Journal of Environmental Economics and Management最新文献_第3页

Managing no-shows in public resource allocation: The economics of campground reservations 管理公共资源分配中的不出席者：露营地保留的经济学

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2025-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103246

Jonathan E. Hughes

Low prices, limited capacity and increased interest in outdoor recreation contribute to intense competition for public campsites in the United States. Yet, users and park managers report high vacancy rates due to unused reservations or “no-shows.” I develop a simple model for the campground reservation, cancellation and no-show decisions. I numerically simulate pricing policies at a hypothetical but representative park. When capacity constraints are binding, the cancellation fees charged by many parks increase no-shows and decrease consumer surplus. In contrast, modestly higher prices and no-show fees dramatically reduce no-shows and increase social surplus by 8 to 15 percent. However, these policies create different distributional effects. Higher prices raise revenue but decrease consumer surplus and discourage reservations from lower income users when income is positively correlated with trip utility. No-show fees increase consumer surplus and do not materially affect the income distribution of users. The optimal no-show fee, equal to the lost consumer surplus from the marginal no-show, maximizes consumer surplus and increases social surplus by 8.5 percent.

低廉的价格、有限的容量以及人们对户外娱乐的兴趣增加，导致了美国公共露营地的激烈竞争。然而，用户和公园管理人员报告说，由于未使用预订或“未到”，空置率很高。我开发了一个简单的模型，用于露营地的预订、取消和缺席决定。我用数字模拟了一个假设但具有代表性的公园的定价政策。当容量限制具有约束力时，许多公园收取的取消费增加了不出场率，减少了消费者剩余。相比之下，适度提高的价格和失约费显著减少了失约现象，并使社会盈余增加了8%至15%。然而，这些政策产生了不同的分配效应。当收入与旅行效用正相关时，较高的价格增加了收入，但减少了消费者剩余，并阻碍了低收入用户的预订。缺席费增加了消费者剩余，对用户的收入分配没有实质性影响。最优失约费等于边际失约造成的消费者剩余损失，使消费者剩余最大化，使社会剩余增加8.5%。

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引用次数: 0

Biodiversity and the design of result-based payments: Evidence from Germany 生物多样性和基于结果的支付设计：来自德国的证据

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2025-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103247

Sergei Schaub , Alexander Pfaff , Petyo Bonev

Paying farmers for measured outcomes—i.e., results, not actions—is promoted for raising the effectiveness and flexibility of efforts to address agriculture's environmental damages. One key design choice is how exactly to reward these measured results. Continuous rewards are possible, yet, in practice, observed species outcomes have been rewarded using a single threshold (compliant/not compliant) or, to move toward continuity, a few thresholds (e.g., low/medium/high). We assess whether more continuous rewards—specifically, multiple target thresholds for plant species—raise bird diversity. We study a pilot scheme in Germany's federal state of Lower Saxony, where an incentive with one threshold is the baseline. Using citizen-science bird data (offering over 6.7m entries across 16 years) and staggered difference-in-differences estimation, we find that the pilot scheme using multiple target thresholds for plant species raised bird diversity versus the single-threshold baseline (same lower threshold, but no further thresholds). Our results show the benefits of even small shifts in incentive design.

向农民支付衡量结果的费用。“结果，而不是行动”是为了提高解决农业环境损害工作的有效性和灵活性而提倡的。一个关键的设计选择是如何准确地奖励这些测量结果。持续的奖励是可能的，然而，在实践中，观察到的物种结果已经使用单一阈值（顺从/不顺从）来奖励，或者，为了走向连续性，使用几个阈值（例如，低/中/高）。我们评估了更持续的奖励——具体来说，植物物种的多个目标阈值——是否会提高鸟类的多样性。我们研究了德国下萨克森州（Lower Saxony）的一个试点计划，在那里，只有一个门槛的激励是基准。利用公民科学鸟类数据（16年来提供的670多万条条目）和交错差中差估计，我们发现使用多个植物物种目标阈值的试点方案比单阈值基线（相同的低阈值，但没有进一步的阈值）提高了鸟类多样性。我们的研究结果表明，即使是激励设计上的微小变化也会带来好处。

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引用次数: 0

The effect of extreme heat on economic growth: Evidence from Latin America 极端高温对经济增长的影响：来自拉丁美洲的证据

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2025-10-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103241

Juliana Dueñas, Alejandra Goytia, Bridget Hoffmann

Climate change is projected to increase the frequency and intensity of extremely hot days. We use a panel regression framework at the sub-national (i.e., regional) level to identify the effect of extreme heat on economic growth in Latin America accounting for acclimation to the season and to the local climate. Extreme heat affects economic growth directly in addition to any indirect effect through higher seasonal mean temperatures. Extreme heat has a negative and significant impact on economic growth, and the magnitude of the impact increases with the intensity and duration of heat. Our results suggest that the impact of each additional consecutive day of extreme heat is greater than the impact of the prior day. We provide suggestive evidence that agriculture is one channel through which extreme heat impacts economic growth. Extreme heat could account for 34 %–68 % of the total projected reduction in the annual economic growth rate at mid-century due to temperature change. Our results suggest that extreme heat is one potential channel for the documented non-linearity in the impacts of rising mean temperature.

预计气候变化将增加极端炎热天气的频率和强度。我们在次国家（即区域）水平上使用面板回归框架来确定极端高温对拉丁美洲经济增长的影响，考虑到对季节和当地气候的适应。除了季节性平均气温升高的间接影响外，极端高温还直接影响经济增长。极端高温对经济增长具有显著的负面影响，且影响程度随高温强度和持续时间的增加而增加。我们的研究结果表明，每增加一天的极端高温的影响大于前一天的影响。我们提供的证据表明，农业是极端高温影响经济增长的一个渠道。由于温度变化，到本世纪中叶，极端高温可能占预计年经济增长率减少总量的34% - 68%。我们的研究结果表明，极端高温是记录在案的平均温度上升的非线性影响的一个潜在渠道。

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引用次数: 0

Air pollution exposure and donation to its victims: Evidence from online charitable giving 空气污染暴露和对受害者的捐赠：来自在线慈善捐赠的证据

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2025-10-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103245

Peng Shen , Xincheng Wang , Yinxiao Wang , Yucheng Wang , Chu A.(Alex) Yu , Shuhuai Zhang

This study examines the role of charitable giving in mitigating environmental damages. We study donations to the potential victims of air pollution—particularly patients with respiratory diseases—when donors are exposed to varying levels of air pollution. Using unique data from a major online medical crowdfunding platform in China, our empirical design compares the differential impact of air pollution exposure on donations across different disease categories. Our findings indicate that a one-standard-deviation increase in ambient PM_2.5 exposure leads to a significant 20.8 % increase in donations toward respiratory disease patients relative to non-respiratory disease patients. We further provide evidence that these effects are unlikely to be driven by information exposure to air pollution, consistent with the interpretation that personal experience may play a role, though this mechanism is not directly observed or tested. For respiratory diseases, the charitable contributions induced by air pollution are quantitatively comparable to the additional medical expenses caused by air pollution.

本研究探讨慈善捐赠在减轻环境损害中的作用。我们研究了当捐赠者暴露在不同程度的空气污染中时，对空气污染的潜在受害者（特别是呼吸系统疾病患者）的捐赠。我们的实证设计利用中国一个主要在线医疗众筹平台的独特数据，比较了空气污染暴露对不同疾病类别捐赠的差异影响。我们的研究结果表明，与非呼吸系统疾病患者相比，环境PM2.5暴露每增加一个标准差，对呼吸系统疾病患者的捐赠就会显著增加20.8%。我们进一步提供的证据表明，这些影响不太可能是由暴露于空气污染的信息所驱动的，这与个人经验可能起作用的解释是一致的，尽管这种机制没有直接观察或测试。就呼吸系统疾病而言，空气污染引起的慈善捐款在数量上与空气污染造成的额外医疗费用相当。

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引用次数: 0

Removing rationing: Power consumption and groundwater monitoring in South India 取消定量配给：南印度的电力消耗和地下水监测

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2025-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103244

Praveen Kumar , Eshita Gupta , E. Somanathan

In most Indian states, electricity for irrigation is unmetered but rationed through limited daily supply hours. This study estimates the impact of the 24-hour agricultural electricity policy implemented in Telangana state in 2018, which effectively removed this rationing. Using a district-level monthly panel on agricultural power consumption in Telangana and boundary districts in neighboring states, we find a 53 % increase in agricultural power consumption in Telangana in the two years following the policy, a result that is consistent with a sharp increase in the area under water-intensive rice cultivation in Telangana relative to neighboring states. However, an analysis of detailed groundwater depth data from government monitoring wells, using a geographic difference-in-differences design, reveals no statistically significant change in measured groundwater levels or in the incidence of dry wells. We argue that these seemingly contradictory outcomes stem from limitations in the monitoring framework, which fails to capture water availability in farmer wells in regions with fragmented hard rock aquifers. Our findings highlight that unrestricted power supply can lead to substantial inefficiency in electricity and groundwater use, while official monitoring systems may fail to capture the full hydrological impact. This has important implications for both energy and groundwater policy in South India and other regions with similar hydrogeology.

在印度的大多数邦，灌溉用电是不计量的，但在有限的每日供应时间内实行定量配给。这项研究估计了2018年在特伦甘纳邦实施的24小时农业电力政策的影响，该政策有效地取消了这种配给。通过对特伦甘纳邦和邻近邦边界地区农业用电量的月度地区级调查，我们发现，在政策实施后的两年内，特伦甘纳邦的农业用电量增加了53%，这一结果与特伦甘纳邦相对于邻近邦的水密集型水稻种植面积急剧增加相一致。然而，对来自政府监测井的详细地下水深度数据进行分析，使用地理差异设计，显示测量的地下水水位或干井发生率在统计上没有显著变化。我们认为，这些看似矛盾的结果源于监测框架的局限性，该框架未能捕捉到硬岩含水层破碎地区农民水井的可用水量。我们的研究结果强调，无限制的电力供应可能导致电力和地下水使用的严重低效，而官方监测系统可能无法捕捉到全部的水文影响。这对南印度和其他具有类似水文地质的地区的能源和地下水政策具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

The value of cabin-based outdoor recreation: Evidence from a natural experiment 基于小屋的户外娱乐的价值：来自自然实验的证据

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103243

Andreas Skulstad , Erlend Dancke Sandorf , Zander Venter , Anders Dugstad

Use-values of nonmarket environmental amenities are often elicited by studying the demand for outdoor recreation, and credible value estimates are essential for designing efficient policies affecting the supply of such goods. Yet, rigorous causal identification of outdoor recreation demand remains limited. Our study contributes to the growing literature that applies causal inference techniques and GPS-based observational data to the valuation of nonmarket environmental amenities. We exploit a sharp increase in electricity prices in Norway following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022 as a natural experiment to study the price sensitivity of cabin-based outdoor recreation. Using activity traces from the training app Strava, spatially merged with geolocated cabin sites, we find a 15 % decline in cabin recreation following the price shock. From this response, we infer an average consumer surplus of approximately $6000 per cabin owner per year, equivalent to about $204 per use-day, and a price elasticity of −0.24, indicating inelastic demand. These findings point to considerable welfare benefits from cabin recreation and illustrate the value of combining quasi-experimental designs with high-frequency mobility data for valuation of nonmarket environmental amenities.

非市场环境便利设施的使用价值通常是通过研究户外娱乐的需求得出的，可靠的价值估计对于设计影响此类商品供应的有效政策至关重要。然而，对户外娱乐需求的严格因果识别仍然有限。我们的研究有助于越来越多的文献将因果推理技术和基于gps的观测数据应用于非市场环境设施的评估。我们利用俄罗斯在2022年入侵乌克兰后挪威电价的急剧上涨作为自然实验来研究小屋户外娱乐的价格敏感性。使用来自训练应用Strava的活动轨迹，将空间与地理位置的小屋地点合并，我们发现在价格冲击之后，小屋娱乐下降了15%。根据这一反应，我们推断每位客舱所有者每年的平均消费者剩余约为6000美元，相当于每个使用日约为204美元，价格弹性为- 0.24，表明非弹性需求。这些发现指出了客舱娱乐带来的可观福利效益，并说明了将准实验设计与高频流动性数据结合起来评估非市场环境便利设施的价值。

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引用次数: 0

The effects of fare-free transit on the travel behavior of older adults 免费交通对老年人出行行为的影响

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103239

Renato Vieira , Rafael H.M. Pereira , Lucas Emanuel , Pedro Jorge Alves

Transit fare subsidies can be justified as a second-best policy to address automobile-related externalities. Yet, evidence of fare subsidy effectiveness in shifting users from cars to transit, particularly in low- and middle-income contexts, remains limited. This study leverages a large-scale quasi-natural experiment in Brazil, a developing country with high public transit usage, to evaluate the causal effects of a full fare subsidization on travel behaviors among older adults. Utilizing a regression discontinuity design based on age-based eligibility thresholds that vary by sex and city, we analyze data from 11 household travel surveys covering seven metropolitan areas and approximately 25 % of the Brazilian population. By comparing individuals just above and below eligibility thresholds, we assess changes in trip frequency, duration by transport mode, and vehicle ownership. Results indicate fare-free transit eligibility increases older adults’ public transit ridership by approximately 7.1 %, with transit trips becoming 7.3 % shorter. However, the rise in transit use predominantly reflects substitution away from walking, which decreased by 8.2 %. Importantly, we find no significant impacts on car usage or vehicle ownership, suggesting that fare-free transit policies may have limited effectiveness in reducing automobile use and related externalities in such contexts.

公交票价补贴作为解决与汽车相关的外部性的次优政策是合理的。然而，票价补贴在将用户从汽车转向公共交通方面的有效性证据仍然有限，特别是在低收入和中等收入环境中。本研究在巴西这个公共交通使用率很高的发展中国家进行了一项大规模的准自然实验，以评估全额票价补贴对老年人出行行为的因果影响。利用基于年龄的资格阈值的回归不连续设计，根据性别和城市的不同，我们分析了11个家庭旅行调查的数据，涵盖了7个大都市地区和大约25%的巴西人口。通过比较刚好高于和低于资格阈值的个体，我们评估了出行频率、交通方式持续时间和车辆拥有量的变化。结果表明，免票乘车资格使老年人的公共交通客流量增加了约7.1%，公共交通出行时间缩短了7.3%。然而，交通工具使用量的增加主要反映了步行的替代，减少了8.2%。重要的是，我们没有发现对汽车使用或车辆所有权的显著影响，这表明在这种情况下，免费交通政策在减少汽车使用和相关外部性方面的有效性可能有限。

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引用次数: 0

The healthcare costs of air pollution in France 法国空气污染的医疗成本

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2025-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103242

Julia Mink

This study estimates the short-term healthcare costs of exposure to fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) in France, where pollution levels are well below current European Union air quality standards. Using administrative data on healthcare expenditure for a representative population sample from 2015 to 2018, combined with high-resolution geospatial data on pollution and meteorological conditions, I implement an instrumental variable strategy that exploits exogenous variation in pollution driven by altitude weather patterns. I find that even moderate increases in PM_2.5 significantly raise weekly healthcare costs, with estimated effects two to six times larger than those found in prior studies. Effects are observed across all age groups and in various medical specialties, including cardiology, pulmonology, and neurology. The findings suggest a concave dose-response relationship, with larger marginal effects at lower pollution levels. Aligning pollution concentrations with the WHO’s 2021 guideline could lead to annual savings of €6.44–8.67 billion, which far exceed estimated abatement costs. These results provide a strong economic justification for more ambitious air quality regulations.

这项研究估计了法国暴露于细颗粒物（PM2.5）的短期医疗成本，法国的污染水平远低于目前的欧盟空气质量标准。利用2015年至2018年代表性人口样本的医疗保健支出行政数据，结合有关污染和气象条件的高分辨率地理空间数据，我实施了一种工具变量策略，利用由海拔天气模式驱动的污染外生变化。我发现，即使PM2.5的适度增长也会显著提高每周的医疗成本，其估计影响是之前研究发现的两到六倍。在所有年龄组和各种医学专业，包括心脏病学、肺病学和神经学，都观察到效果。研究结果表明，剂量-反应关系呈凹形，污染水平越低，边际效应越大。将污染浓度与世界卫生组织2021年的指导方针保持一致，每年可节省64.4亿至86.7亿欧元，远远超过估计的减排成本。这些结果为制定更加雄心勃勃的空气质量法规提供了强有力的经济依据。

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引用次数: 0

Fueling inequality: A novel estimate from large-scale reforms 加剧不平等：大规模改革的新估计

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2025-09-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103240

MohammadAli Mokhtari , Hamed Ghoddusi

Recent estimates suggest that eliminating fossil fuel subsidies could prevent 1.6 million premature deaths annually by reducing air pollution, while also addressing the unequal distribution of resources. How unequal are the benefits of these subsidies? Using Iranian household expenditure data (1984–2019) covering three major subsidy reforms, this study estimates the inequality-reducing impact of replacing fuel subsidies with direct, universal, and unconditional cash transfers. Our robust estimates show that reallocating USD 1 per capita per day from fuel subsidies to direct cash transfers reduces the Gini coefficient of expenditure by 8 %. These findings underscore the redistributive potential of such reforms and their role in fostering more equitable and sustainable policy design.

最近的估计表明，通过减少空气污染，取消化石燃料补贴每年可防止160万人过早死亡，同时还可解决资源分配不均的问题。这些补贴的好处有多不平等？本研究利用涵盖三次主要补贴改革的伊朗家庭支出数据（1984-2019年），估计了用直接、普遍和无条件的现金转移支付取代燃料补贴对减少不平等的影响。我们的可靠估计表明，将每人每天1美元的燃料补贴重新分配给直接现金转移支付，可使支出的基尼系数降低8%。这些调查结果强调了这种改革的再分配潜力及其在促进更公平和可持续的政策设计方面的作用。

引用次数: 0

Sustainability as a dynamic game 可持续发展是一个动态的游戏

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2025-09-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103238

Berno Buechel, Corinne Dubois , Stephanie Fuerer, Tjaša Maillard-Bjedov

Sustainability is a fundamental concept in the environmental domain, but also in other domains, e.g., regarding personal health. Sustainability means using resources today in a way that does not compromise the availability of resources tomorrow. We propose and test a model that incorporates the essential features of sustainability. First, our Sustainability Game is dynamic in the sense that the actions played in each period have consequences for future periods. Second, there is a contribution threshold that must be reached in order to maintain the level of resources, while some use of resources can be absorbed. Third, it incorporates that the temptation to over-use resources is strong when more than one individual is involved. We first derive equilibrium behavior analytically and then test these pre-registered predictions in the lab. Our main results are the following: (i) Theoretically and experimentally, strategic interaction reduces cooperative behavior and undermines sustainability. (ii) Theoretically and experimentally, lowering the threshold fosters cooperative behavior (i.e., contributing according to the threshold) and sustainability. Our results suggest that technological advancements that lower the threshold for sustainability and behavior change toward sustainability need not be viewed as alternatives, but rather as complementary.

可持续性是环境领域的一个基本概念，但也适用于其他领域，例如个人健康。可持续性意味着以不损害未来资源可用性的方式利用今天的资源。我们提出并测试了一个包含可持续性基本特征的模型。首先，我们的可持续发展游戏是动态的，因为每个时期的行为都会对未来的时期产生影响。其次，为了维持资源水平，必须达到一个贡献阈值，同时可以吸收一些资源的使用。第三，当涉及不止一个人时，过度使用资源的诱惑是很强的。我们首先分析得出平衡行为，然后在实验室中测试这些预注册的预测。我们的主要研究结果如下：(1)理论和实验上，战略互动减少了合作行为，破坏了可持续性。（ii）从理论上和实验上看，降低阈值有利于促进合作行为（即根据阈值作出贡献）和可持续性。我们的研究结果表明，降低可持续性门槛的技术进步和可持续性行为改变不应被视为替代，而应被视为互补。

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引用次数: 0