究方向，以提高微波辅助修复在工业环境中的有效性和实用性，并强调了将实验室研究成果推广到现实世界的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Recent progress of piezoelectric materials applied in photocatalytic CO2 reduction: A review 应用于光催化二氧化碳还原的压电材料的最新进展：综述

IF 7.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2024.114782

Yi-fu Liu , Rui-tang Guo , Sheng-hui Guo , Ling-qi Yu , Ji-song Yan , Wei-guo Pan

Photocatalytic CO₂ reduction is considered an emerging technology that utilizes solar energy to resolve energy crisis and environmental issues. In recent years, piezoelectric materials have attracted increasing interest in photocatalysis. The piezoelectric field generated by the stress or strain induced piezo-potential in the piezoelectric material efficiently fosters the separation and migration of charge carriers, improving photocatalytic performances significantly. In this review, the definition of piezoelectricity, the overview of piezoelectric materials, and the photocatalytic CO₂ reduction principles based on piezoelectric materials are briefly introduced. In addition, optimization strategies for photocatalytic CO₂ reduction based on piezoelectric materials are presented, including surface engineering, defect engineering, heterojunction construction, and introducing polarization. Finally, several prospects and recommendations of piezoelectric materials to address the issues in photocatalytic CO₂ reduction are proposed. The piezoelectric materials emerge as a distinctive advantage in photocatalysis, meriting deeper and more nuanced exploration in the future.

光催化还原二氧化碳被认为是一种利用太阳能解决能源危机和环境问题的新兴技术。近年来，压电材料在光催化领域受到越来越多的关注。压电材料中由应力或应变引起的压电势所产生的压电场可有效促进电荷载流子的分离和迁移，从而显著提高光催化性能。本综述简要介绍了压电的定义、压电材料概述以及基于压电材料的光催化二氧化碳还原原理。此外，还介绍了基于压电材料的光催化还原 CO2 的优化策略，包括表面工程、缺陷工程、异质结构造和引入极化。最后，针对光催化还原二氧化碳中存在的问题，提出了压电材料的几种前景和建议。压电材料在光催化领域具有独特的优势，值得在未来进行更深入、更细致的探索。

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引用次数: 0

A review of CO2 mineral storage: Current processes, typical applications, and life cycle assessment 二氧化碳矿物封存综述：当前工艺、典型应用和生命周期评估

IF 7.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-11-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2024.114785

Qun Huan , Haryo Wibowo , Mi Yan , Min Song

Global warming is primarily driven by CO₂ emissions. Mineral carbon sequestration, a form of permanent carbon storage, has the potential to capture and store CO₂ in a single step. This study first reviews the CO₂ mineralization processes of various raw materials, emphasizing the effects of different activation methods on mineralization efficiency in direct carbonation. It also examines the mechanisms, conditions, and extraction efficiencies of different extractants in indirect carbonation. The primary application areas of mineralization technology are then discussed, highlighting the potential of industrial solid waste for producing mineralized building materials and enhancing material properties. In the field of batteries, this technology can facilitate the recovery of battery metals from minerals and leverage the mineralized energy for power generation. Finally, this study summarizes the carbon emission footprints, as well as the environmental and human impacts of CO₂ mineralization technology in industrial processes, based on current life cycle assessment research. The main challenges and future research directions for improving both the processes and applications of this technology are also proposed.

全球变暖主要是由二氧化碳排放造成的。矿物碳封存是一种永久性碳封存形式，具有一次性捕获和封存二氧化碳的潜力。本研究首先回顾了各种原材料的二氧化碳矿化过程，强调了不同活化方法对直接碳化过程中矿化效率的影响。研究还探讨了间接碳化法中不同萃取剂的作用机理、条件和萃取效率。然后讨论了矿化技术的主要应用领域，强调了工业固体废物在生产矿化建筑材料和提高材料性能方面的潜力。在电池领域，该技术可促进从矿物中回收电池金属，并利用矿化能源发电。最后，本研究基于当前的生命周期评估研究，总结了工业流程中二氧化碳矿化技术的碳排放足迹以及对环境和人类的影响。此外，还提出了改进该技术工艺和应用的主要挑战和未来研究方向。

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引用次数: 0

Layered double hydroxides as versatile materials for detoxification of hexavalent chromium: Mechanism, kinetics, and environmental factors 层状双氢氧化物作为解毒六价铬的多功能材料：机理、动力学和环境因素

IF 7.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-11-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2024.114742

Seyed Saman Nemati , Gholamreza Dehghan , Alireza Khataee , Leila Alidokht , Nurbolat Kudaibergenov

Hexavalent Cr (Cr^VI) compounds are a common environmental pollutant that causes carcinogenesis and interferes with the normal process of the cells. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) as a class of ionic solids with hydroxylated metals in two layers and an intermediate layer containing water molecules and anions, e.g., CO₃²⁻, SO₄²⁻, Cl⁻, can be used for wastewater treatment, controlled drug delivery, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and electrochemical sensors. The use of LDHs to remove Cr^VI from aqueous environments has been considered because they have advantages such as biocompatibility and high efficiency. Cr^VI is converted to the less dangerous trivalent Cr (Cr^III) by some of the LDHs, e.g., MgFe LDH, MgAl LDH, and NiFe LDH. In this review, after a summary of the LDHs principle, the main mechanisms of Cr^VI removal, including adsorption, interlayer ion exchange, and redox process, and the kinetics of Cr^VI removal have been described. The influential factors in Cr^VI removal efficiency by LDHs, including modification of LDHs, pH, and the effect of LDH interlayer anions, were reviewed in depth. The appropriate selection of interlayer anion, using intercalated LDHs, LDHs composite developing, as well as divalent and trivalent metals of LDHs, is effective in its performance; Also, modifying LDHs and preparing LDH-composites can improve the efficiency of removing Cr^VI.

六价铬（CrVI）化合物是一种常见的环境污染物，会致癌并干扰细胞的正常工作过程。层状双氢氧化物（LDHs）是一类离子固体，两层为羟基化金属，中间一层含有水分子和阴离子（如 CO32-、SO42-、Cl-），可用于废水处理、控制药物输送、制药、化妆品和电化学传感器。由于 LDHs 具有生物相容性和高效率等优点，因此考虑使用 LDHs 去除水环境中的六价铬。一些 LDH（如 MgFe LDH、MgAl LDH 和 NiFe LDH）可将六价铬转化为危险性较低的三价铬（CrIII）。本综述在概述了 LDHs 的原理之后，介绍了六价铬的主要去除机制，包括吸附、层间离子交换和氧化还原过程，以及六价铬的去除动力学。深入探讨了 LDHs 去除六价铬效率的影响因素，包括 LDHs 的改性、pH 值和 LDH 层间阴离子的影响。适当选择层间阴离子，使用插层 LDHs、LDHs 复合开发以及 LDHs 的二价和三价金属，对其性能是有效的；此外，改性 LDHs 和制备 LDH 复合材料也能提高去除六价铬的效率。

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引用次数: 0

Pyruvate-formate lyase and beyond 丙酮酸-甲酸裂解酶及其他

IF 7.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2024.114737

Xuan Zhang , Wei Ye , Weihong Jiang , Yang Gu

Pyruvate-formate lyases (PFLs) are crucial catalysts that employ both a core enzyme and an activating enzyme to facilitate the conversion of pyruvate to formate and acetyl-CoA, as well as its reverse reaction, in anaerobic and microaerobic prokaryotes. Because of the importance in formate metabolism in microorganisms, PFLs have had many potential applications in biological synthesis, environmental improvement, and medical treatment. Furthermore, formate is a direct product of CO₂ reduction via the catalysis of formate dehydrogenase or chemical conversion, thus suggesting potential applications for PFLs in CO₂ utilization by in vivo cascades or in vitro chemo-enzymatic reaction sequences, which, however, has not received attention to date. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the characterization and functionality of PFLs and consider potential applications of these enzymes. The directions of future research and possible challenges to the application of PFLs are also discussed.

丙酮酸-甲酸裂解酶（PFLs）是一种重要的催化剂，它利用核心酶和活化酶促进厌氧和微需氧原核生物将丙酮酸转化为甲酸和乙酰-CoA，并促进其逆反应。由于甲酸盐代谢在微生物中的重要性，PFLs 在生物合成、环境改善和医疗方面有许多潜在的应用。此外，通过甲酸脱氢酶的催化或化学转化，甲酸盐是二氧化碳还原的直接产物，因此 PFLs 有可能通过体内级联反应或体外化学酶反应序列应用于二氧化碳的利用，但迄今为止这一点尚未受到关注。在这篇综述中，我们总结了 PFLs 特性和功能方面的最新进展，并考虑了这些酶的潜在应用。此外，还讨论了未来的研究方向以及 PFLs 应用可能面临的挑战。

引用次数: 0

Analysis, accumulation, transformation, and impact of metallic nanoparticles in plants 金属纳米粒子在植物中的分析、积累、转化和影响

IF 7.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-11-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2024.114748

Wenhua Li , Yan Tan , Guanjia Shang , Liqun Chen , Zhibin Wu , Yiqing Lin , Lin Luo , Yuan Yang

With the rapid increase application of metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) in agriculture and related fields, potential risk of MNPs released to agricultural systems have been aroused intensive attention. A comprehensive investigation of the interaction between MNPs and plant including the uptake, accumulation and transformation in plant and its ecological effect of plants induced by MNPs may improve production and food safety of the crop. In this work, emerging techniques for the characterization, determination and sample pretreatment of metallic nanoparticles in biological matrices were reviewed. And the recent research progress on the MNPs’ uptake, accumulation, transformation and its nanotoxicity of plants were summarized. Finally, the current challenges in this area are pointed out and developments of future investigation are also discussed.

随着金属纳米粒子（MNPs）在农业及相关领域应用的迅速增加，MNPs 释放到农业系统中的潜在风险引起了人们的广泛关注。全面研究 MNPs 与植物之间的相互作用，包括 MNPs 在植物体内的吸收、积累和转化及其对植物的生态效应，可提高作物的产量和食品安全。本研究综述了生物基质中金属纳米粒子的表征、测定和样品预处理的新兴技术。此外，还总结了有关植物对 MNPs 的吸收、积累、转化及其纳米毒性的最新研究进展。最后，指出了该领域目前面临的挑战，并讨论了未来研究的发展方向。

引用次数: 0

A critical review of oxidation for membrane fouling control in water treatment: Applications, mechanisms and challenges 对水处理中用于膜污垢控制的氧化技术的重要回顾：应用、机制和挑战

IF 7.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-11-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2024.114718

Kaiyue Tian , Xinxin Xu , Junfeng Zhu , Sitong Cao , Zhonglong Yin , Feilong Li , Weiben Yang

Membrane fouling seriously impedes the application of membrane technology in water treatment. Although oxidation achieved intensive attention in membrane fouling control, controversy results were observed in many works since oxidation may accelerate fouling and damage membrane under some circumstances and the underlying mechanism still remained unclear in complex water matrices. This study provides a comprehensive review on the recent progress of pre-oxidation and oxidation cleaning in fouling control for membrane (e.g., microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), reverse osmosis (RO), forward osmosis (FO), membrane distillation (MD)). Common oxidation approaches (e.g., chlorine, ozonation, H₂O₂, sulfate radical (SO₄^●–), potassium permanganate (KMnO₄) and Fe(VI) based oxidation) were systematically summarized and compared, along with their positive and negative impact on fouling mitigation. Furthermore, the fouling control performance and underlying mechanism were reviewed according to the recent published literatures. Ultimately, the challenges and future prospects of oxidation technology in membrane fouling control application were also proposed based on the current review. Overall, this review may provide the guidance for developing advanced oxidation strategy in controlling membrane fouling in water treatment and minimizing the potential drawbacks and risks of oxidation as a membrane fouling control strategy.

膜污垢严重阻碍了膜技术在水处理中的应用。虽然氧化技术在膜污垢控制方面受到了广泛关注，但由于氧化在某些情况下可能会加速污垢形成并损坏膜，而且在复杂的水基质中，其基本机理仍不清楚，因此许多研究结果都存在争议。本研究全面综述了预氧化和氧化清洗在膜污垢控制方面的最新进展（如微滤（MF）、超滤（UF）、纳滤（NF）、反渗透（RO）、正渗透（FO）、膜蒸馏（MD））。系统总结并比较了常见的氧化方法（如氯、臭氧、H2O2、硫酸根（SO4●-）、高锰酸钾（KMnO4）和基于六价铁的氧化）及其对污垢缓解的积极和消极影响。此外，还根据最新发表的文献综述了污垢控制性能和内在机理。最后，根据目前的综述，还提出了氧化技术在膜污垢控制应用中面临的挑战和未来前景。总之，本综述可为开发先进的氧化策略控制水处理中的膜污垢提供指导，并将氧化作为膜污垢控制策略的潜在缺点和风险降至最低。

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引用次数: 0

Reliance of MXene terminating groups on various synthetic strategies and its hot electron dynamics at MXene interfaces MXene 终止基团对各种合成策略的依赖性及其在 MXene 界面的热电子动力学

IF 7.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2024.114708

Pei Zhang , Qi Zheng , Tariq Bashir , Tariq Ali , Sikandar Khan , Asma M. Alenad , Saleem Raza

MXenes are two-dimensional (2D) materials with notable properties, attracting significant attention. These materials are often synthesized with surface functionalization like -O, -OH, and -F, which regulate their properties. While experimental synthesis typically results in mixed terminations, computational studies predict pure terminations. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the characteristics and potential applications of chemical termination in MXenes. The type of terminating groups depends on the fabrication media: aqueous media yields -OH and -O terminations, alkaline media yields -F, -Cl, -Br, and -I, ammonium bifluoride etching yields -NH⁴⁺ and NH₃, and direct synthesis methods yield various terminations on demand. We also explore the role of photo-induced non-thermalized heated electrons at interfaces in plasmonic-driven chemical processes. Understanding these electron dynamics, which occur before thermalization (∼125 fs), remains challenging. Femtosecond time-resolved spectroscopy was used to study these dynamics in MXene/molecule complexes. This technique allows distinguishing between thermalized and non-thermalized electron responses. There are two non-thermalization channels: (i) rapid transport of non-heated electrons to attached molecules in less than 50 fs, and (ii) heating of adsorbed molecules due to non-thermalized electron scattering within 125 fs. These paths depend on the irradiating wavelength and the energy differential between molecules and MXene. Computational predictions of thermodynamically stable MXene compositions are essential for directing experimental goals. This work also presents a thorough computational investigation for thermodynamically stable MXenes with 11 surface terminating groups. The analysis of results investigates factors essential for assessing the thermodynamic stability of MXenes, revealing that the chemistry of MXene surface terminations is significantly crucial to hot electron dynamics and thermodynamic stability. This review also offers insights into the MXene termination process, synthesis media, and synthetic strategies, highlighting the importance of intercalation process. It also elucidates mechanisms and opportunities in hot electron theory, interfacial heat transfer, and photocatalysis.

MXenes 是一种具有显著特性的二维（2D）材料，备受关注。这些材料在合成时通常会进行表面官能化，如 -O、-OH 和 -F，从而调节其特性。实验合成通常会产生混合终止，而计算研究则预测会产生纯终止。本研究全面概述了 MXenes 中化学终止的特点和潜在应用。终止基团的类型取决于制造介质：水性介质会产生 -OH 和 -O 终止基团，碱性介质会产生 -F、-Cl、-Br 和 -I，氟化氢铵蚀刻会产生 -NH4+ 和 NH3，而直接合成方法会根据需要产生各种终止基团。我们还探索了光诱导的非热化受热电子在质子驱动化学过程中的作用。理解这些发生在热化（∼125 fs）之前的电子动力学仍然具有挑战性。飞秒时间分辨光谱法用于研究 MXene/分子复合物中的这些动态。这种技术可以区分热化和非热化电子反应。有两种非热化途径：(i) 非加热电子在不到 50 fs 的时间内快速传输到附着的分子；(ii) 非热化电子散射在 125 fs 的时间内加热吸附的分子。这些路径取决于照射波长以及分子和 MXene 之间的能量差。热力学上稳定的 MXene 成分的计算预测对于指导实验目标至关重要。这项研究还对具有 11 个表面终止基团的热力学稳定 MXene 进行了全面的计算研究。结果分析研究了评估 MXene 热力学稳定性的关键因素，揭示了 MXene 表面终止基团的化学性质对热电子动力学和热力学稳定性至关重要。本综述还深入探讨了 MXene 的终止过程、合成介质和合成策略，强调了插层过程的重要性。它还阐明了热电子理论、界面传热和光催化的机制和机遇。

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引用次数: 0

Recent progress in CO2 splitting processes with non-thermal plasma-assisted 非热等离子体辅助二氧化碳分裂过程的最新进展

IF 7.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2024.114692

Baiqiang Zhang , Hengfei Zuo , Bo Wu , Kenji Kamiya , Lu Ma , Nobusuke Kobayashi , Yanyang Ma , Tingxiang Jin , Yuhui Chen

The conversion of CO₂ into CO is a crucial strategy to mitigate some of climate change's adverse effects and produce syngas. The dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma is a promising technique in CO₂ decomposition. However, challenges persist, such as low conversion rates and energy efficiency. This paper summarizes current research advances in plasma-catalyzed CO₂ decomposition reactions and the recent optimization of the DBD plasma-catalytic system. The methods to improve the conversion rate and energy efficiency of the CO₂ decomposition reaction are analyzed from four aspects: reactor design, operation parameters, discharge gas composition, filling materials and catalysts. It highlights the primary methods for promoting the reaction performance in the plasma-catalyzed system. Finally, the mechanisms of plasma-catalyzed CO₂ decomposition reactions are discussed from the aspects of gas-phase reaction and surface reaction, and the strategies for improving plasma-catalyzed CO₂ decomposition in the future are proposed.

将二氧化碳转化为一氧化碳是缓解气候变化不利影响和生产合成气的重要策略。介质阻挡放电（DBD）等离子体是一种很有前景的二氧化碳分解技术。然而，该技术仍面临一些挑战，如转化率低和能效低。本文总结了目前等离子体催化二氧化碳分解反应的研究进展以及最近对 DBD 等离子体催化系统的优化。从反应器设计、运行参数、放电气体成分、填充材料和催化剂四个方面分析了提高二氧化碳分解反应转化率和能效的方法。重点介绍了提高等离子体催化系统反应性能的主要方法。最后，从气相反应和表面反应两个方面讨论了等离子体催化二氧化碳分解反应的机理，并提出了未来改进等离子体催化二氧化碳分解反应的策略。

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引用次数: 0

Designing carbon-based catalysts for enhanced sulfite activation: Strategies for pollutant degradation 设计用于增强亚硫酸盐活化的碳基催化剂：污染物降解策略

IF 7.4 2区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering

Pub Date : 2024-11-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2024.114719

Xiaowen Jiang , Shuyan Guan , Linfeng Chen , Fengxia Deng , Hui Yan , Fengyang Liu , Xuedong Zhai , Carlos A. Martínez-Huitle , Jing Ding

Sulfite, a common industrial by-product, catalyzes cost-effective advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for wastewater treatment. Carbon-based materials mainly serve as charge transfer media, and play a catalytic role in heterogeneous sulfite activation processes. Previous literatures often overlook recent advancements in modifying carbon materials and their functional categorization, which is crucial for improving catalytic performance. Addressing these gaps, this review incorporates up-to-date bibliometric analyses, providing a thorough overview of carbon catalyst types and their environmental applications. It examines structural and surface modifications, the integration of metal and non-metal doping, and heterostructures, as well as their interactions with sulfite through both radical and non-radical pathways. Additionally, it assesses the implications of these modifications for catalytic efficiency and environmental safety. Ultimately, this review systematically categorizes carbon-based materials and mechanisms, promoting the development of more effective and sustainable sulfite activation strategies for pollution control.

亚硫酸盐是一种常见的工业副产品，可催化用于废水处理的经济高效的高级氧化工艺（AOPs）。碳基材料主要作为电荷转移介质，在异相亚硫酸盐活化过程中发挥催化作用。以往的文献往往忽略了碳材料改性及其功能分类方面的最新进展，而这对于提高催化性能至关重要。针对这些不足，本综述纳入了最新的文献计量分析，全面概述了碳催化剂类型及其环境应用。它研究了结构和表面改性、金属和非金属掺杂的整合、异质结构，以及它们通过自由基和非自由基途径与亚硫酸盐的相互作用。此外，它还评估了这些改性对催化效率和环境安全的影响。最后，本综述对碳基材料和机制进行了系统分类，促进了更有效、更可持续的亚硫酸盐活化策略的开发，从而实现污染控制。

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引用次数: 0