Limited evaporation rates, the threat of bacterial contamination, and the low utilization efficiency of electric potential generated during solar evaporation significantly hinder the development of evaporation processes—particularly in scenarios such as seawater treatment, industrial wastewater processing, and rural applications. In this work, a directionally frozen, architected solar-driven interfacial evaporator was prepared, which can achieve simultaneous high-efficiency evaporation, photocatalytic antibacterial function, and electric potential generation. Specifically, black titanium dioxide (B-TiO2) with excellent antibacterial properties was firstly prepared using a high-temperature reduction method. TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl)-oxidized cellulose nanofiber nanoparticles (TOCNFs) incorporated with Polyacrylamide (PAAm) to prepare PAAm/TOCNFs (PT) hydrogel evaporator. Subsequently, B-TiO2 was coated onto the surface of the PT hydrogel to improve its light-to-heat conversion capability, then finally obtained the B-TiO2@PAAm/TOCNFs (PTBT) solar evaporator. The introduction of TOCNFs increased the evaporation rate to 3.94 kg·m−2·h−1, and decreased the latent heat of water in the PTBT evaporator to 889.75 kJ·kg−1. Benefiting from the photocatalytic antibacterial properties of B-TiO2, the antibacterial efficiency of PTBT against E. coli and S. aureus reached 99.9 % and 99.8 %, respectively. Additionally, during the evaporation process, the PTBT evaporator exhibited salt tolerance and generated an open-circuit voltage as high as 184 mV. The combination of efficient solar evaporation with superior antibacterial properties is significant for improving solar energy utilization. This technology also holds significant potential for electricity generation via water evaporation.
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