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Widening the scope: The direct and spillover effects of nudging water efficiency in the presence of other behavioral interventions 扩大范围:在有其他行为干预措施的情况下,提高用水效率的直接效应和溢出效应
IF 5.5 3区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103037
J. Bonan , C. Cattaneo , G. d’Adda , A. Galliera , M. Tavoni

Policymakers and firms use behavioral interventions to promote sustainable development in various domains. A correct impact evaluation requires looking beyond the targeted domain and assessing its interactions with similar interventions. Existing evidence in this area is limited, leading to potential misestimation of behavioural interventions and poor guidance on their design. Here, we test the impact of a two-year social information campaign to nudge water conservation through a large-scale randomized controlled trial implemented with a multi-resource company,. We find that the water nudge significantly decreases water and electricity usage, but not that of gas. Spillovers arise for customers who do not receive nudges targeting the other resources. Customers receiving the water report are also significantly less likely to deactivate their gas and electricity contracts, regardless of whether they receive other reports. Our results suggest that multiple nudges strain users’ limited attention and ability to enact conservation efforts. Users’ constraints in attending to multiple stimuli need to be accounted in designing policy interventions to foster sustainable practices.

政策制定者和企业利用行为干预来促进各个领域的可持续发展。正确的影响评估需要超越目标领域,评估其与类似干预措施的相互作用。该领域的现有证据有限,可能导致对行为干预措施的错误估计以及对其设计的不当指导。在此,我们通过与一家多资源公司共同实施的大规模随机对照试验,检验了为期两年的节水劝导社会宣传活动的影响。我们发现,"节水劝导 "大大减少了水和电的使用量,但没有减少天然气的使用量。没有接受其他资源劝导的客户也会受到溢出效应的影响。无论是否收到其他报告,收到用水报告的客户停用燃气和电力合同的可能性也明显降低。我们的研究结果表明,多重提示会使用户有限的注意力和能力受到限制,从而无法开展节约工作。在设计政策干预措施以促进可持续实践时,需要考虑用户在关注多重刺激时受到的限制。
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引用次数: 0
Li and Pizer in the short-run: A comment on discounting 李和皮泽尔的短期:关于贴现的评论
IF 5.5 3区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103039
Andrew R. Solow , Scott Farrow

Li and Pizer derived upper and lower bounds on the time-dependent social discount rate that both converge in the long run to the consumption rate of interest. They went on to recommend using the consumption rate of interest as the social discount rate for investments relating to climate change for which the bulk of the benefits accrue in the far future. However, the bounds can be quite wide in the short-run, providing little guidance for shorter term discounting. Here, we show that if uncertainty in the social discount rate is encoded in a uniform distribution, then its expected value converges much more rapidly to the consumption rate of interest. The implications of this for project evaluation are more complicated than in the deterministic case considered by Li and Pizer.

Li和Pizer得出了与时间相关的社会贴现率的上限和下限,从长远来看,这两个贴现率都趋同于消费利率。他们进而建议将消费利率作为与气候变化有关的投资的社会贴现率,因为这些投资的大部分收益都是在遥远的未来产生的。然而,短期内的界限可能会很宽,对短期贴现没有什么指导意义。在这里,我们表明,如果将社会贴现率的不确定性编码为均匀分布,那么其预期值会更快地趋同于相关消费率。这对项目评估的影响比 Li 和 Pizer 所考虑的确定性情况更为复杂。
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引用次数: 0
The impact of energy prices on industrial investment location: Evidence from global firm level data 能源价格对工业投资地点的影响:来自全球企业层面数据的证据
IF 5.5 3区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-06-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.102992
Aurélien Saussay , Misato Sato

This study examines the influence of relative energy prices on the geographical distribution of industrial investments across 41 countries. Employing a gravity model framework to analyse firms’ investment location decisions, we estimate the model using global bilateral investment flows derived from firm-level M&A data. Our findings reveal that a 10% increase in the energy price differential between two countries results in a 3.2% rise in cross-border acquisitions. This effect is most pronounced in energy-intensive industries and transactions targeting emerging economies. Furthermore, policy simulations suggest that the impact of unilateral carbon pricing on cross-border investments is modest.

本研究探讨了相对能源价格对 41 个国家工业投资地理分布的影响。我们采用引力模型框架来分析企业的投资选址决策,并利用企业层面的并购数据得出的全球双边投资流量对模型进行了估算。我们的研究结果表明,两国之间能源价格差每增加 10%,跨国并购就会增加 3.2%。这种效应在能源密集型产业和针对新兴经济体的交易中最为明显。此外,政策模拟表明,单边碳定价对跨境投资的影响不大。
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引用次数: 0
Does improved tenure security reduce fires? Evidence from the Greece land registry 改善土地权保障是否会减少火灾?来自希腊土地登记处的证据
IF 5.5 3区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103002
Liang Diao , Huiqian Song

While tenure security is essential to effective land management, there is little empirical evidence on its environmental impact. Exploiting the staggered rollout of the land registry program across Greece, we find the regions covered by the mandatory program witness large declines in agricultural fire events, burned areas, and air pollutants. Agricultural data reveal that landowners in those regions mitigate fire risks through reducing stubble burning, expanding farming areas, and stocking more fire-suppression equipment. Our findings indicate that strengthening property rights can lead to more sustainable farming practices and promote long-term land investment, thereby reducing fire hazards.

虽然保有权保障对有效的土地管理至关重要,但有关其环境影响的经验证据却很少。通过在希腊全国交错推广土地登记计划,我们发现在强制计划覆盖的地区,农业火灾事件、烧毁面积和空气污染物均大幅下降。农业数据显示,这些地区的土地所有者通过减少秸秆焚烧、扩大耕种面积和储备更多灭火设备来降低火灾风险。我们的研究结果表明,加强产权可以带来更可持续的耕作方式,促进长期土地投资,从而降低火灾风险。
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引用次数: 0
The emerging international trade in hydrogen: Environmental policies, innovation, and trade dynamics 新兴的国际氢贸易:环境政策、创新和贸易动态
IF 5.5 3区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-06-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103035
Werner Antweiler , David Schlund

Hydrogen produced from renewable energy and other carbon-neutral sources has the potential of becoming an important medium for storing and transporting energy, partially taking on the role that fossil fuels play to date. We develop a novel theoretical and empirical model of sequential trade based on long-term contracts with one or more fixed-capacity projects entering each period in a modified Nash-Cournot competition. We simulate the emerging international trade in hydrogen using calibrated demand, supply, transportation, and policy data, exploring a set of scenarios to determine which factors have significant influence—in particular environmental, innovation, and trade policies. Our findings suggest that hydrogen trade exhibits significant price dispersion and two-way trade as vintages of contracts overlap in a market defined by endogenous innovation and policy interventions. Trade costs and the mode of transportation (pipelines or ammonia conversion, possibly others) play a pivotal role and influence the relative share of hydrogen production types (green, blue, or turquoise). Trade policies emerge as a more essential determinant of hydrogen trade than carbon and innovation policies.

利用可再生能源和其他碳中性能源生产的氢有可能成为储存和运输能源的重要媒介,部分取代化石燃料迄今所发挥的作用。我们建立了一个新颖的理论和实证模型,该模型以长期合同为基础,每期都有一个或多个固定产能项目进入修改后的纳什-库尔诺竞争。我们利用经过校准的需求、供应、运输和政策数据模拟了新兴的氢气国际贸易,探索了一系列方案,以确定哪些因素具有重大影响,特别是环境、创新和贸易政策。我们的研究结果表明,在一个由内生性创新和政策干预决定的市场中,随着合同年份的重叠,氢贸易表现出明显的价格分散和双向贸易。贸易成本和运输方式(管道或氨转化,可能还有其他)起着关键作用,并影响着氢气生产类型(绿色、蓝色或绿松石色)的相对份额。与碳政策和创新政策相比,贸易政策对氢贸易的决定作用更为重要。
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引用次数: 0
Climate change impacts on the within-country income distributions 气候变化对国家内部收入分配的影响
IF 5.5 3区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-06-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103012
Martino Gilli , Matteo Calcaterra , Johannes Emmerling , Francesco Granella

This paper investigates the relationship between climate change and income inequality, recognizing that the economic impacts of climate change are not uniform across different levels of income within and across countries. Using methods from the existing literature on climate and economic growth, we analyze the economic impact of rising temperatures by within-country income decile. Our findings suggest that climate change disproportionately affects the poorer segments of the population within countries, even after accounting for a country’s ability to adapt to climate impacts, while richer households suffer lower damages. In the reference scenario without additional climate action (3.6°C warming), we estimate that climate impacts could lead to an increase in the Gini index by up to six percentage points, notably in Sub-Saharan Africa. We project impacts to 2100 through the RICE50+ model and estimate the income elasticity of impacts within countries. Our estimates indicate that climate change damages are regressive, with an income elasticity of damages of 0.6 under our preferred specification. On the other hand, climate benefits are approximately distribution-neutral or slightly progressive.

本文研究了气候变化与收入不平等之间的关系,认识到气候变化对各国内部和各国之间不同收入水平的经济影响并不一致。利用现有气候与经济增长文献中的方法,我们按国内收入十分位数分析了气温上升对经济的影响。我们的研究结果表明,即使考虑到一个国家适应气候影响的能力,气候变化对国内较贫困人口的影响也不成比例,而较富裕家庭遭受的损失较小。在不采取额外气候行动(升温 3.6°C)的参考情景下,我们估计气候影响可能导致基尼系数上升达 6 个百分点,尤其是在撒哈拉以南非洲地区。我们通过 RICE50+ 模型预测了 2100 年的影响,并估算了各国内部影响的收入弹性。我们的估算结果表明,气候变化的损害是递减的,在我们首选的规范下,损害的收入弹性为 0.6。另一方面,气候惠益近似于分配中性或略有进步。
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引用次数: 0
Pricing for a cooler planet: An empirical analysis of the effect of taxing carbon 为更凉爽的地球定价:对征收碳税效果的实证分析
IF 5.5 3区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-06-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103034
Torben K. Mideksa

Finland introduced the planet’s first carbon tax in 1990 to experiment with, to most economists, the best policy to reverse carbon emissions. I estimate the causal effect of taxing carbon on Finnish emissions using the Synthetic Control Approach (Abadie, 2021). The results suggest that taxing carbon reduces emissions by big margins. Finnish emissions are 16% lower in 1995, 25% lower in 2000, and 30% lower in 2004 than emissions in the counterfactual consistent with carbon taxes whose value increasing by 20 fold in 1990–2005. The estimates suggest that the carbon tax’s abatement elasticity is about 9%.

芬兰于 1990 年引入了全球首个碳税,以尝试--在大多数经济学家看来--扭转碳排放的最佳政策。我使用合成控制法(Abadie,2021 年)估算了征收碳税对芬兰排放量的因果效应。结果表明,征收碳税可大幅减少排放量。与碳税额在 1990-2005 年间增长 20 倍的反事实相比,芬兰 1995 年的排放量减少了 16%,2000 年减少了 25%,2004 年减少了 30%。估算结果表明,碳税的减排弹性约为 9%。
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引用次数: 0
Green Road is open: Economic Pathway with a carbon price escalator 绿色之路已开启:碳价格上涨的经济路径
IF 4.6 3区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-06-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103033
Lucas Bretschger

The paper develops the concept of “Economic Pathways” (EPs), which characterizes theory-based scenarios for an economy that strives for decarbonization by the middle of the century. The theoretical framework derives closed-form analytical solutions for consumption, innovation, emissions, and population. The EPs differ in the stringency of assumed policies and associated income and emission development. Unlike the well-known “Shared Socioeconomic Pathways”, they allow the inclusion of important causalities between the economy and the environment and thereby considerably narrow down the scope of likely future developments. The quantitative part serves to illustrate the long-term consequences of climate policy. I show that deep decarbonization only moderately delays economic development, but requires increasing escalation of the carbon price. The paper argues that the adoption of more stringent climate policies becomes more likely as the phase-out of fossil fuels increases. The “Green Road” is not only feasible but also attractive and realistic.

本文提出了 "经济路径"(Economic Pathways,EPs)的概念,以理论为基础,描述了力争在本世纪中叶实现去碳化的经济情景。该理论框架得出了消费、创新、排放和人口的闭式分析解决方案。EPs 的不同之处在于假定政策的严格程度以及相关的收入和排放发展。与众所周知的 "共享社会经济路径 "不同,它们允许纳入经济与环境之间的重要因果关系,从而大大缩小了未来可能发展的范围。定量部分用于说明气候政策的长期后果。我的研究表明,深度去碳化只会适度延迟经济发展,但要求碳价格不断攀升。本文认为,随着化石燃料淘汰量的增加,更有可能采取更严格的气候政策。绿色之路 "不仅可行,而且具有吸引力和现实性。
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引用次数: 0
Poverty or pollution: The environmental cost of E-commerce for poverty reduction in China 贫穷还是污染?中国电子商务扶贫的环境成本
IF 4.6 3区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-06-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103029
Wenqi Duan, Mingming Jiang, Jianhong Qi

Pro-poor policies can have economic benefits, but they may also have environmental costs. This paper examines the impact of China's “E-commerce into Countryside” project (the ECC project), one of the world's largest targeted poverty alleviation strategies, on local air quality. The project covers approximately 100 million poor people. Using a set of difference-in-differences identification strategies, we find that the pro-poor ECC policy has consistently and significantly contributed to local air pollution, despite its role in fighting poverty. The decline in local air quality is primarily caused by the increase in rural enterprises, destruction of vegetation, and traffic pollution resulting from the intention to sell more agricultural products to the city. Pro-poor policymakers face the challenge of balancing poverty reduction with environmental protection during the process of sustainable development. When making policy decisions, it is important to consider local environmental regulations, ecological vulnerability, and potential adaptation strategies in order to weigh economic benefits against environmental costs.

扶贫政策可以带来经济效益,但也可能产生环境成本。本文研究了中国 "电子商务进农村 "项目(ECC 项目)对当地空气质量的影响,该项目是世界上最大的定点扶贫战略之一。该项目覆盖了约 1 亿贫困人口。利用一套差分识别策略,我们发现,尽管扶贫的 ECC 政策在消除贫困方面发挥了作用,但却持续、显著地加剧了当地的空气污染。当地空气质量下降的主要原因是农村企业的增加、植被的破坏,以及向城市出售更多农产品的意图所导致的交通污染。在可持续发展过程中,扶贫政策的制定者面临着如何平衡减贫与环境保护的挑战。在做出决策时,必须考虑当地的环境法规、生态脆弱性和潜在的适应战略,以权衡经济效益与环境成本。
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引用次数: 0
Urban heat and within-city residential sorting 城市热量和市内住宅分类
IF 4.6 3区 经济学 Q1 BUSINESS Pub Date : 2024-06-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.jeem.2024.103014
Stefan Borsky , Eric Fesselmeyer , Lennart Vogelsang

This study presents new causal evidence on how urban heat contributes to sorting within a city. We estimate a discrete choice residential sorting model that includes census-tract fixed effects and controls for open space and green coverage to analyze how differences in urban heat at the census-tract level influence the location choices of New York City homeowners given their race, ethnicity, and income. Our results show clear patterns of residential sorting, with whites and high-income households outcompeting other racial/ethnic groups and low-income households for housing in cooler neighborhoods. Our counterfactual exercise, inspired by Cool Neighborhoods NYC, reveals that heat-mitigation policies can make poorer and minority households, on average, worse off. These findings are striking, considering that such programs often aim to enhance welfare in heat-exposed neighborhoods predominantly inhabited by low-income and minority households.

本研究提供了新的因果证据,说明城市热量是如何促进城市内部分拣的。我们估算了一个包含人口普查区固定效应以及开放空间和绿化覆盖率控制的离散选择住宅分选模型,以分析人口普查区层面的城市热量差异如何影响纽约市房主的种族、民族和收入的位置选择。我们的研究结果显示了明显的住宅排序模式,白人和高收入家庭与其他种族/族裔群体和低收入家庭竞争,选择了较凉爽社区的住房。受纽约市凉爽社区的启发,我们进行了反事实演练,结果显示,平均而言,防暑降温政策会使贫困家庭和少数民族家庭的境况更糟。考虑到此类计划通常旨在提高主要由低收入家庭和少数民族家庭居住的高温暴露社区的福利,这些发现令人震惊。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Environmental Economics and Management
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