Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2025.07.001
Hilary S. Stern , Ethan Biswell
{"title":"Diagnosis and treatment of an ossified auricular hematoma in a domestic rabbit","authors":"Hilary S. Stern , Ethan Biswell","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2025.07.001","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2025.07.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"54 ","pages":"Pages 26-27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2025.05.001
Alexandra T. Troiano , Melanie Ammersbach , Kelsey D. Brust , Kathryn L. Philips , Hugues Beaufrère , Esteban Soto
Background
Fish are the most numerous pet throughout the United States, and ornamental Koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) are one of the most common ornamental pet fish in California, USA. Previous reference intervals have been established in a small sample size of koi but differences between age and sex in ornamental koi have not been investigated. The objective of this study was to establish hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for healthy koi stratified by age (juvenile vs adult) and sex (male vs female).
Method
Blood samples were collected from 50 adult males, 50 adult females and 50 juvenile koi from a commercial vendor. Heparinized whole blood was used to perform a manual complete blood count (CBC) and biochemical parameters were analyzed from plasma samples. Reference intervals were determined using a non-parametric method to obtain the 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles following elimination of outliers.
Results
Many of the investigated laboratory values were found to be similar between groups, but statistically significant differences were found between ages for calcium, anion gap, and thrombocyte count, and among both age and sex for phosphorus, bicarbonate, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose, red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), and lymphocyte count.
Conclusions
Statistically significant differences between ages and sexes were found to exist for various analytes, but the differences are unlikely to be clinically relevant given the large degree of overlap of the partitioned reference intervals. Overall, reference intervals for the investigated hematological and biochemical values were similar in nonbreeding koi regardless of sex and age.
{"title":"Sex and age-specific select hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for koi (Cyprinus rubrofuscus)","authors":"Alexandra T. Troiano , Melanie Ammersbach , Kelsey D. Brust , Kathryn L. Philips , Hugues Beaufrère , Esteban Soto","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2025.05.001","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2025.05.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Fish are the most numerous pet throughout the United States, and ornamental Koi (<em>Cyprinus rubrofuscus</em>) are one of the most common ornamental pet fish in California, USA. Previous reference intervals have been established in a small sample size of koi but differences between age and sex in ornamental koi have not been investigated. The objective of this study was to establish hematologic and biochemical reference intervals for healthy koi stratified by age (juvenile vs adult) and sex (male vs female).</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Blood samples were collected from 50 adult males, 50 adult females and 50 juvenile koi from a commercial vendor. Heparinized whole blood was used to perform a manual complete blood count (CBC) and biochemical parameters were analyzed from plasma samples. Reference intervals were determined using a non-parametric method to obtain the 2.5% and 97.5% percentiles following elimination of outliers.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Many of the investigated laboratory values were found to be similar between groups, but statistically significant differences were found between ages for calcium, anion gap, and thrombocyte count, and among both age and sex for phosphorus, bicarbonate, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), glucose, red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), and lymphocyte count.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Statistically significant differences between ages and sexes were found to exist for various analytes, but the differences are unlikely to be clinically relevant given the large degree of overlap of the partitioned reference intervals. Overall, reference intervals for the investigated hematological and biochemical values were similar in nonbreeding koi regardless of sex and age.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"54 ","pages":"Pages 1-7"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144270104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2025.07.004
Veronica Pardini , Bairon Madrigal
{"title":"Surgical management of metritis, salpingitis and vaginal tubular adenocarcinoma in a sugar glider (Petaurus breviceps)","authors":"Veronica Pardini , Bairon Madrigal","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2025.07.004","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2025.07.004","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"54 ","pages":"Pages 35-36"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2025.07.002
Marie Mélin, Kévin Schlax
Background
A 6-year-old male rabbit presented with unilateral scrotal enlargement. Clinical examination and imaging revealed a mass within the left vaginal tunic.
Case description
Surgical excision was performed, and histopathology identified a malignant mesothelioma.
Conclusions and case relevance
Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the diagnosis with strong cytoplasmic co-expression of vimentin and pancytokeratin. This case represents a rare documentation of tunica vaginalis mesothelioma in rabbits, underlining the importance of thorough histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment.
{"title":"Malignant mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis in a 6-year-old rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus): A case report","authors":"Marie Mélin, Kévin Schlax","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2025.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2025.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>A 6-year-old male rabbit presented with unilateral scrotal enlargement. Clinical examination and imaging revealed a mass within the left vaginal tunic.</div></div><div><h3>Case description</h3><div>Surgical excision was performed, and histopathology identified a malignant mesothelioma.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and case relevance</h3><div>Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed the diagnosis with strong cytoplasmic co-expression of vimentin and pancytokeratin. This case represents a rare documentation of tunica vaginalis mesothelioma in rabbits, underlining the importance of thorough histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"54 ","pages":"Pages 45-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144713171","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2025.05.002
Samuel Batson, Joerg Mayer
Background
The use of bee products such as bee venom and IV honey solution is an under-documented avenue of adjunctive therapy when treating neoplasms.
Case description
A 2-year-old female guinea pig presented with a recurrent submandibular liposarcoma. Administration of bee venom was utilized to prolong reoccurrence, and no growth was seen in the first 141 days. The mass eventually did recrudesce, and bee venom along with IV honey were employed over the following 120 days, where the tumor again eventually regressed in size. Within the next 100 days, the tumor regrew and apitherapy was once again initiated, where the mass fluctuated in size. The guinea pig eventually succumbed to secondary cardiopulmonary distress and was euthanized.
Conclusions and case relevance
Administration of bee venom at the site of the mass correlated with regression in tumor size on several occasions. The relevance of adjuvant apitherapy for its antineoplastic effects should be considered and further study is warranted due to its potential to impact treating otherwise challenging neoplastic disease.
{"title":"Utilization of apitherapy in a liposarcoma in a guinea pig","authors":"Samuel Batson, Joerg Mayer","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2025.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2025.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The use of bee products such as bee venom and IV honey solution is an under-documented avenue of adjunctive therapy when treating neoplasms.</div></div><div><h3>Case description</h3><div>A 2-year-old female guinea pig presented with a recurrent submandibular liposarcoma. Administration of bee venom was utilized to prolong reoccurrence, and no growth was seen in the first 141 days. The mass eventually did recrudesce, and bee venom along with IV honey were employed over the following 120 days, where the tumor again eventually regressed in size. Within the next 100 days, the tumor regrew and apitherapy was once again initiated, where the mass fluctuated in size. The guinea pig eventually succumbed to secondary cardiopulmonary distress and was euthanized.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and case relevance</h3><div>Administration of bee venom at the site of the mass correlated with regression in tumor size on several occasions. The relevance of adjuvant apitherapy for its antineoplastic effects should be considered and further study is warranted due to its potential to impact treating otherwise challenging neoplastic disease.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"54 ","pages":"Pages 17-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144366453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2025.05.003
Linda J. Siperstein , Janina A. Krumbeck , Kaylie Zapanta , Elizabeth Marie Rush
Background
Upper respiratory infections in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus) present common yet challenging cases for veterinary practitioners. While conventional cultures may only grow a small percentage of microbes, next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS) can be more effective at revealing fastidious or novel organisms. This study aimed to characterize the rabbit nasal cavity microbiome and determine potential geographical differences.
Animals
Clinically healthy pet rabbits from California (CA, n = 25) and Alabama (AL, n = 24), United States.
Methods
Samples were collected via standard protocol of swabbing both nasal cavities. The bacterial and fungal microbiomes were profiled using NGS, targeting the 16S rRNA V1 to V3 region for bacteria and ITS-2 for fungi.
Results
In total, 186 bacterial taxa were detected, 9 representing at least 1% of the microbiome. In each sample, a mean of 37.5 ± standard deviation (SD) of 18 bacterial taxa were detected (mean 36.79 ± SD 19.8 in the AL group, and a mean of 38.20 ± and SD of 17.1 in the CA group). The most abundant bacterial taxa were species within the Pseudomonadales order (mean 12.7% ± SD 17), Moraxella cuniculi (mean 11.9% ± SD 18), and Neisseriaceae sp. (mean 8.5% ± SD 9). Although rabbits were considered healthy, a species within the Mycoplasma genus was detected in 37 out of 49 samples (mean 4.7% ± SD 9). The Helicobacter genus (mean 3.7% ± SD 5.5) and the Campylobacteraceae order (mean 2.84% ± SD 6.1) were also present. The fungal mycobiome was more diverse than the bacteriome, with the most abundant fungal taxa being a species within the Cladosporium genus (mean 38.1% ± SD 25), followed by a species within the Alternaria genus (mean 5.5% ± SD 8), a species within the Pleosporales order (mean 3.8% ± SD 10), Alternaria infectoria-rosae (mean 3.72% ± SD 6.8), Vishniacozyma victoriae (mean 2.93% ± SD 4.4), and a species within the Microascus (Scopularipsis) genus (mean 1.02% ± SD 5.1). Twenty-three fungal taxa were more abundant in the CA group, and 3 species were more common in the AL group.
Clinical Relevance
Findings from this study establish the healthy rabbit nasal cavity microbiome and mycobiome using NGS for veterinary professionals to use a comparison for rabbits with upper respiratory signs.
{"title":"Characterization of nasal cavity microbiome from healthy rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus) using next-generation DNA sequencing and geographically specific bacterial and fungal differences","authors":"Linda J. Siperstein , Janina A. Krumbeck , Kaylie Zapanta , Elizabeth Marie Rush","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2025.05.003","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2025.05.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Upper respiratory infections in rabbits (<em>Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus</em>) present common yet challenging cases for veterinary practitioners. While conventional cultures may only grow a small percentage of microbes, next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS) can be more effective at revealing fastidious or novel organisms. This study aimed to characterize the rabbit nasal cavity microbiome and determine potential geographical differences.</div></div><div><h3>Animals</h3><div>Clinically healthy pet rabbits from California (CA, n = 25) and Alabama (AL, n = 24), United States.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Samples were collected via standard protocol of swabbing both nasal cavities. The bacterial and fungal microbiomes were profiled using NGS, targeting the 16S rRNA V1 to V3 region for bacteria and ITS-2 for fungi.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In total, 186 bacterial taxa were detected, 9 representing at least 1% of the microbiome. In each sample, a mean of 37.5 ± standard deviation (SD) of 18 bacterial taxa were detected (mean 36.79 ± SD 19.8 in the AL group, and a mean of 38.20 ± and SD of 17.1 in the CA group). The most abundant bacterial taxa were species within the Pseudomonadales order (mean 12.7% ± SD 17), <em>Moraxella cuniculi</em> (mean 11.9% ± SD 18), and Neisseriaceae sp. (mean 8.5% ± SD 9). Although rabbits were considered healthy, a species within the <em>Mycoplasma</em> genus was detected in 37 out of 49 samples (mean 4.7% ± SD 9). The <em>Helicobacter</em> genus (mean 3.7% ± SD 5.5) and the Campylobacteraceae order (mean 2.84% ± SD 6.1) were also present. The fungal mycobiome was more diverse than the bacteriome, with the most abundant fungal taxa being a species within the <em>Cladosporium</em> genus (mean 38.1% ± SD 25), followed by a species within the <em>Alternaria</em> genus (mean 5.5% ± SD 8), a species within the Pleosporales order (mean 3.8% ± SD 10), <em>Alternaria infectoria-rosae</em> (mean 3.72% ± SD 6.8)<em>, Vishniacozyma victoriae</em> (mean 2.93% ± SD 4.4)<em>,</em> and a species within the <em>Microascus (Scopularipsis)</em> genus (mean 1.02% ± SD 5.1). Twenty-three fungal taxa were more abundant in the CA group, and 3 species were more common in the AL group.</div></div><div><h3>Clinical Relevance</h3><div>Findings from this study establish the healthy rabbit nasal cavity microbiome and mycobiome using NGS for veterinary professionals to use a comparison for rabbits with upper respiratory signs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"54 ","pages":"Pages 8-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144297677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-01DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2025.06.001
Alison P. Savo , Vicki Miksicek , Kelsey Brown , Jeffrey R. Applegate Jr
Background
Primary hyperparathyroidism is a disorder of the parathyroid gland (s) resulting in excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone, leading to elevated calcium levels. Primary hyperparathyroidism has been poorly described in rabbits.
Case description
A 9-year-old male neutered New Zealand white rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) presented for weight loss, inappetence and reduced ambulation. Blood work revealed markedly elevated total calcium (>20mg/dL), ionized calcium (>2.7mmol/L), and PTH (18.10 pmol/L). A cervical ultrasound confirmed the presence of a suspected parathyroid nodule. The patient was anesthetized and a nodulectomy was performed. Hypocalcemia occurred 48 hours post-op, which was managed on a tapering dose of calcitriol. The calcium normalized after 6 weeks of therapy.
The rabbit also suffered a complete fracture of the right humerus and right shoulder subluxation during recovery. The fracture was surgically stabilized and reduction of the subluxation attempted. The rabbit remained asymptomatic 6 months after presentation.
Conclusions and case relevance
Primary hyperparathyroidism should be considered as a differential in rabbits presenting with hypercalcemia. Successful management of this case was achieved via surgical nodulectomy.
{"title":"Diagnosis and surgical management of primary hyperparathyroidism in a New Zealand white rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)","authors":"Alison P. Savo , Vicki Miksicek , Kelsey Brown , Jeffrey R. Applegate Jr","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2025.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2025.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Primary hyperparathyroidism is a disorder of the parathyroid gland (s) resulting in excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone, leading to elevated calcium levels. Primary hyperparathyroidism has been poorly described in rabbits.</div></div><div><h3>Case description</h3><div>A 9-year-old male neutered New Zealand white rabbit (<em>Oryctolagus cuniculus</em>) presented for weight loss, inappetence and reduced ambulation. Blood work revealed markedly elevated total calcium (>20mg/dL), ionized calcium (>2.7mmol/L), and PTH (18.10 pmol/L). A cervical ultrasound confirmed the presence of a suspected parathyroid nodule. The patient was anesthetized and a nodulectomy was performed. Hypocalcemia occurred 48 hours post-op, which was managed on a tapering dose of calcitriol. The calcium normalized after 6 weeks of therapy.</div><div>The rabbit also suffered a complete fracture of the right humerus and right shoulder subluxation during recovery. The fracture was surgically stabilized and reduction of the subluxation attempted. The rabbit remained asymptomatic 6 months after presentation.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions and case relevance</h3><div>Primary hyperparathyroidism should be considered as a differential in rabbits presenting with hypercalcemia. Successful management of this case was achieved via surgical nodulectomy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":"54 ","pages":"Pages 21-25"},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144580950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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