Pub Date : 2025-03-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103152
Teevrat Garg , Gordon C. McCord , Aleister Montfort
Can higher incomes reduce economic and social damages from higher temperatures? Causal investigation of this question has been challenging because income differences correlate with cumulative exposure and either may drive observed differences in the deleterious effects of heat. We revisit the same-day temperature–violence relationship in Mexico and show that a conditional cash transfer program attenuated the effects of higher temperatures on violent behavior, but only temporarily. Within five years of receiving ongoing monthly transfers, the heat-violence relationship returns to pre-program levels even as transfers continue. Our results highlight potential limitations of higher incomes in adaptation to rising temperatures.
{"title":"Can social protection reduce damages from higher temperatures?","authors":"Teevrat Garg , Gordon C. McCord , Aleister Montfort","doi":"10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Can higher incomes reduce economic and social damages from higher temperatures? Causal investigation of this question has been challenging because income differences correlate with cumulative exposure and either may drive observed differences in the deleterious effects of heat. We revisit the same-day temperature–violence relationship in Mexico and show that a conditional cash transfer program attenuated the effects of higher temperatures on violent behavior, but only temporarily. Within five years of receiving ongoing monthly transfers, the heat-violence relationship returns to pre-program levels even as transfers continue. Our results highlight potential limitations of higher incomes in adaptation to rising temperatures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Economics and Management","volume":"131 ","pages":"Article 103152"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143747324","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103150
Guangyu Cao , Xi Weng , Mingwei Xu , Li-An Zhou
The ratchet effect is a critical component in dynamic incentive designs. This paper exploits China’s recent adoption of minimum performance standards in air pollution controls and variations in the frequency of target assignment, and utilizes Regression Discontinuity Design to estimate the impact of target ratcheting on Chinese local officials’ incentives to reduce air pollution. We find strong evidence that (i) when local officials fail the minimum targets and try to make up for the failure to avoid severe punishment, the prospect of being ratcheted would weaken the make-up efforts, and (ii) air quality will significantly deteriorate after local officials fulfill the minimum targets ahead of schedule, regardless of whether local officials face the prospect of target ratcheting. We further discover that job rotation and the existence of comparable peers could effectively mitigate the ratchet effect.
{"title":"The political economy of ratchet effect: Evidence from China’s environmental regulation","authors":"Guangyu Cao , Xi Weng , Mingwei Xu , Li-An Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103150","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103150","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ratchet effect is a critical component in dynamic incentive designs. This paper exploits China’s recent adoption of minimum performance standards in air pollution controls and variations in the frequency of target assignment, and utilizes Regression Discontinuity Design to estimate the impact of target ratcheting on Chinese local officials’ incentives to reduce air pollution. We find strong evidence that (i) when local officials fail the minimum targets and try to make up for the failure to avoid severe punishment, the prospect of being ratcheted would weaken the make-up efforts, and (ii) air quality will significantly deteriorate after local officials fulfill the minimum targets ahead of schedule, regardless of whether local officials face the prospect of target ratcheting. We further discover that job rotation and the existence of comparable peers could effectively mitigate the ratchet effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Economics and Management","volume":"131 ","pages":"Article 103150"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143619619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-08DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103149
Milena Suarez Castillo , David Benatia , Christine Le Thi
This paper examines the differential impacts of early childhood exposure to air pollution on children’s health care use across parental income groups and vulnerability factors using French administrative data. Our quasi-experimental study reveals significant impacts on emergency admissions and respiratory medication in young children, attributed to air pollution shocks. Using causal machine learning, we identify these health impacts as predominantly affecting 10% of infants, characterized by poor health indicators at birth and lower parental income. Our results indicate that targeted policies based on vulnerability metrics may be more effective than those based solely on exposure levels.
{"title":"Air pollution and children’s health inequalities","authors":"Milena Suarez Castillo , David Benatia , Christine Le Thi","doi":"10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper examines the differential impacts of early childhood exposure to air pollution on children’s health care use across parental income groups and vulnerability factors using French administrative data. Our quasi-experimental study reveals significant impacts on emergency admissions and respiratory medication in young children, attributed to air pollution shocks. Using causal machine learning, we identify these health impacts as predominantly affecting 10% of infants, characterized by poor health indicators at birth and lower parental income. Our results indicate that targeted policies based on vulnerability metrics may be more effective than those based solely on exposure levels.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Economics and Management","volume":"131 ","pages":"Article 103149"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143591551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-27DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103137
Sarah Walker , Jennifer Alix-García , Anne Bartlett , Alice Calder
We conduct a framed field experiment with Ugandan forest users to elucidate the impact of land tenure security on deforestation. One-third of participants faced a threat of eviction, one-third had the option to secure tenure through costly certification, and one-third had secure tenure. The results show that insecure tenure increases tree extraction by 23%, while certification reduces that effect by half. The conservation effects of certification are intensified for participants with a lived experience of land tenure insecurity generated by overlapping land rights. Our findings demonstrate that land certification can improve environmental outcomes and that these effects may be amplified by historical legacies of insecurity.
{"title":"Land tenure security and deforestation: Evidence from a framed field experiment in Uganda","authors":"Sarah Walker , Jennifer Alix-García , Anne Bartlett , Alice Calder","doi":"10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103137","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103137","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We conduct a framed field experiment with Ugandan forest users to elucidate the impact of land tenure security on deforestation. One-third of participants faced a threat of eviction, one-third had the option to secure tenure through costly certification, and one-third had secure tenure. The results show that insecure tenure increases tree extraction by 23%, while certification reduces that effect by half. The conservation effects of certification are intensified for participants with a lived experience of land tenure insecurity generated by overlapping land rights. Our findings demonstrate that land certification can improve environmental outcomes and that these effects may be amplified by historical legacies of insecurity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Economics and Management","volume":"131 ","pages":"Article 103137"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143528813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-26DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103148
David J. Pannell , Robert J. Johnston , Michael P. Burton , Md Sayed Iftekhar , Abbie A. Rogers , Cheryl Day
Information on non-market values has the potential to improve decision making but approaches to measure these values are costly and may be inaccurate. This study develops a Bayesian value of information (VOI) model to evaluate when and if the benefit of conducting a non-market valuation (NMV) study exceeds the cost, and which method of those considered delivers the highest expected net benefit. The approach is illustrated using a water quality improvement decision, with VOI estimated for stated preference, revealed preference and benefit transfer methods, the first two implemented at varying degrees of best practice. Information on the anticipated accuracy of each valuation method is derived via structured expert-elicitation. Results show that the net VOI from NMV studies varies widely and depends on multiple factors, including project scale, the quality of existing knowledge, the accuracy of NMV methods, the type of values measured (e.g., use versus nonuse values) and the costs of applying each method. Findings suggest that familiar narratives regarding the value of NMV estimates may be too simplistic, suggesting that a more nuanced approach to study application is warranted. Although demonstrated for one case study, the approach can be adapted to many decision settings.
{"title":"The value of a value: The benefits of improved decision making informed by non-market valuation","authors":"David J. Pannell , Robert J. Johnston , Michael P. Burton , Md Sayed Iftekhar , Abbie A. Rogers , Cheryl Day","doi":"10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Information on non-market values has the potential to improve decision making but approaches to measure these values are costly and may be inaccurate. This study develops a Bayesian value of information (VOI) model to evaluate when and if the benefit of conducting a non-market valuation (NMV) study exceeds the cost, and which method of those considered delivers the highest expected net benefit. The approach is illustrated using a water quality improvement decision, with VOI estimated for stated preference, revealed preference and benefit transfer methods, the first two implemented at varying degrees of best practice. Information on the anticipated accuracy of each valuation method is derived via structured expert-elicitation. Results show that the net VOI from NMV studies varies widely and depends on multiple factors, including project scale, the quality of existing knowledge, the accuracy of NMV methods, the type of values measured (e.g., use versus nonuse values) and the costs of applying each method. Findings suggest that familiar narratives regarding the value of NMV estimates may be too simplistic, suggesting that a more nuanced approach to study application is warranted. Although demonstrated for one case study, the approach can be adapted to many decision settings.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Economics and Management","volume":"131 ","pages":"Article 103148"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143549846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-21DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103138
Brandyn F. Churchill , Sparshi Srivastava
The US obesity rate has increased alongside an increase in extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, which may influence an individual's desired bodyweight, dietary habits, and level of physical activity. In this paper, we provide evidence on the role of environmental exposures in shaping weight-related health behaviors and outcomes. Using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and an identification strategy leveraging temperature deviations from local seasonal norms, we show that adults were less likely to report trying to lose weight, dieting to lose weight, and exercising to lose weight when temperatures fell below 20–25 °C (68–77 °F). We then show that temperature increases were associated with increases in respondents' weekly servings of fruits and vegetables and the number of minutes they spent engaged in moderate or vigorous physical activity. Despite these behavioral changes, we find no evidence of a relationship between temperature and BMI. Therefore, despite concerns that rising global temperatures may increase the prevalence of overweight and obesity, our findings suggest that it is in fact cooler days that reduce the likelihood individuals engage in weight management behaviors.
{"title":"Effects of environmental exposures on weight-related health behaviors and outcomes","authors":"Brandyn F. Churchill , Sparshi Srivastava","doi":"10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103138","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103138","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The US obesity rate has increased alongside an increase in extreme weather events, such as heatwaves, which may influence an individual's desired bodyweight, dietary habits, and level of physical activity. In this paper, we provide evidence on the role of environmental exposures in shaping weight-related health behaviors and outcomes. Using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and an identification strategy leveraging temperature deviations from local seasonal norms, we show that adults were less likely to report trying to lose weight, dieting to lose weight, and exercising to lose weight when temperatures fell below 20–25 °C (68–77 °F). We then show that temperature increases were associated with increases in respondents' weekly servings of fruits and vegetables and the number of minutes they spent engaged in moderate or vigorous physical activity. Despite these behavioral changes, we find no evidence of a relationship between temperature and BMI. Therefore, despite concerns that rising global temperatures may increase the prevalence of overweight and obesity, our findings suggest that it is in fact cooler days that reduce the likelihood individuals engage in weight management behaviors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Economics and Management","volume":"131 ","pages":"Article 103138"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143528814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-19DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103136
Alexander Hill
Concerns over global climate change have led to support for household electrification to reduce CO2 emissions. However, due to the cost of mandating household electrification and the lack of an emissions-free grid, the social net benefit of this policy is unknown. Using a discrete choice empirical strategy, this paper estimates the tradeoff between household willingness to pay to avoid an electrification mandate and its environmental benefits in residential space and water heating markets. Compared with the counterfactual, the mandate has a net social cost of $47 billion annually from 2025 to 2050, largely from households in the Northeast and North Midwest.
{"title":"The social welfare implications of electrification in the U.S. residential energy market","authors":"Alexander Hill","doi":"10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103136","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103136","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Concerns over global climate change have led to support for household electrification to reduce CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. However, due to the cost of mandating household electrification and the lack of an emissions-free grid, the social net benefit of this policy is unknown. Using a discrete choice empirical strategy, this paper estimates the tradeoff between household willingness to pay to avoid an electrification mandate and its environmental benefits in residential space and water heating markets. Compared with the counterfactual, the mandate has a net social cost of $47 billion annually from 2025 to 2050, largely from households in the Northeast and North Midwest.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Economics and Management","volume":"131 ","pages":"Article 103136"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143488094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-17DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103135
Hai Hong , Yongbin Huang
This paper presents new evidence on how multitasking local governments' strategic responses to top-down environmental regulations can induce pollution in border areas. Using the implementation of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan in China as a quasi-experiment, we exploit a difference-in-differences model and find that this policy induces the border effect of air pollution. We further reveal a salient window dressing behavior of local governments, which air pollution in border counties reduces significantly as the high-stakes inspection time neared, followed by a dramatic increase soon after the inspection. These results are driven by local government responses to incomprehensive air quality monitor stations installed in non-border counties, and local officials with strong promotion incentives, who exert strict regulations in non-border counties while varied regulations in border counties over time to cater for the multitasking of economic growth and air quality targets.
{"title":"Order! the border: Multitasking, air pollution regulation and local government responses","authors":"Hai Hong , Yongbin Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103135","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103135","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents new evidence on how multitasking local governments' strategic responses to top-down environmental regulations can induce pollution in border areas. Using the implementation of the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan in China as a quasi-experiment, we exploit a difference-in-differences model and find that this policy induces the border effect of air pollution. We further reveal a salient window dressing behavior of local governments, which air pollution in border counties reduces significantly as the high-stakes inspection time neared, followed by a dramatic increase soon after the inspection. These results are driven by local government responses to incomprehensive air quality monitor stations installed in non-border counties, and local officials with strong promotion incentives, who exert strict regulations in non-border counties while varied regulations in border counties over time to cater for the multitasking of economic growth and air quality targets.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Economics and Management","volume":"131 ","pages":"Article 103135"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143464677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103132
Konstantinos Metaxoglou , Aaron Smith
Nitrogen pollution of waterways is a large global problem, particularly in regions with intensive cropland agriculture, such as the Mississippi River Basin. Unlike prior studies based on agronomic and hydrologic (ag-hydro) models, we collect detailed data from water quality monitors and employ panel data econometric methods to estimate the relationship between cropland and nitrogen pollution. We find an increase in nitrogen load in nearby downstream waterways associated with an additional corn acre upstream that is substantially smaller than the field-to-river adjusted loss per cropland acre based on ag-hydro models. Our findings are consistent with those of recent research documenting the accumulation of large amounts of nitrogen in subsurface soil and groundwater over several decades; this is surplus nitrogen that was applied to fields but has yet to appear in waterways. This legacy nitrogen eventually reaches streams and rivers exacerbating further nitrogen pollution leading to time lags in measurable water quality improvements following the implementation of mitigation practices and policies. In the presence of large amounts of legacy nitrogen, land retirement, and other on-farm mitigation practices, may not be cost effective. Downstream off-farm practices, such as the development of fluvial wetlands, which remove both legacy and new nitrogen, can be cost-effective.
{"title":"Agriculture’s nitrogen legacy","authors":"Konstantinos Metaxoglou , Aaron Smith","doi":"10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103132","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103132","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Nitrogen pollution of waterways is a large global problem, particularly in regions with intensive cropland agriculture, such as the Mississippi River Basin. Unlike prior studies based on agronomic and hydrologic (ag-hydro) models, we collect detailed data from water quality monitors and employ panel data econometric methods to estimate the relationship between cropland and nitrogen pollution. We find an increase in nitrogen load in nearby downstream waterways associated with an additional corn acre upstream that is substantially smaller than the field-to-river adjusted loss per cropland acre based on ag-hydro models. Our findings are consistent with those of recent research documenting the accumulation of large amounts of nitrogen in subsurface soil and groundwater over several decades; this is surplus nitrogen that was applied to fields but has yet to appear in waterways. This legacy nitrogen eventually reaches streams and rivers exacerbating further nitrogen pollution leading to time lags in measurable water quality improvements following the implementation of mitigation practices and policies. In the presence of large amounts of legacy nitrogen, land retirement, and other on-farm mitigation practices, may not be cost effective. Downstream off-farm practices, such as the development of fluvial wetlands, which remove both legacy and new nitrogen, can be cost-effective.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Economics and Management","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 103132"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143429813","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103133
Josse Delfgaauw, Otto Swank
The IPCC (2022) views political commitment to policies as a prerequisite for mitigating climate change. We study an environment where citizens’ incentives to invest depend on future policy decisions. In turn, political support for future policies depends on citizens’ investment decisions, as these policies redistribute towards citizens who invest. We show that such redistributive concerns distort politicians’ incentives to commit. Our model explains why redistributive concerns induced some governments to choose extensive commitment by providing price certainty to investors in renewable energy for 20 years. Our model also explains why redistributive concerns can hinder commitment to green policies as suggested by the IPCC. Finally, we show that redistributive concerns can provide credibility to a policy, even if the policy is inefficient.
{"title":"The Political Economy of (Lacking) Commitment to Green Policies","authors":"Josse Delfgaauw, Otto Swank","doi":"10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The <span><span>IPCC (2022)</span></span> views political commitment to policies as a prerequisite for mitigating climate change. We study an environment where citizens’ incentives to invest depend on future policy decisions. In turn, political support for future policies depends on citizens’ investment decisions, as these policies redistribute towards citizens who invest. We show that such redistributive concerns distort politicians’ incentives to commit. Our model explains why redistributive concerns induced some governments to choose extensive commitment by providing price certainty to investors in renewable energy for 20 years. Our model also explains why redistributive concerns can hinder commitment to green policies as suggested by the IPCC. Finally, we show that redistributive concerns can provide credibility to a policy, even if the policy is inefficient.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15763,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Environmental Economics and Management","volume":"130 ","pages":"Article 103133"},"PeriodicalIF":5.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143436457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"经济学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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