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Estimating the effectiveness of forest protection using regression discontinuity 利用回归非连续性估算森林保护的有效性
IF 5.5 3区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2024-06-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103021
Timothy Neal

This article uses satellite data to estimate the effectiveness of government protection on forested land across the globe over 2000–2022. Since deforestation can have significant negative externalities, measuring the effectiveness of protected areas is important for the future of conservation. It uses a regression discontinuity design at the boundaries of protected forest to counter the fact that protection is not randomly assigned. It estimates that protected areas are 30% effective on average, with significant heterogeneity between countries. Many countries with significant forest have extremely ineffective protection, such as Indonesia, the DRC, and Bolivia, suggesting that improvements to the quality of protection are just as important as the quantity of protected areas to conserve biodiversity.

本文利用卫星数据估算了 2000-2022 年间政府对全球林地保护的有效性。由于砍伐森林会产生巨大的负外部效应,因此衡量保护区的有效性对未来的保护工作非常重要。该研究在受保护森林的边界采用了回归不连续设计,以应对保护不是随机分配的这一事实。据估计,保护区的平均有效性为 30%,但各国之间存在显著差异。许多拥有大量森林的国家(如印度尼西亚、刚果民主共和国和玻利维亚)的保护效果极差,这表明提高保护质量与保护区数量对于保护生物多样性同样重要。
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引用次数: 0
Eco-innovation and (green) employment: A task-based approach to measuring the composition of work in firms 生态创新与(绿色)就业:基于任务的企业工作构成测量方法
IF 4.6 3区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2024-06-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103015
Robert J.R. Elliott , Wenjing Kuai , David Maddison , Ceren Ozgen

This paper examines how different types of eco-innovation activities affect firms’ employment patterns. Using a linked employer–employee administrative dataset for the Netherlands we take an individual level task-based approach to differentiate between green and non-green jobs within firms. Our results show that while eco-innovation does not impact overall employment, eco-product innovation does lead to a 19.72% increase in green jobs. The growth in green jobs mainly comes from a compositional shift towards a small yet significant increase in green workers and reduction in non-green workers. Further analysis suggests that firms that voluntarily undertake eco-innovation create more green jobs but also that it is subsidy-driven policies rather than stricter regulations that drives the increase in green employment.

本文探讨了不同类型的生态创新活动如何影响企业的就业模式。通过使用荷兰雇主-雇员关联行政数据集,我们采用了基于任务的个人层面方法来区分企业内的绿色工作和非绿色工作。我们的研究结果表明,虽然生态创新并不影响整体就业,但生态产品创新确实导致绿色工作岗位增加了 19.72%。绿色工作岗位的增长主要来自于人员构成的变化,即绿色工人的少量增长和非绿色工人的减少。进一步的分析表明,自愿进行生态创新的企业创造了更多的绿色就业机会,但推动绿色就业增长的是补贴驱动政策,而不是更严格的法规。
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引用次数: 0
Non-price energy conservation information and household energy consumption in a developing country: Evidence from an RCT 发展中国家的非价格节能信息与家庭能源消耗:来自一项 RCT 的证据
IF 4.6 3区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2024-06-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103022
Ahsanuzzaman , Shaikh Eskander , Asad Islam , Liang Choon Wang

We use a randomized controlled trial in Bangladesh to test three types of non-price energy conservation strategies that influence electricity consumption of households: (i) advice on electricity conservation methods (knowledge treatment); (ii) (median) electricity consumption of others in the suburb (suburb comparison); and (iii) (median) electricity consumption of neighbors (neighbor comparison). We find that providing advice on saving energy could reduce households' electricity consumption and bills significantly. The effects are stronger for advice on electricity conservation methods than neighbor and suburb comparisons. The effects of providing information about own electricity consumption relative to neighbors’ electricity consumption is similar to the effects of giving information about own electricity consumption relative to electricity consumption of households in the same suburb. The effects among households who were inefficient users in neighbor and suburb comparison groups are almost as strong as those in the knowledge treatment group. The effects across all treatment groups become stronger over time as they receive repeated information.

我们在孟加拉国进行了一项随机对照试验,以检验影响家庭用电量的三种非价格节能策略:(i) 有关节电方法的建议(知识处理);(ii) 郊区其他人用电量的(中位数)(郊区比较);(iii) 邻居用电量的(中位数)(邻居比较)。我们发现,提供节能建议可以显著降低家庭的用电量和电费。与邻居和郊区比较相比,提供节电方法建议的效果更为明显。提供自身用电量信息与邻居用电量信息的效果类似于提供自身用电量信息与同一郊区家庭用电量信息的效果。在邻居和郊区对比组中,低效用电家庭的效果几乎与知识处理组的效果一样强。随着时间的推移,所有处理组的效果都会随着重复接受信息而增强。
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引用次数: 0
The great U.S. emissions migration 美国排放大迁移
IF 4.6 3区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2024-06-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103018
Alexander Hill

Migration of U.S. residents across counties impacts energy consumption and, as a result, the environment. This paper leverages county-level migration data, structural energy consumption estimation techniques, and the AP3 environmental damage model to estimate the emissions impact of migration by county over time. Migration is found to have reduced U.S. environmental damage by $213 billion over the period 1991–2019, with average annual environmental benefits of $15 billion in the 1990s but -$2 billion in the 2010s. The paper also finds a significant reduction in the cost of emissions from energy consumption over time. (JEL Q51, Q56, J11, R23, Q48)

美国居民的跨郡迁移会影响能源消耗,进而影响环境。本文利用县级移民数据、结构性能源消耗估算技术和 AP3 环境损害模型,估算了各县移民随时间推移产生的排放影响。结果发现,在 1991-2019 年期间,移民使美国的环境损害减少了 2130 亿美元,其中 1990 年代的年均环境效益为 150 亿美元,而 2010 年代则为-20 亿美元。该论文还发现,随着时间的推移,能源消耗的排放成本大幅降低。(JEL Q51, Q56, J11, R23, Q48)
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引用次数: 0
The shadow cost of mobile public bads 移动公害的影子成本
IF 4.6 3区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2024-06-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103017
Shu-Chen Tsao , Christopher Costello

We price the transboundary externality of mobile public bads such as diseases and invasive species. We focus on the marginal cost to country B of an increase in the stock (i.e. an “outbreak”) in country A. These cross-jurisdiction marginal costs depend not only on economic, ecological, and spatial features of both jurisdictions but also on jurisdictions’ strategic reactions to the outbreak. Using a spatial dynamic game, we calculate the “cross-jurisdiction shadow costs” of an outbreak of mobile public bad under the Markov-perfect Nash equilibrium of control efforts. We find that under reasonable conditions, the source country has private incentives to control the outbreak itself, which can lead to a situation where the cross-jurisdiction shadow cost is, in fact, zero. We also derive conditions where a country optimally fails to control the outbreak (for example, damages in that country are small), in which case cross-jurisdiction shadow costs are positive. Finally, we note that since cooperative control of the mobile public bad delivers substantially higher welfare than non-cooperative control, we derive an externality pricing instrument that perfectly internalizes the externality and induces cooperative control among all countries.

我们对疾病和入侵物种等流动性公害的跨境外部性进行定价。这些跨辖区的边际成本不仅取决于两个辖区的经济、生态和空间特征,还取决于辖区对疫情爆发的战略反应。通过空间动态博弈,我们计算了在马尔可夫-完全纳什均衡的控制努力下,流动性公共疫情爆发的 "跨辖区影子成本"。我们发现,在合理的条件下,来源国有私人动机控制疫情,这可能导致跨辖区影子成本实际上为零的情况。我们还推导出了一国最佳情况下不控制疫情的条件(例如,该国的损失较小),在这种情况下,跨辖区影子成本为正。最后,我们注意到,由于对流动性公共疫情的合作控制比非合作控制带来的福利要高得多,因此我们推导出了一种外部性定价工具,它能完美地将外部性内部化,并促使所有国家进行合作控制。
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引用次数: 0
The devil in the air: Air pollution and dementia 空气中的魔鬼空气污染与痴呆症
IF 4.6 3区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2024-06-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103020
Meng Sun , Naibao Zhao , Emily Yiying Zheng

We study the causal relationship between air pollution and dementia prevalence. Leveraging the strict air pollution regulations implemented during the 2008 Beijing Olympics and employing a Synthetic Difference-in-Differences (SDID) approach, we find that a 1 μg/m3 decrease in annual PM10 levels corresponds to a 0.82 percentage point reduction in dementia prevalence (equivalent to 2.39% of the mean). Analyses across demographics show a more pronounced impact on vulnerable groups. Moreover, an economic assessment suggests that a 10 μg/m3 reduction in China’s air pollution in 2010 could generate up to 2.36 billion US dollars in benefits due to a lower dementia prevalence. These results highlight the potential public health gains achievable through air pollution regulations.

我们研究了空气污染与痴呆症发病率之间的因果关系。利用 2008 年北京奥运会期间实施的严格空气污染法规,并采用合成差分法(SDID),我们发现 PM10 年浓度每降低 1 μg/m3 相当于痴呆症患病率降低 0.82 个百分点(相当于平均值的 2.39%)。对不同人群的分析表明,这对弱势群体的影响更为明显。此外,一项经济评估表明,由于痴呆症发病率降低,2010 年中国空气污染每立方米降低 10 微克可带来高达 23.6 亿美元的收益。这些结果凸显了通过空气污染法规可实现的潜在公共健康收益。
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引用次数: 0
Can policy packaging help overcome Pigouvian tax aversion? A lab experiment on combining taxes and subsidies 政策组合能否帮助克服皮古夫避税效应?税收与补贴相结合的实验室实验
IF 4.6 3区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2024-06-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103010
Gøril L. Andreassen , Steffen Kallbekken , Knut Einar Rosendahl

Tax aversion makes it politically challenging to introduce Pigouvian taxes. One proposed solution to overcome this resistance is to package policies. Using an online lab experiment, we investigate whether combining a tax and a subsidy is perceived as more acceptable than the tax or the subsidy alone. The purpose of the policies is to reduce demand for a good with a negative externality to the socially optimal level. We find that support for a combination of a tax and a subsidy equals the simple average of support for the two instruments alone. Combining a tax and a subsidy therefore does not reduce tax aversion. We examine potential mechanisms behind the tax aversion. Participants believe they will receive a lower share of the tax revenue when the tax is implemented alone than when it is combined with a subsidy, i.e. the participants in the tax alone group hold more pessimistic beliefs about the tax revenue. We also find that the participants expect the tax to be more effective in reducing demand for the good with a negative externality than both the subsidy alone and the combinations of tax and subsidy. This belief does not, however, translate into support for the tax.

避税心理使得引入皮格夫税在政治上具有挑战性。为克服这一阻力,我们提出的一个解决方案是将政策打包。通过在线实验室实验,我们研究了税收与补贴相结合是否比单独征税或补贴更容易被接受。这些政策的目的是将具有负外部性的商品需求降至社会最优水平。我们发现,对税收和补贴相结合的支持等于对单独两种手段的支持的简单平均值。因此,将税收和补贴结合起来并不会降低避税效应。我们研究了避税背后的潜在机制。参与者认为在单独征税时,他们获得的税收份额将低于结合补贴征税时,即单独征税组的参与者对税收持有更悲观的看法。我们还发现,与单独补贴以及税收与补贴相结合的方式相比,参与者认为税收能更有效地减少对具有负外部性的商品的需求。然而,这种信念并没有转化为对税收的支持。
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引用次数: 0
The Volkswagen emissions scandal: Exploring the role of environmental concern and social norms 大众汽车排放丑闻:探索环境问题和社会规范的作用
IF 4.6 3区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2024-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103019
M. Marino , P. Parrotta , D. Sala , G. Valletta

Nearly a decade after the 2015 emissions scandal, Volkswagen has transitioned from marketing deceptive ‘clean engine cars’ to becoming a major player in the electrification of the automotive industry. Yet, the violation of environmental standards during the scandal resulted in excessive pollutant emissions, posing persistent threats to health and the environment. This paper explores how consumers held Volkswagen accountable for these hazards. Our analysis reveals that the decline in Volkswagen’s sales volumes following the scandal was driven by environmentally concerned consumers globally. However, their reaction was short-lived and mainly limited to the models implicated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Interestingly, we find no evidence of lost sales to competitors. Instead, we document a within-brand or within-group shift in favor of Volkswagen models compliant with environmental regulations. This phenomenon could be one of the contributing factors explaining Volkswagen’s resilience in navigating the fallout from the scandal.

2015 年排放丑闻发生近十年后,大众汽车已从推销欺骗性的 "清洁发动机汽车 "转型为汽车行业电气化的主要参与者。然而,丑闻中违反环保标准的行为导致污染物排放超标,对健康和环境造成了持续威胁。本文探讨了消费者如何追究大众汽车对这些危害的责任。我们的分析表明,丑闻发生后,全球关注环保的消费者推动了大众汽车销量的下降。然而,他们的反应是短暂的,而且主要局限于美国环保署所涉及的车型。有趣的是,我们没有发现竞争对手销售量下降的证据。相反,我们记录了品牌内部或集团内部对符合环保法规的大众车型的青睐。这一现象可能是大众汽车在丑闻余波中保持韧性的原因之一。
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引用次数: 0
Beyond birth: The medium-term health impact of prenatal exposure to air pollution 出生之后:产前接触空气污染对健康的中期影响
IF 5.5 3区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-05-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103009
Simone Ferro , Alessandro Palma , Chiara Serra , Massimo Stafoggia

We investigate the medium-term health effects of prenatal exposure to moderate air pollution by matching satellite PM10 concentration estimates with longitudinal data on hospitalisations and filled prescriptions for the universe of live births in a large Italian region. We employ exogenous variation in PM10 in a multiple fixed-effects model to show that prenatal exposure to pollution leads to worse birth outcomes and to more hospitalisations and filled prescriptions in the first 10 years of life, especially at the bottom health quantiles. We use these estimates to quantify the monetary cost of prenatal exposure to air pollution.

我们通过将卫星 PM10 浓度估算值与意大利一个大区活产婴儿住院和处方的纵向数据相匹配,研究了产前暴露于中度空气污染对健康的中期影响。我们在一个多重固定效应模型中采用了 PM10 的外生变化,结果表明,产前暴露于污染会导致较差的出生结果,并在出生后的前 10 年中导致更多的住院和处方,尤其是在健康水平最低的量级。我们利用这些估计值来量化产前暴露于空气污染的货币成本。
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引用次数: 0
Urban pollution: A global perspective 城市污染:全球视角
IF 4.6 3区 经济学 Q1 Economics, Econometrics and Finance Pub Date : 2024-05-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103013
Rainald Borck , Philipp Schrauth

We use worldwide gridded satellite data to analyse how population size and density affect urban PM2.5 pollution. We find that more populated and denser grid cells are more exposed to pollution. However, across urban areas, exposure increases with cities’ population size but decreases with density. Moreover, the population effect is driven mostly by population commuting to core cities rather than the core city population itself. We analyse heterogeneity by geography and income levels. A counterfactual simulation shows that PM2.5 exposure could fall by up to 40% if population size were equalized across all cities within countries, but the relocation of population from large to small cities that maximizes welfare would be small.

我们利用全球网格卫星数据分析了人口规模和密度对城市 PM2.5 污染的影响。我们发现,人口越多、密度越大的网格单元受到的污染越严重。然而,在整个城市地区,暴露量随城市人口规模的增加而增加,但随密度的增加而减少。此外,人口效应主要由通往核心城市的人口而非核心城市人口本身驱动。我们分析了地域和收入水平的异质性。反事实模拟显示,如果国家内所有城市的人口规模均等,PM2.5 暴露最多可下降 40%,但能使福利最大化的人口从大城市向小城市迁移的幅度很小。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management
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