Journal of Environmental Economics and Management最新文献_第5页

The hidden benefits of CSR: Corporate philanthropy begets giving of employees 企业社会责任的隐性利益：企业慈善事业引发员工的捐赠

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103225

Manuel Grieder , Deborah Kistler , Jan Schmitz

Firms frequently engage in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and encourage employees to follow their example. We explore the effects of different forms of environmental CSR on workers’ personal pro-environmental behavior in the form of a donation to an environmental charity. In three field experiments (

N = 2365

,

N = 1156

, and

N = 1462

) in an online labor market, we find that environmental corporate philanthropy has a positive impact on workers’ personal pro-environmental behavior. In contrast, CSR that involves directly contributing to environmental sustainability through one’s work shows only directionally positive effects on personal donations. The effect of corporate philanthropy appears to extend across domains, as non-environmental corporate philanthropy also increases personal donations to environmental causes. Normative framing plays an important role, as even verbal expressions of support for environmental causes can influence employee behavior. Yet, CSR actions without normative framing (beyond mentioning the recipient charity) also have an effect. Taken together, the results suggest that both firm behavior and its normative framing can serve as social information that shapes employee behavior and that CSR initiatives can have hidden benefits. Charities cooperating with firms on their philanthropic mission may therefore stand to gain from an increase in overall contributions.

企业经常参与企业社会责任（CSR），并鼓励员工以他们为榜样。我们探讨了不同形式的环境企业社会责任对员工个人环保行为的影响，包括向环境慈善机构捐款。在网络劳动力市场的三个实地实验（N=2365、N=1156和N=1462）中，我们发现环保企业慈善对员工的个人亲环境行为有正向影响。相比之下，通过工作直接为环境可持续发展做出贡献的企业社会责任对个人捐赠的影响只有方向性的积极影响。企业慈善的影响似乎延伸到各个领域，因为非环境企业慈善也增加了个人对环境事业的捐赠。规范性框架起着重要作用，因为即使口头表达对环境事业的支持也会影响员工的行为。然而，没有规范框架的企业社会责任行为（除了提及受助慈善机构之外）也会产生影响。综上所述，研究结果表明，企业行为及其规范框架都可以作为塑造员工行为的社会信息，而企业社会责任举措可能具有隐性利益。因此，与企业合作完成慈善使命的慈善机构可能会从总体捐款的增加中获益。

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引用次数: 0

Informing the uninformed, sensitizing the informed: The two sides of consumer environmental awareness 告知不知情的人，使知情的人敏感：消费者环境意识的两个方面

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103226

Dorothée Brécard , Mireille Chiroleu-Assouline

How do environmental information and awareness interact to improve environmental quality by changing consumer behavior and firm strategies? This article provides theoretical insights using an original differentiation model within a general framework whose specific cases have been studied previously. On the demand side, only informed consumers differentiate brown from green product quality, while uninformed consumers consider these perfect substitutes. Moreover, all informed consumers value the green product and devalue the brown product due to an aversion effect but are heterogeneous in their environmental awareness. On the supply side, two firms offer different environmental qualities and compete on price. We consider two types of environmental campaigns: increasing the number of informed consumers and increasing the environmental awareness of informed consumers. We show that these campaigns crucially determine three market configurations: segmented; fragmented, with a brown product that appeals to both uninformed consumers and a fraction of informed consumers; and covered. Assuming that the greenest consumer behavior is abstention, we find that a situation where all consumers are informed and some are highly environmentally aware is not necessarily the greenest. Depending on the aversion effect, the campaign organizer’s budget, and their relative cost-effectiveness, information and awareness-raising campaigns require a judicious mix.

环境信息和意识如何通过改变消费者行为和企业战略来相互作用以改善环境质量？本文使用一个原始的分化模型在一个一般框架内提供了理论见解，其具体案例已被研究过。在需求侧，只有知情的消费者才会区分棕色和绿色的产品质量，而不知情的消费者则会认为这些是完美的替代品。此外，所有知情的消费者都因厌恶效应而重视绿色产品并贬低棕色产品，但他们的环境意识是异质性的。在供给方面，两家公司提供不同的环境质量，并在价格上竞争。我们考虑了两种类型的环保运动：增加知情消费者的数量和提高知情消费者的环保意识。我们发现，这些营销活动至关重要地决定了三种市场配置：细分市场；碎片化，棕色产品既能吸引不知情的消费者，也能吸引一小部分知情的消费者；和覆盖。假设最环保的消费者行为是弃权，我们发现，所有消费者都知情且一些消费者具有高度环保意识的情况不一定是最环保的。根据厌恶效应、活动组织者的预算和他们的相对成本效益，信息和提高意识的活动需要一个明智的组合。

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引用次数: 0

Biodiversity and the design of result-based payments: Evidence from Germany 生物多样性和基于结果的支付设计：来自德国的证据

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103247

Sergei Schaub , Alexander Pfaff , Petyo Bonev

Paying farmers for measured outcomes—i.e., results, not actions—is promoted for raising the effectiveness and flexibility of efforts to address agriculture's environmental damages. One key design choice is how exactly to reward these measured results. Continuous rewards are possible, yet, in practice, observed species outcomes have been rewarded using a single threshold (compliant/not compliant) or, to move toward continuity, a few thresholds (e.g., low/medium/high). We assess whether more continuous rewards—specifically, multiple target thresholds for plant species—raise bird diversity. We study a pilot scheme in Germany's federal state of Lower Saxony, where an incentive with one threshold is the baseline. Using citizen-science bird data (offering over 6.7m entries across 16 years) and staggered difference-in-differences estimation, we find that the pilot scheme using multiple target thresholds for plant species raised bird diversity versus the single-threshold baseline (same lower threshold, but no further thresholds). Our results show the benefits of even small shifts in incentive design.

向农民支付衡量结果的费用。“结果，而不是行动”是为了提高解决农业环境损害工作的有效性和灵活性而提倡的。一个关键的设计选择是如何准确地奖励这些测量结果。持续的奖励是可能的，然而，在实践中，观察到的物种结果已经使用单一阈值（顺从/不顺从）来奖励，或者，为了走向连续性，使用几个阈值（例如，低/中/高）。我们评估了更持续的奖励——具体来说，植物物种的多个目标阈值——是否会提高鸟类的多样性。我们研究了德国下萨克森州（Lower Saxony）的一个试点计划，在那里，只有一个门槛的激励是基准。利用公民科学鸟类数据（16年来提供的670多万条条目）和交错差中差估计，我们发现使用多个植物物种目标阈值的试点方案比单阈值基线（相同的低阈值，但没有进一步的阈值）提高了鸟类多样性。我们的研究结果表明，即使是激励设计上的微小变化也会带来好处。

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引用次数: 0

Sustainability as a dynamic game 可持续发展是一个动态的游戏

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103238

Berno Buechel, Corinne Dubois , Stephanie Fuerer, Tjaša Maillard-Bjedov

Sustainability is a fundamental concept in the environmental domain, but also in other domains, e.g., regarding personal health. Sustainability means using resources today in a way that does not compromise the availability of resources tomorrow. We propose and test a model that incorporates the essential features of sustainability. First, our Sustainability Game is dynamic in the sense that the actions played in each period have consequences for future periods. Second, there is a contribution threshold that must be reached in order to maintain the level of resources, while some use of resources can be absorbed. Third, it incorporates that the temptation to over-use resources is strong when more than one individual is involved. We first derive equilibrium behavior analytically and then test these pre-registered predictions in the lab. Our main results are the following: (i) Theoretically and experimentally, strategic interaction reduces cooperative behavior and undermines sustainability. (ii) Theoretically and experimentally, lowering the threshold fosters cooperative behavior (i.e., contributing according to the threshold) and sustainability. Our results suggest that technological advancements that lower the threshold for sustainability and behavior change toward sustainability need not be viewed as alternatives, but rather as complementary.

可持续性是环境领域的一个基本概念，但也适用于其他领域，例如个人健康。可持续性意味着以不损害未来资源可用性的方式利用今天的资源。我们提出并测试了一个包含可持续性基本特征的模型。首先，我们的可持续发展游戏是动态的，因为每个时期的行为都会对未来的时期产生影响。其次，为了维持资源水平，必须达到一个贡献阈值，同时可以吸收一些资源的使用。第三，当涉及不止一个人时，过度使用资源的诱惑是很强的。我们首先分析得出平衡行为，然后在实验室中测试这些预注册的预测。我们的主要研究结果如下：(1)理论和实验上，战略互动减少了合作行为，破坏了可持续性。（ii）从理论上和实验上看，降低阈值有利于促进合作行为（即根据阈值作出贡献）和可持续性。我们的研究结果表明，降低可持续性门槛的技术进步和可持续性行为改变不应被视为替代，而应被视为互补。

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引用次数: 0

The effect of energy prices on employment: Evidence from a developing country 能源价格对就业的影响：来自一个发展中国家的证据

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103227

Erik Hille, Cian Angerpointner

While research has considered the labor market consequences of environmental and climate policies in developed countries, empirical evidence for developing countries is largely missing. This paper uses rich firm-level data for all economic sectors in Vietnam to analyze the employment effects of energy prices. We take advantage of the fact that energy prices have been under relatively strong state control. Utilizing an instrumental variable approach, we find effects that are heterogeneous across sectors, indicating regulation-induced structural changes. Although energy price increases entailed layoffs in manufacturing firms, additional jobs were created in firms in service sectors. As a result, employment in the whole economy tended to remain unaffected. This result is notable as Vietnam has been associated with a comparative advantage in relatively labor- and pollution-intensive production. Layoffs were particularly pronounced in large or trade-exposed firms and in energy-intensive industries. They were also more common in foreign than in state-owned firms.

虽然研究考虑了发达国家环境和气候政策对劳动力市场的影响，但发展中国家的经验证据在很大程度上缺失。本文使用越南所有经济部门的丰富企业层面数据来分析能源价格对就业的影响。我们利用了能源价格一直处于相对严格的国家控制之下这一事实。利用工具变量方法，我们发现跨部门的影响是异质的，表明监管引起的结构变化。虽然能源价格上涨导致制造业企业裁员，但服务业企业却创造了额外的就业机会。因此，整个经济中的就业往往不受影响。这一结果值得注意，因为越南在相对劳动密集型和污染密集型生产方面具有比较优势。裁员在大型企业或有贸易风险的企业以及能源密集型行业尤为明显。与国有企业相比，它们在外资企业中更为常见。

引用次数: 0

The effects of fare-free transit on the travel behavior of older adults 免费交通对老年人出行行为的影响

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103239

Renato Vieira , Rafael H.M. Pereira , Lucas Emanuel , Pedro Jorge Alves

Transit fare subsidies can be justified as a second-best policy to address automobile-related externalities. Yet, evidence of fare subsidy effectiveness in shifting users from cars to transit, particularly in low- and middle-income contexts, remains limited. This study leverages a large-scale quasi-natural experiment in Brazil, a developing country with high public transit usage, to evaluate the causal effects of a full fare subsidization on travel behaviors among older adults. Utilizing a regression discontinuity design based on age-based eligibility thresholds that vary by sex and city, we analyze data from 11 household travel surveys covering seven metropolitan areas and approximately 25 % of the Brazilian population. By comparing individuals just above and below eligibility thresholds, we assess changes in trip frequency, duration by transport mode, and vehicle ownership. Results indicate fare-free transit eligibility increases older adults’ public transit ridership by approximately 7.1 %, with transit trips becoming 7.3 % shorter. However, the rise in transit use predominantly reflects substitution away from walking, which decreased by 8.2 %. Importantly, we find no significant impacts on car usage or vehicle ownership, suggesting that fare-free transit policies may have limited effectiveness in reducing automobile use and related externalities in such contexts.

公交票价补贴作为解决与汽车相关的外部性的次优政策是合理的。然而，票价补贴在将用户从汽车转向公共交通方面的有效性证据仍然有限，特别是在低收入和中等收入环境中。本研究在巴西这个公共交通使用率很高的发展中国家进行了一项大规模的准自然实验，以评估全额票价补贴对老年人出行行为的因果影响。利用基于年龄的资格阈值的回归不连续设计，根据性别和城市的不同，我们分析了11个家庭旅行调查的数据，涵盖了7个大都市地区和大约25%的巴西人口。通过比较刚好高于和低于资格阈值的个体，我们评估了出行频率、交通方式持续时间和车辆拥有量的变化。结果表明，免票乘车资格使老年人的公共交通客流量增加了约7.1%，公共交通出行时间缩短了7.3%。然而，交通工具使用量的增加主要反映了步行的替代，减少了8.2%。重要的是，我们没有发现对汽车使用或车辆所有权的显著影响，这表明在这种情况下，免费交通政策在减少汽车使用和相关外部性方面的有效性可能有限。

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引用次数: 0

More than particulates matter: Multiple pollutants and productivity in Indian call centers 不仅仅是颗粒物：印度呼叫中心的多重污染物和生产力

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103181

Deepshikha Batheja , Sarojini Hirshleifer , Jamie T. Mullins

We measure the impact of three components of air pollution on daily labor productivity in call centers in five Indian cities. We find that a one standard deviation increase in fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), a pollutant that has been the primary focus of the literature on the harms of air pollution, has a large negative effect of

0.15 σ

on an index of intensive margin productivity. Notably, we find a comparable negative effect for a one standard deviation increase in carbon monoxide (CO) of

0.14 σ

as well as a negative effect of

0.09 σ

from ozone (O₃). For one of our main productivity variables, the number of calls per shift, one standard deviation increases in PM_2.5, CO and O₃ lead to declines relative to the mean of 11.8 %, 10.6 % and 6.0 %, respectively. In summing air pollution harms across our sample, CO is responsible for more than half of the total productivity lost, which is more than double the losses attributable to PM_2.5. We then illustrate the potential productivity impacts of an existing national policy in India that targets PM_2.5 compared to a counterfactual policy that also targets CO and O₃.

我们测量了空气污染的三个组成部分对五个印度城市呼叫中心的日常劳动生产率的影响。我们发现，细颗粒物（PM2.5）的一个标准差增加，对集约边际生产率指数有0.15σ的巨大负影响，PM2.5是一种一直是空气污染危害文献的主要焦点的污染物。值得注意的是，我们发现一氧化碳（CO）每增加一个标准差就会产生0.14σ的负面影响，臭氧（O3）也会产生0.09σ的负面影响。对于我们的主要生产力变量之一，每班的呼叫次数，PM2.5， CO和O3的一个标准差增加导致相对于平均值分别下降11.8 %，10.6 %和6.0 %。在对我们样本中的空气污染危害进行汇总后发现，二氧化碳造成的生产力损失占总生产力损失的一半以上，是PM2.5造成的损失的两倍多。然后，我们说明了印度现有的以PM2.5为目标的国家政策与以CO和O3为目标的反事实政策的潜在生产力影响。

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引用次数: 0

Adaptation and mitigation of pollution: Evidence from air quality warnings 适应和减轻污染：来自空气质量预警的证据

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-08-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103215

Sandra Aguilar-Gomez

Many cities have adopted air quality alert systems to reduce the health risks from severe pollution episodes, pairing public messaging with temporary restrictions on vehicle and industrial activity. Despite their widespread implementation, evidence on their effectiveness remains mixed, in part because of data limitations and a focus on traffic-only or voluntary measures. This paper evaluates Mexico City’s air quality alert program using a fuzzy regression discontinuity design that exploits a preset ozone threshold for policy activation. I find that alerts lead to significant improvements in ozone and sulfur dioxide concentrations and sizable reductions in emergency department visits for respiratory (56 % decrease) and cardiovascular conditions (50 % decrease). The effects on transport-related pollutants are smaller and time-dependent, consistent with the alerts mitigating vehicle emissions more slowly. To assess mechanisms, I analyze information-seeking behavior, mobility data, and emissions inventories. The alerts increase online searches about air quality and the policy itself, but not about protective behaviors. Traffic volume falls and congestion improves, though public transit usage does not increase. Finally, I show that the pollution reductions are largest near restricted industrial facilities, which suggests that industrial curbs play a central role in policy effectiveness. These results can support the design of short-term environmental response policies in cities facing both mobile and stationary sources of pollution.

许多城市采用了空气质量预警系统，将公众信息与临时限制车辆和工业活动相结合，以减少严重污染事件带来的健康风险。尽管这些措施得到了广泛实施，但关于其有效性的证据仍然好坏参半，部分原因是数据有限，而且只注重交通或自愿措施。本文使用模糊回归不连续设计评估墨西哥城的空气质量警报程序，该设计利用预设的臭氧阈值进行政策激活。我发现警报导致臭氧和二氧化硫浓度的显著改善，呼吸道疾病（减少56%）和心血管疾病（减少50%）的急诊就诊人数大幅减少。对交通相关污染物的影响较小，且依赖于时间，这与缓解车辆排放的警报速度较慢相一致。为了评估机制，我分析了信息寻求行为、移动数据和排放清单。警报增加了网上对空气质量和政策本身的搜索，但对保护行为的搜索却没有增加。交通量下降，拥堵状况改善，但公共交通的使用率没有增加。最后，我指出，在受限制的工业设施附近，污染减少幅度最大，这表明工业限制在政策有效性中起着核心作用。这些结果可以为面对流动和固定污染源的城市设计短期环境响应政策提供支持。

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引用次数: 0

To improve is to change: The effects of Risk Rating 2.0 on flood insurance demand 改善就是改变：风险等级2.0对洪水保险需求的影响

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103228

Francesc Ortega, Ivan Petkov

We present a model of the demand for flood insurance, construct individual insurance histories for the universe of policyholders, and empirically analyze the effects of the latest NFIP reform (known as Risk Rating 2.0). The reform increased exits, both in the flood zone and its periphery, particularly among policyholders with subsidized rates and those paying the highest premiums. The reform also reduced new entry, had highly heterogeneous effects on insurance costs and triggered adjustments in deductibles, generally shifting flood risk toward policyholders in exchange for lower premiums. While the reform may have improved the solvency of the NFIP, it has exacerbated the decade-long decline in enrollment.

我们提出了一个洪水保险需求模型，构建了投保人的个人保险历史，并实证分析了最新的NFIP改革（称为风险评级2.0）的影响。改革增加了洪水区及其周边地区的退出，尤其是那些享受补贴利率和支付最高保费的投保人。这项改革还减少了新加入的人，对保险成本产生了高度异质性的影响，并引发了免赔额的调整，通常将洪水风险转嫁给投保人，以换取较低的保费。虽然改革可能改善了NFIP的偿付能力，但它加剧了长达十年的入学率下降。

引用次数: 0

Impact, inspiration, or image: On the trade-offs in pro-environmental behaviors 影响，灵感，还是形象：关于环保行为的权衡

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 Epub Date: 2025-09-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103214

Raisa Sherif, Sven A. Simon

Today’s environmental challenges prompt individuals to take personal actions, though motivations vary. This paper presents causal evidence of a trade-off between two motivations behind pro-environmental behaviors (PEBs): maximizing environmental impact or being seen as green. In an experiment on voluntary carbon offsetting, we first isolate each motivation and quantify their impact. We then investigate whether individuals deliberately trade-off impact for the visibility of their actions, and why they do so. Our results show that while individuals respond to salient differences in efficiency and visibility, visible PEBs crowd out efficient alternatives, indicating a preference for being seen as green over actual environmental impact. We disentangle two motivations driving this preference for visible actions: hedonic social image concerns and instrumental role model aspirations. Role model aspirations exert a stronger influence, leading individuals to choose visible PEBs over efficient ones more frequently.

当今的环境挑战促使个人采取个人行动，尽管动机各不相同。本文提出了亲环境行为（PEBs）背后的两个动机之间权衡的因果证据：最大化环境影响或被视为绿色。在一项关于自愿碳抵消的实验中，我们首先将每种动机分离出来，并量化它们的影响。然后，我们调查了个人是否故意权衡其行为可见性的影响，以及他们为什么这样做。我们的研究结果表明，当个体对效率和可见性的显著差异做出反应时，可见的peb会挤掉有效的替代品，这表明人们更倾向于被视为绿色而不是实际的环境影响。我们分析了促使这种对可见行为的偏好的两个动机：享乐主义的社会形象关注和工具性的榜样渴望。作为榜样的愿望发挥更大的影响，导致个人更频繁地选择可见的peb而不是有效的peb。

引用次数: 0