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Urban pollution: A global perspective 城市污染:全球视角
IF 4.6 3区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-05-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103013
Rainald Borck , Philipp Schrauth

We use worldwide gridded satellite data to analyse how population size and density affect urban PM2.5 pollution. We find that more populated and denser grid cells are more exposed to pollution. However, across urban areas, exposure increases with cities’ population size but decreases with density. Moreover, the population effect is driven mostly by population commuting to core cities rather than the core city population itself. We analyse heterogeneity by geography and income levels. A counterfactual simulation shows that PM2.5 exposure could fall by up to 40% if population size were equalized across all cities within countries, but the relocation of population from large to small cities that maximizes welfare would be small.

我们利用全球网格卫星数据分析了人口规模和密度对城市 PM2.5 污染的影响。我们发现,人口越多、密度越大的网格单元受到的污染越严重。然而,在整个城市地区,暴露量随城市人口规模的增加而增加,但随密度的增加而减少。此外,人口效应主要由通往核心城市的人口而非核心城市人口本身驱动。我们分析了地域和收入水平的异质性。反事实模拟显示,如果国家内所有城市的人口规模均等,PM2.5 暴露最多可下降 40%,但能使福利最大化的人口从大城市向小城市迁移的幅度很小。
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引用次数: 0
Centralization of environmental administration and air pollution: Evidence from China 环境管理集中化与空气污染:来自中国的证据
IF 4.6 3区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-05-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103016
Jidong Chen , Xinzheng Shi , Ming-ang Zhang , Sihan Zhang

This paper studies how centralizing environmental administration affects air pollution in China. China launched a reform in 2016 to empower upper-level environmental protection bureaus to administer lower-level bureaus vertically through personnel control. Exploiting a stacked difference-in-differences strategy, we find that the reform significantly reduced air pollution. The effect was stronger in places where pollution was less likely to be affected by spillovers from other provinces, where local governments initially paid less attention to environmental protection, and where there was less economic importance. Further analysis shows that the reform reduced pollution by strengthening the pollution reduction incentives of local environmental officials, increasing the intensity of local environmental inspection, and promoting environmental compliance by polluting firms.

本文研究了环境管理集中化如何影响中国的空气污染。中国于 2016 年启动了一项改革,授权上级环保局通过人事控制对下级环保局进行垂直管理。利用叠加差分策略,我们发现改革显著减少了空气污染。在污染不太可能受到其他省份外溢效应影响、地方政府最初不太重视环境保护以及经济重要性较低的地方,改革效果更为明显。进一步的分析表明,改革通过加强地方环保官员减少污染的积极性、加大地方环保检查力度以及促进污染企业遵守环保规定来减少污染。
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引用次数: 0
Consequences of omitting non-lethal wildlife impacts from stated preference scenarios 在既定偏好情景中忽略非致命性野生动物影响的后果
IF 4.6 3区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-05-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103011
Robert J. Johnston , Tobias Börger , Nick Hanley , Keila Meginnis , Tom Ndebele , Ghamz E. Ali Siyal , Nicola Beaumont , Frans P. de Vries

Stated preference (SP) research on willingness to pay (WTP) for improvements to wildlife populations focuses almost universally on measures related to whether organisms live or die. Preferences for changes in non-lethal harm to wildlife are generally overlooked. To evaluate the consequences, this article develops a theoretical model and corresponding discrete choice experiment (DCE) to evaluate whether and how the omission of information on non-lethal wildlife harm influences WTP estimation, grounded in a case study of marine plastic reductions in the North Atlantic. The theoretical model suggests that when environmental programs have both lethal and non-lethal impacts on wild species, DCEs that omit information on the latter may not produce valid welfare measures. Empirical results show that the omission of this information has multiple impacts on welfare estimates, largely consistent with theoretical predictions. Results suggest that welfare estimates for wildlife improvements can be confounded by the omission of information on non-lethal harm from SP scenarios. Results also demonstrate the hazards of excluding potentially welfare-relevant information from SP scenarios when respondents might assume relationships between omitted information and other material included in the questionnaire.

关于改善野生动物种群的支付意愿(WTP)的陈述偏好(SP)研究几乎普遍关注与生物生存或死亡相关的措施。对野生动物非致命伤害变化的偏好通常被忽视。为了评估其后果,本文建立了一个理论模型和相应的离散选择实验(DCE),以北大西洋海洋塑料减量案例研究为基础,评估忽略野生动物非致命伤害信息是否以及如何影响 WTP 估算。理论模型表明,当环境项目对野生物种既有致命影响又有非致命影响时,省略非致命影响信息的无选择排放试验可能不会产生有效的福利测量结果。实证结果表明,忽略这一信息会对福利估算产生多重影响,这与理论预测基本一致。结果表明,由于在 SP 情景中忽略了非致命伤害的信息,对野生动物改良的福利估算可能会被混淆。结果还表明,当受访者可能认为所遗漏的信息与问卷中的其他材料之间存在关系时,将可能与福利相关的信息排除在SP情景之外会造成危害。
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引用次数: 0
The health benefits of solar power generation: Evidence from Chile 太阳能发电对健康的益处:智利的证据
IF 4.6 3区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-05-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.102999
Nathaly M. Rivera , J. Cristobal Ruiz-Tagle , Elisheba Spiller

Renewable energy can yield social benefits through local air quality improvements and their subsequent effects on human health. We estimate some of these benefits using data gathered during the rapid adoption of large-scale solar power generation in Chile over the last decade. Relying on exogenous variation from solar irradiation and incremental solar generation capacity over time, we find that solar energy displaces coal generation and curtails hospital admissions due to respiratory diseases. These effects are largely manifested in cities downwind of and near coal plants that are displaced by the introduction of new solar. The reduction in exposure to air pollution from these displaced coal plants seems to be driving this relationship. Our results help quantify the health benefits that can be achieved through greater renewable energy investments.

可再生能源可通过改善当地空气质量及其对人类健康的影响产生社会效益。我们利用过去十年智利快速采用大规模太阳能发电期间收集的数据,对其中一些效益进行了估算。依靠太阳辐照和太阳能发电能力随时间递增的外生变化,我们发现太阳能取代了煤炭发电,并减少了因呼吸道疾病入院的人数。这些影响主要体现在煤电厂的下风向和附近的城市,这些煤电厂因引入新的太阳能而被取代。这些被取代的煤电厂所造成的空气污染的减少似乎是这一关系的驱动因素。我们的研究结果有助于量化通过增加可再生能源投资所带来的健康益处。
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引用次数: 0
Climate anomalies and international migration: A disaggregated analysis for West Africa 气候异常与国际移民:西非的分类分析
IF 4.6 3区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-05-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.102997
Fernanda Martínez Flores , Sveta Milusheva , Arndt R. Reichert , Ann-Kristin Reitmann

Migration is one measure that individuals can take to adjust to the adverse impacts of increasingly extreme weather that can arise from climate change. Using novel geo-referenced high-frequency data, we investigate the impact of soil moisture anomalies on migration within West Africa and towards Europe. We estimate that a standard deviation decrease in soil moisture leads to a 2-percentage point drop in the probability of international migration, equivalent to a 25 percent decrease in the number of international migrants. This effect is concentrated during the months that immediately follow the crop-growing season among areas in the middle of the income distribution. The findings suggest that weather anomalies negatively affect agricultural production, leading to liquidity constraints that prevent people from moving internationally.

迁移是个人为适应气候变化带来的日益极端天气的不利影响而采取的一种措施。利用新颖的地理参照高频数据,我们研究了土壤湿度异常对西非和欧洲移民的影响。我们估计,土壤湿度每减少一个标准差,国际移民的概率就会下降 2 个百分点,相当于国际移民人数减少 25%。这种影响主要集中在紧接着农作物种植季节的几个月中,在收入分布处于中间的地区。研究结果表明,气候异常会对农业生产产生负面影响,导致流动性紧张,从而阻碍人们进行国际迁移。
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引用次数: 0
Environmental regulation and productivity growth in the euro area: Testing the porter hypothesis 欧元区的环境监管和生产力增长:检验波特假说
IF 4.6 3区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-05-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.102995
Nicola Benatti , Martin Groiss , Petra Kelly , Paloma Lopez-Garcia

This paper examines the impact of changes in the stringency of environmental regulations on productivity growth. We exploit several data sources, including the OECD Environmental Policy Stringency Index and balance sheet information from ORBIS and iBACH, to test the Porter hypothesis, according to which firms’ productivity can benefit from more stringent environmental policies. We estimate the regulatory impact over a five-year horizon using panel local projections. To identify the direction of the effects, we estimate CO2 equivalent emissions for all firms in our sample using a machine learning algorithm. As suggested by the country-level analysis and confirmed by the firm-level analysis, policy tightening negatively affects productivity growth of high-polluting firms and to a larger extent than that of their low-polluting peers. Hence, we do not find support for the Porter hypothesis in general. However, not all policies have the same impact – non-market based policies are the most detrimental to productivity growth – and not all highly polluting firms are affected in the same way – the negative impact is mitigated for large firms, which may benefit from easier access to finance and greater innovativeness.

本文探讨了环境法规严格程度的变化对生产率增长的影响。我们利用多个数据来源(包括经合组织环境政策严格指数以及 ORBIS 和 iBACH 的资产负债表信息)来检验波特假说,根据波特假说,企业的生产率可从更严格的环境政策中获益。我们利用面板本地预测估算了五年内的监管影响。为了确定影响的方向,我们使用机器学习算法估算了样本中所有企业的二氧化碳排放当量。正如国家层面的分析和企业层面的分析所证实的那样,政策收紧对高污染企业的生产率增长产生了负面影响,且影响程度大于低污染企业。因此,我们没有发现波特假说在总体上得到支持。然而,并非所有政策都会产生同样的影响--非市场政策对生产率增长最为不利--也并非所有高污染企业都会受到同样的影响--大型企业的负面影响会有所缓解,因为它们可能受益于更容易获得资金和更高的创新能力。
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引用次数: 0
Political influence on international climate agreements with border carbon adjustment 边境碳调整对国际气候协议的政治影响
IF 4.6 3区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.102979
Achim Hagen , Mark Schopf

We study the influence of industrial lobbying on national climate policies and the formation of an international environmental agreement if the coalition countries use border carbon adjustments to protect domestic producers. We find that the effects of this political influence crucially depend on the distribution of carbon tax revenues. If these are transferred to the households, lobbying distorts carbon taxes downwards to reduce the tax burden and does not affect coalition sizes. This leads to higher emissions and lower welfare. By contrast, if tax revenues are given back to the firms, lobbies in the outsider countries favor carbon taxes, whereas lobbies in the coalition countries favor carbon subsidies to raise the international commodity price. This reduces the tax difference and the welfare difference between the countries, which reduces the free-rider incentives. Then, lobbying stabilizes the grand coalition and reduces global emissions compared to a “perfect” world without lobbying if the political influence is sufficiently strong.

我们研究了工业游说对国家气候政策的影响,以及如果联盟国利用边界碳调整来保护国内生产者,国际环境协议的形成。我们发现,这种政治影响的效果关键取决于碳税收入的分配。如果碳税收入转移到家庭,游说就会向下扭曲碳税以减轻税负,并且不会影响联盟的规模。这将导致排放增加和福利降低。相反,如果将税收返还给企业,外来者国家的游说者会支持碳税,而联盟国家的游说者会支持碳补贴,以提高国际商品价格。这就缩小了国家间的税收差异和福利差异,从而减少了搭便车的动机。然后,如果政治影响力足够大,游说就会稳定大联盟,与没有游说的 "完美 "世界相比,全球排放量就会减少。
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引用次数: 0
Farmer response to policy induced water reductions: Evidence from the Colorado River 农民对政策性减水的反应:来自科罗拉多河的证据
IF 4.6 3区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.102986
Lena Harris

Surface water supplies are becoming increasingly strained, pushing policy makers to find solutions to facilitate reductions in water use though there is limited evidence on how farmers respond to policy induced variation in surface water supplies. This paper uses a difference-in-differences framework to compare the response of farmers to a bundle of policies reducing deliveries from the Colorado River by 35%. I find that on average, farmers reduce the amount of land planted but plant more water intensive crops leading to a minimal reduction in total estimated water use compared to the counterfactual. Additionally, there is strong suggestive evidence that farmers are using groundwater to offset a significant amount of the surface water loss. These findings have important consequences for understanding the relative trade-offs policy makers face when implementing policies that protect surface water sources.

地表水供应日益紧张,促使政策制定者寻找促进减少用水量的解决方案,但有关农民如何应对地表水供应政策变化的证据却很有限。本文采用差分法框架,比较了农民对科罗拉多河供水量减少 35% 的一系列政策的反应。我发现,与反事实相比,农民平均减少了土地种植面积,但种植了更多的高耗水作物,导致估计总用水量的最小降幅。此外,有强有力的证据表明,农民利用地下水抵消了大量的地表水损失。这些发现对于理解决策者在实施地表水源保护政策时所面临的相对权衡具有重要意义。
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引用次数: 0
The contemporaneous healthcare cost of particulate matter pollution for youth and older adult populations 颗粒物污染对青少年和老年人群造成的同期医疗成本
IF 4.6 3区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.102994
Barbara Boggiano , Melisa Williams Higgins , Jesse Matheson , David Jenkins , Marco R. Oggioni

This paper estimates the impact of particulate matter pollutants, measured by PM10 levels, on public healthcare costs for youth and older adult populations using administrative data from two large UK hospitals and exploiting spatial and temporal variation in PM10 levels. We find that patient enrolment increases when their neighborhood experiences higher levels of PM10. Specifically, a standard deviation increase in PM10 levels increases the enrolment of patients aged 60 years and older by 6.2% and the enrolment of patients under 18 years of age by 3.1%. Using detailed costing information, we estimate that a standard deviation increase in PM10 increases public healthcare costs by £873,985.20 per year in the municipality studied.

本文利用英国两家大型医院的行政数据,并利用 PM10 水平的时空变化,估算了以 PM10 水平衡量的颗粒物污染物对青年和老年人群公共医疗成本的影响。我们发现,当患者所在社区的 PM10 水平较高时,患者入院人数会增加。具体来说,PM10 水平每增加一个标准差,60 岁及以上患者的就诊率就会增加 6.2%,18 岁以下患者的就诊率就会增加 3.1%。利用详细的成本计算信息,我们估计在所研究的城市中,PM10每增加一个标准差,每年的公共医疗成本就会增加873,985.20英镑。
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引用次数: 0
Emission regulation: Prices, quantities and hybrids with endogenous technology choice 排放监管:内生技术选择的价格、数量和混合动力
IF 4.6 3区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-05-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.102985
Halvor Briseid Storrøsten

This paper examines the investment incentives of market-based regulation, focusing on the technology characteristics that different regulatory schemes tend to incentivize. The firms’ technology choice is socially optimal if and only if the aggregate emission allowance supply is completely inelastic. Furthermore, in the presence of uncertainty, elastic emission allowance supply, and strictly convex environmental damage, it is optimal to tax investments in technologies that induce a large variance in emissions. Lastly, price elastic supply of emission allowances may either increase or decrease the volatility in the product market, depending on the risk environment the firms face. The results indicate that introduction of permit price-stabilizing measures in an emission trading system will come at the cost of suboptimal technology investments, and may also lead to increased fluctuations in product prices.

本文研究了市场化监管的投资激励机制,重点关注不同监管方案倾向于激励的技术特征。当且仅当总的排放配额供应完全无弹性时,企业的技术选择才是社会最优的。此外,在存在不确定性、有弹性的排放配额供应和严格的凸环境损害的情况下,对排放差异较大的技术投资征税是最优选择。最后,具有价格弹性的排放配额供应可能会增加或减少产品市场的波动性,这取决于企业面临的风险环境。结果表明,在排放交易体系中引入许可价格稳定措施将以次优技术投资为代价,还可能导致产品价格波动加剧。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management
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