Journal of Environmental Economics and Management最新文献

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Might India’s use of groundwater be weakly sustainable? 印度对地下水的利用是否具有较弱的可持续性？

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103274

David Blakeslee , Mathilde Degois , Ram Fishman , Esha Zaveri

In many parts of the world, groundwater is being extracted at rates that exceed natural renewal rates, leading many experts to conclude that groundwater mining is an unsustainable strategy for rural development. However, groundwater extraction could still be considered to be ‘weakly sustainable’ if it generates investments in man-made capital that offset the loss of natural ‘groundwater capital’ and enable income to be sustained even as the resource is depleted. In this paper, we examine whether the withdrawals of groundwater for irrigation in India have resulted in household-level investments in physical and human capital. Our empirical strategy compares villages in the same administrative units that overlie aquifers with different water storage capacities and, therefore, endowed with different levels of access to the resource. We find that greater access to the resource results in more irrigation, as expected, as well as higher asset wealth and educational attainment. The results suggest that deeming India’s irrigation-based rural development as unsustainable purely because of the decline in water tables may require reconsideration, provided that human capital is used to productively shift income from farm to off-farm sources.

在世界许多地方，地下水的开采速度超过了自然更新速度，导致许多专家得出结论，地下水开采是农村发展的一种不可持续的战略。然而，如果地下水开采产生了对人为资本的投资，抵消了自然“地下水资本”的损失，即使在资源枯竭时也能维持收入，那么它仍然可以被认为是“弱可持续的”。在本文中，我们研究了印度抽取地下水用于灌溉是否导致了家庭层面的物质和人力资本投资。我们的经验策略比较了位于同一行政单位的村庄，这些村庄位于含水层上，具有不同的储水能力，因此具有不同的资源获取水平。我们发现，正如预期的那样，更多地获得资源会导致更多的灌溉，以及更高的资产财富和受教育程度。研究结果表明，仅仅因为地下水位下降而认为印度以灌溉为基础的农村发展是不可持续的，如果人力资本被用于有效地将收入从农业来源转移到非农来源，可能需要重新考虑。

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引用次数: 0

Green patents in an oligopolistic market with green consumers 绿色消费者的寡头垄断市场中的绿色专利

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2026.103281

Corinne Langinier , Amrita RayChaudhuri

We analyze the impact of patent policies and emission taxes on green innovation. We allow for strategic interactions of firms in a duopolistic market in the presence of green-conscious consumers. We identify a paradoxical effect of increasing emission taxes beyond a certain threshold, which results in an increase in emissions. Decreasing patenting costs mitigates this paradox while the impact of tightening patentability requirements is more complex. Moreover, we show that the greater the proportion of green-conscious consumers, the less likely firms are totcilate license a green patent, which results in higher emissions levels at low tax levels. For an intermediate range of taxes, licensing does occur in equilibrium which lowers emissions. Finally, we find that while tax increases lead to a switch from overinvestment to underinvestment in the absence of green-conscious consumers, when the proportion of green-conscious consumers is sufficiently large, there is underinvestment at all tax levels.

我们分析了专利政策和排放税对绿色创新的影响。我们允许企业在有绿色意识的消费者存在的双寡头市场中进行战略互动。我们发现增加排放税超过一定阈值会导致排放量增加的矛盾效应。降低专利成本缓解了这一矛盾，而收紧可专利性要求的影响则更为复杂。此外，我们表明，绿色意识的消费者比例越大，企业就越不可能授权绿色专利，这导致低税收水平下的更高排放水平。对于中间范围的税收，许可确实在平衡中发生，从而降低排放。最后，我们发现，虽然在没有绿色意识消费者的情况下，税收增加会导致从过度投资到投资不足的转变，但当绿色意识消费者的比例足够大时，所有税收水平都存在投资不足。

引用次数: 0

The limits of cross-border environmental policies: Trade diversion as leakage 跨境环境政策的局限性：贸易转移作为泄漏

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2026.103298

Ryan Abman , Hattie Jenkins , Clark Lundberg

Global environmental externalities are one of the most pressing policy challenges of the modern era. Unilateral policy options to address global externalities are limited, however, by sovereignty and a general difficulty in achieving environmental objectives across national borders. We study an emerging trade policy tool used in cross-border environmental policies—environmental standards for imports—using a European Union program aimed at mitigating illegal timber harvesting in tropical timber exporting countries. Through bilateral agreements with partner countries, the program established de facto import restrictions through supply chain transparency and certification requirements on forest products. We find that the policy led to a diversion of partner country exports away from the EU towards other markets, particularly in Asia, and had no discernible impact on reducing forest loss. Our findings highlight the role that trade diversion can play as a leakage mechanism in such cross-border environmental policies.

全球环境外部性是当今时代最紧迫的政策挑战之一。然而，处理全球外部性的单边政策选择受到主权和跨越国界实现环境目标的普遍困难的限制。我们研究了跨境环境政策中使用的新兴贸易政策工具——进口环境标准——利用欧盟旨在减少热带木材出口国非法采伐木材的项目。通过与伙伴国的双边协议，该项目通过提高供应链透明度和对林产品的认证要求，确立了事实上的进口限制。我们发现，该政策导致伙伴国的出口从欧盟转向其他市场，特别是亚洲市场，对减少森林损失没有明显的影响。我们的研究结果强调了贸易转移在此类跨境环境政策中作为泄漏机制的作用。

引用次数: 0

Heat, power outages, and mortality in the United States 美国的高温，停电和死亡率

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103275

Dan Ai , Christine L. Crago , Jamie T. Mullins

We examine the mortality impacts of exposures to high temperatures and power outages using a county-month data set in the United States from 2015 to 2019. We find that each additional hour of power outage leads to a 0.04% increase in the monthly mortality rate. Furthermore, we show that the mortality effects of hot days are exacerbated by the co-occurrence of power outages, with each hour of power outage on a hot day increasing the harm from the hot day by 61%. Widespread and long-lasting power outages during hot days have disproportionately large effects on mortality. We also show heterogeneity across climate regions in the estimated relationships, which is consistent with heavier reliance on technological adaptations to heat such as air conditioning in hotter climate regions. Taken together, our results suggest that the reliability of electricity grids serves as an important means of adaptation to high temperatures and climate change.

我们使用美国2015年至2019年的县月数据集研究了高温和停电对死亡率的影响。我们发现，每多停电一小时，每月死亡率就会增加0.04%。此外，我们发现炎热天气的死亡率效应会因同时停电而加剧，在炎热天气中每停电一个小时，炎热天气造成的伤害就会增加61%。在炎热的天气里，广泛而持久的停电对死亡率产生了不成比例的巨大影响。我们还在估计的关系中显示了不同气候区域的异质性，这与较热气候区域对热适应技术（如空调）的更大依赖是一致的。综上所述，我们的研究结果表明，电网的可靠性是适应高温和气候变化的重要手段。

引用次数: 0

How air pollution makes firms less innovative: Human capital and adaptive strategies 空气污染如何降低企业创新能力：人力资本和适应性策略

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103279

Tiago Cavalcanti , Kamiar Mohaddes , Hongyu Nian , Haitao Yin

This paper studies the long-term effects of air pollution on firms’ human capital accumulation and the adaptive strategies they adopt in response. Leveraging a spatial regression discontinuity (RD) design based on China’s Huai River heating policy and utilizing a novel dataset with detailed firm-level human capital information, we show that air pollution significantly reduces the share of R&D staff with advanced degrees, particularly PhD and master’s degrees. To offset these challenges, firms in more polluted regions increasingly turn to external strategies, such as acquiring technology and collaborating with universities, as well as internal measures, including expanding welfare subsidies for R&D staff and investing in experimental instruments. However, despite these adaptive efforts, firms in polluted areas still generate fewer innovations than their counterparts in cleaner regions. Overall, our findings highlight the role of internal human capital in sustaining innovative capacity.

本文研究了空气污染对企业人力资本积累的长期影响及其相应的适应性策略。利用基于中国淮河供暖政策的空间回归不连续（RD）设计，并利用包含企业层面详细人力资本信息的新数据集，我们发现空气污染显著降低了具有高级学位（尤其是博士和硕士学位）的研发人员的比例。为了抵消这些挑战，污染较严重地区的企业越来越多地转向外部战略，如获取技术和与大学合作，以及内部措施，包括扩大对研发人员的福利补贴和投资实验仪器。然而，尽管有这些适应性的努力，污染地区的公司仍然比清洁地区的同行产生更少的创新。总体而言，我们的研究结果突出了内部人力资本在维持创新能力方面的作用。

引用次数: 0

Climate change and population growth: A reassessment 气候变化与人口增长：重新评估

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2026.103282

Holger Strulik , Timo Trimborn

It is widely believed that population growth has a negative impact on global warming. Here, we set up an integrated assessment model (a simplified DICE model) and derive analytically a condition under which a higher world population causally leads to a lower long-run temperature increase under optimal carbon taxation. The condition is easily fulfilled for standard IAM parameters and is independent of the discount rate, the degree of utilitarianism in the objective function, the calibration of the emission and abatement technologies, and other economic parameters. We also show that at the steady state, a larger population implies higher social and individual welfare. We also investigate a refinement of the DICE approach that could mitigate or reverse the predicted negative effect of population growth on climate change.

人们普遍认为人口增长对全球变暖有负面影响。在此，我们建立了一个综合评估模型（简化的DICE模型），并分析得出了在最优碳税条件下，世界人口增加导致较低的长期温度升高的条件。该条件对于标准IAM参数来说很容易满足，并且与贴现率、目标函数中的功利主义程度、排放和减排技术的校准以及其他经济参数无关。我们还表明，在稳定状态下，更大的人口意味着更高的社会和个人福利。我们还研究了对DICE方法的改进，以减轻或扭转预测的人口增长对气候变化的负面影响。

引用次数: 0

Hot and cold choices: The role of extreme temperatures in shaping industrial geographical distribution 冷热选择：极端温度对工业地理分布的影响

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2026.103285

Ding Ma , Min Wang , Shuo Li , Xiumei Yu

This paper examines how extreme temperatures shape firm entry decisions and industrial geography. Leveraging comprehensive firm registration data from China, we identify an inverted U-shaped relationship between temperature and firm entry, while firm exit remains largely unresponsive. Mechanism analyses reveal that temperature shocks disproportionately reduce entry in labor-intensive industries within tradable sectors. This effect operates through temperature-induced labor productivity losses, whereas entry in non-tradable sectors, such as services, declines indirectly through reduced local demand from downstream industrial clients. Firms also adapt by shifting equity investments toward new firm establishments in regions with milder climates. Climate projections indicate that continued warming will substantially reshape industrial geography. These findings highlight firm location choice as a critical channel of climate adaptation and underscore the role of temperature risk in driving long-term spatial economic change.

本文考察了极端温度如何影响企业进入决策和产业地理。利用来自中国的综合企业注册数据，我们确定了温度与企业进入之间的倒u型关系，而企业退出在很大程度上仍然没有反应。机制分析表明，温度冲击不成比例地减少了贸易部门内劳动密集型产业的进入。这种影响通过温度导致的劳动生产率损失来实现，而服务业等非贸易部门的进入则通过下游工业客户的本地需求减少而间接减少。公司也通过将股权投资转向气候温和地区的新公司来适应。气候预测表明，持续变暖将极大地重塑工业地理。这些发现强调了企业区位选择是气候适应的关键渠道，并强调了温度风险在推动长期空间经济变化中的作用。

引用次数: 0

The impact of land use on water quality: Evidence from California wells 土地利用对水质的影响：来自加州水井的证据

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2026.103284

Jeffrey Hadachek , Pierre Mérel , Scott Somerville

Nitrate pollution threatens human health and ecosystems in many regions of the world. Although scientists agree that nitrogen compounds from human activity, notably agriculture, enter groundwater systems, empirical estimates of the impacts of land use on nitrate concentrations in well water are still lacking. We provide evidence on such impacts by combining nitrate measurements from 6016 groundwater wells with remotely sensed California land use data from 2007–2023. We categorize agricultural land uses according to crops’ propensities to leach nitrogen and further consider urban development, in addition to undeveloped land—the default land use. Results show that a 10 percentage point increase in the share of land used to grow high-nitrogen crops within 500 m of a well is associated with an 11.6% increase in nitrate concentrations a decade later, while the same increase in urban developments contributes about a 10% increase. When conditioning on initial nitrate measurements, the impact of nearby land use attenuates while initial concentrations explain a large share of future variation in concentrations, demonstrating the persistent nature of nitrates in groundwater. A calculation based on our regression estimates implies that replacing high-nitrogen with low-nitrogen crops around sample wells would achieve a 4.6% reduction in nitrate concentrations, saving municipal water systems $25 million annually. We evaluate the opportunity cost of such crop substitution to be large; however, targeting only the crops with the highest propensity to leach nitrates easily passes a cost-benefit test.

硝酸盐污染在世界许多地区威胁着人类健康和生态系统。尽管科学家们一致认为，人类活动，特别是农业活动产生的氮化合物会进入地下水系统，但关于土地利用对井水中硝酸盐浓度影响的经验估计仍然缺乏。我们将6016口地下水井的硝酸盐测量数据与2007-2023年加州土地利用的遥感数据相结合，提供了此类影响的证据。我们根据作物对氮的淋滤倾向对农业用地进行了分类，并进一步考虑了城市发展，以及未开发土地（默认的土地利用）。结果表明，在距井500米范围内，用于种植高氮作物的土地比例每增加10个百分点，10年后硝酸盐浓度就会增加11.6%，而同样的城市发展增加约10%。当以初始硝酸盐测量为条件时，附近土地利用的影响减弱，而初始浓度解释了未来浓度变化的很大一部分，表明地下水中硝酸盐的持久性。根据我们的回归估计，用低氮作物代替高氮作物在样本井周围，硝酸盐浓度将降低4.6%，每年为市政供水系统节省2500万美元。我们认为这种作物替代的机会成本很大；然而，只针对具有最高硝酸盐浸出倾向的作物很容易通过成本效益测试。

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引用次数: 0

Environmental impacts of agricultural intensification: Evidence from Brazil’s double-cropping boom 农业集约化对环境的影响：来自巴西两季种植繁荣的证据

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2026-05-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2026.103286

Behzad Jeddi , Guilherme DePaula

This article examines the environmental impacts of agricultural intensification in Brazil, particularly the significant expansion of a double cropping system involving soybeans and corn, which has transformed Brazil into the world’s leading exporter of corn. We use econometric models with instrumental variables to assess the impact of double cropping on pesticide runoff and land-use change, focusing on regions near tropical forests. Our results reveal that double cropping substantially reduces pesticide contamination in surface waters, with a 0.5 percentage-point increase in double cropping share reducing pesticide exceedances by 5–12% across five distinct instrumental variable strategies. Our results indicate that double cropping reduces pesticide runoff by acting as a cover crop that limits chemical leaching. In our analysis of land-use change, we observe notable regional variation. In traditional agricultural zones, double cropping has minimal influence on cropland expansion due to high land-conversion costs. However, double cropping significantly drives cropland expansion in frontier areas where land conversion barriers are lower. We estimate that 44% of the cropland expansion in the frontier region would not have occurred without the practice of double cropping. This finding suggests that the recent growth of second-crop corn for ethanol production may have more substantial environmental impacts in the frontier than previously anticipated.

本文考察了巴西农业集约化对环境的影响，特别是涉及大豆和玉米的双季制的显著扩张，这使巴西成为世界主要的玉米出口国。我们使用计量经济模型和工具变量来评估复种对农药径流和土地利用变化的影响，重点关注热带森林附近的地区。我们的研究结果表明，两季种植大大减少了地表水中的农药污染，在五种不同的工具变量策略中，两季种植比例每增加0.5个百分点，农药超标量就会减少5-12%。我们的研究结果表明，双季作物作为覆盖作物，限制了化学淋失，从而减少了农药径流。在土地利用变化分析中，我们观察到显著的区域差异。在传统农业区，由于土地转种成本高，复种对农田扩张的影响很小。然而，在土地转制壁垒较低的边疆地区，复种对耕地扩张的推动作用显著。我们估计，如果不实行复种，边疆地区44%的耕地扩张是不会发生的。这一发现表明，最近用于乙醇生产的第二季玉米的增长可能对边疆地区的环境产生比先前预期的更大的影响。

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Adjusting to the energy transition: Training and transfers in coal country 适应能源转型：产煤国家的培训与转移

IF 5.9 3区经济学 Q1 BUSINESS

Journal of Environmental Economics and Management

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2025.103264

Eleanor Krause

Between 2011 and 2016, coal mining employment declined by over 50 percent in Appalachia, producing sharp earnings and employment losses in coal-dependent communities. Whether these disruptions reflect temporary adjustment costs or signal more persistent decline depends in part on the extent and nature of local investment responses. This paper leverages differential Commuting Zone (CZ) exposure to coal’s decline to estimate its impact on government transfers and postsecondary training investments in Appalachia. I find that exposed CZs experienced a sizable and sustained rise in per capita transfer receipts, but no statistically detectable change in postsecondary awards, enrollment, or institutional finances. The absence of a training response persists when restricting to shorter-term programs at locally serving institutions and contrasts with documented effects in other settings. Given the central role of human capital in regional adjustment, these findings indicate that distressed regions affected by the transition away from legacy energy sectors may face greater challenges in adapting to structural change absent expanded educational investments.

2011年至2016年期间，阿巴拉契亚地区的煤炭开采就业人数下降了50%以上，严重影响了依赖煤炭的社区的收入和就业。这些中断反映的是暂时的调整成本，还是预示着更持久的衰退，部分取决于当地投资反应的程度和性质。本文利用差异通勤区（CZ）对煤炭下降的敞口来估计其对阿巴拉契亚地区政府转移支付和高等教育投资的影响。我发现，暴露的cz在人均转移收入方面经历了可观且持续的增长，但在高等教育奖励、入学率或机构财务方面没有统计上可检测到的变化。当仅限于当地服务机构的短期项目时，培训响应的缺失仍然存在，这与其他环境中的记录效果形成了对比。鉴于人力资本在区域调整中的核心作用，这些研究结果表明，受传统能源部门转型影响的贫困地区在没有扩大教育投资的情况下，在适应结构变化方面可能面临更大的挑战。

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