Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2023.07.002
Audrey Palmero, Quentin Zachée
{"title":"Hydrocephalus in a rabbit with epileptic seizures","authors":"Audrey Palmero, Quentin Zachée","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2023.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2023.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45464213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2023.07.003
William Irving, Cameron Whittaker, Kelly Caruso, Benjamin Reynolds, Paul McCarthy, Jeff Smith
Background
Bullous keratopathy (BK) is an excessive accumulation of fluid in the cornea resulting in severe edema and protrusion. Based on the literature search, naturally occurring BK has not been reported in a rabbit.
Case description
A two-year-old female neutered dwarf rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus) presented for worsening corneal edema of the left eye. The left eye was diagnosed with BK that was fluorescein negative. Optical coherence tomography revealed profound corneal lamellar separation typical of BK. The patient was anaesthetized and a temporary tarsorrhaphy (TT) was placed using 5/0 silk with fluid line stents in the upper and lower eyelids. The patient was treated with ofloxacin ophthalmic solution, atropine ophthalmic solution, and oral meloxicam. Following 10 days of TT the corneal thickness improved but edema progressed to occupy most of the cornea. An area of corneal infiltrate could then be seen. A fungal infection was suspected and topical voriconazole 1% was added to the treatment regimen. Following two months of topical therapy the patient healed with mild fibrosis associated with the infiltrated area.
Conclusions and case relevance
Rabbits can be affected by naturally occurring bullous keratopathy and in this case healing was achieved following a temporary tarsorrhaphy and extended medical therapy.
{"title":"Bullous keratopathy in a dwarf rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus)","authors":"William Irving, Cameron Whittaker, Kelly Caruso, Benjamin Reynolds, Paul McCarthy, Jeff Smith","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2023.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2023.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Bullous keratopathy (BK) is an excessive accumulation of fluid in the cornea resulting in severe edema and protrusion. Based on the literature search, naturally occurring BK has not been reported in a rabbit.</p></div><div><h3>Case description</h3><p>A two-year-old female neutered dwarf rabbit (<span><em>Oryctolagus cuniculus</em><em> domesticus</em></span><span>) presented for worsening corneal edema of the left eye. The left eye was diagnosed with BK that was fluorescein<span> negative. Optical coherence tomography<span><span><span><span> revealed profound corneal lamellar separation typical of BK. The patient was anaesthetized and a temporary tarsorrhaphy (TT) was placed using 5/0 silk with fluid line stents in the upper and lower eyelids. The patient was treated with </span>ofloxacin ophthalmic solution, atropine ophthalmic solution, and oral </span>meloxicam. Following 10 days of TT the corneal thickness improved but edema progressed to occupy most of the cornea. An area of corneal infiltrate could then be seen. A fungal infection was suspected and topical </span>voriconazole 1% was added to the treatment regimen. Following two months of topical therapy the patient healed with mild fibrosis associated with the infiltrated area.</span></span></span></p></div><div><h3>Conclusions and case relevance</h3><p>Rabbits can be affected by naturally occurring bullous keratopathy and in this case healing was achieved following a temporary tarsorrhaphy and extended medical therapy.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47133082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2023.06.003
Gennaro Vitolo , Nicola D'Alterio , Francesco Di Dona
{"title":"Surgical treatment of a traumatic humeral fracture in a green Iguana (Iguana Iguana)","authors":"Gennaro Vitolo , Nicola D'Alterio , Francesco Di Dona","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2023.06.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2023.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49771151","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2023.06.001
Typhanie Tan , Isabelle Langlois , Céline Giron , Cyrielle Finck , Hélène Rembeaux , Anne-Laurence Vigneau , André D. Dallaire
Background
Ureteral cystic lesions are rarely described in pet rabbits.
Case description
A two-year-old spayed female rabbit was presented for lethargy, anorexia and decreased fecal output of one-day duration. Upon physical examination, a 5−6 cm, mobile, firm abdominal mass was palpated cranially to the urinary bladder. Bloodwork was within normal limits. A contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography examination revealed a severe right-sided hydronephrosis, an ipsilateral hydroureter and a voluminous fluid dense nonenhancing mass abutting the right ureter. Medical management was initiated, and a laparotomy was scheduled. In surgery, the mass was diagnosed as ureteral in origin. The right kidney and ureter, along with the mass, were successfully excised and sent for histopathology and bacterial culture. A para-ureteral cyst associated with a severe unilateral hydronephrosis and moderate hydroureter were diagnosed. No associated infection was confirmed. The rabbit recovered uneventfully and bloodwork was unremarkable 2-months postsurgery.
Conclusion and case relevance
This case reports an unusual and likely acquired ureteral lesion. Although rare, a para-ureteral cyst should be considered in the differential diagnosis for an abdominal mass with concurrent anorexia and decreased defecation in the female neutered rabbit.
{"title":"Unilateral para-ureteral cyst with ipsilateral hydroureteronephrosis in a domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)","authors":"Typhanie Tan , Isabelle Langlois , Céline Giron , Cyrielle Finck , Hélène Rembeaux , Anne-Laurence Vigneau , André D. Dallaire","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2023.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2023.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Ureteral cystic lesions are rarely described in pet rabbits.</p></div><div><h3>Case description</h3><p>A two-year-old spayed female rabbit was presented for lethargy, anorexia and decreased fecal output of one-day duration. Upon physical examination, a 5−6 cm, mobile, firm abdominal mass was palpated cranially to the urinary<span><span> bladder. Bloodwork was within normal limits. A contrast-enhanced abdominal </span>computed tomography<span> examination revealed a severe right-sided hydronephrosis, an ipsilateral hydroureter and a voluminous fluid dense nonenhancing mass abutting the right ureter<span>. Medical management was initiated, and a laparotomy was scheduled. In surgery, the mass was diagnosed as ureteral in origin. The right kidney and ureter, along with the mass, were successfully excised and sent for histopathology and bacterial culture. A para-ureteral cyst associated with a severe unilateral hydronephrosis and moderate hydroureter were diagnosed. No associated infection was confirmed. The rabbit recovered uneventfully and bloodwork was unremarkable 2-months postsurgery.</span></span></span></p></div><div><h3>Conclusion and case relevance</h3><p>This case reports an unusual and likely acquired ureteral lesion. Although rare, a para-ureteral cyst should be considered in the differential diagnosis for an abdominal mass with concurrent anorexia and decreased defecation in the female neutered rabbit.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48384521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2023.08.006
Jessica Robertson
{"title":"Literature Review","authors":"Jessica Robertson","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2023.08.006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2023.08.006","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49901408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2023.08.003
Julianne E. McCready , Matthew R. Kornya , Jessica Aymen , Allison E. Dianis , Trinita Barboza
Background
Rats are a common model for diabetes mellitus in humans, but spontaneous diabetes in pet rats has not been described.
Case Description
A 1-year, 5-month-old, intact male domestic rat (Rattus norvegicus) was evaluated for polydipsia and weight loss. Diagnostics revealed glucosuria and hyperglycemia (414 mg/dL; normal 89–165 mg/dL) consistent with diabetes mellitus. Hypercholesteremia and elevated liver enzymes were also noted. Treatment with glipizide (0.5–1 mg/kg, orally, every 12 hours), metformin (50–150 mg/kg, orally, every 12 hours), and intermediate-acting porcine insulin (1–3 units, subcutaneously, every 12 hours) were ineffective at producing normoglycemia. Long-acting glargine insulin (1 unit, subcutaneously, every 12 hours) resulted in improved body weight and longer periods of normoglycemia for 3 months. Eleven months after diagnosis, the rat presented with rapid weight loss and tail necrosis; euthanasia was elected. On histopathology of the pancreas, the few visible islets and lack of amyloid production was considered more consistent with insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus than insulin-independent (type II). Other necropsy findings included bronchopneumonia, radiculoneuropathy, skeletal muscle necrosis of the tail, and chronic renal disease.
Conclusions and clinical relevance
Although uncommon, diabetes mellitus should be considered in pet rats presenting with polydipsia, polyuria, and weight loss. Insulin therapy may be useful for treatment of diabetes mellitus in pet rats but requires careful monitoring and further evaluation.
{"title":"Management of spontaneous diabetes mellitus in a companion rat (Rattus norvegicus)","authors":"Julianne E. McCready , Matthew R. Kornya , Jessica Aymen , Allison E. Dianis , Trinita Barboza","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2023.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2023.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Rats are a common model for diabetes mellitus in humans, but spontaneous diabetes in pet rats has not been described.</p></div><div><h3>Case Description</h3><p>A 1-year, 5-month-old, intact male domestic rat (<em>Rattus norvegicus</em><span><span><span>) was evaluated for polydipsia and weight loss. Diagnostics revealed glucosuria and </span>hyperglycemia<span><span> (414 mg/dL; normal 89–165 mg/dL) consistent with diabetes mellitus. Hypercholesteremia and elevated liver enzymes were also noted. Treatment with glipizide (0.5–1 mg/kg, orally, every 12 hours), metformin (50–150 mg/kg, orally, every 12 hours), and intermediate-acting porcine insulin (1–3 units, subcutaneously, every 12 hours) were ineffective at producing normoglycemia. Long-acting </span>glargine insulin (1 unit, subcutaneously, every 12 hours) resulted in improved body weight and longer periods of normoglycemia for 3 months. Eleven months after diagnosis, the rat presented with rapid weight loss and tail necrosis; euthanasia was elected. On histopathology of the pancreas, the few visible islets and lack of amyloid production was considered more consistent with insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus than insulin-independent (type II). Other </span></span>necropsy<span> findings included bronchopneumonia, radiculoneuropathy, skeletal muscle necrosis of the tail, and chronic renal disease.</span></span></p></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><p>Although uncommon, diabetes mellitus should be considered in pet rats presenting with polydipsia, polyuria, and weight loss. Insulin therapy may be useful for treatment of diabetes mellitus in pet rats but requires careful monitoring and further evaluation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42409996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2023.08.007
{"title":"Avian & Exotic News","authors":"","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2023.08.007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2023.08.007","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49867715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2023.08.008
{"title":"Selected abstracts from the literature","authors":"","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2023.08.008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2023.08.008","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49867716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2023.03.003
Jonathan Stockman , Shachar Malka , Nicolle Lofgren , Gina Vecere , Karen Rosenthal , Tara Piech , Andrea Fascetti , Jake Decker , Janina A. Krumbeck , Raphael Vanderstichel
Background
The prevalence of cystine urolithiasis in domestic ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) has increased dramatically in the past decade. Genetic mutations associated with a defect in the active resorption of cysteine (which is oxidized to cystine) and dibasic amino acids in the proximal renal tubules leading to cystinuria were described in several species; however, the etiology in ferrets is unknown. This study aimed to characterize cystinuria in pet ferrets.
Methods
Urine samples were aseptically acquired from 27 domestic client-owned ferrets with known dietary and medical histories. The samples underwent a routine urinalysis and microscopic evaluation. Urine aliquots were deproteinized with 6% sulfosalicylic acid and analyzed for amino acid concentrations by ion exchange chromatography.
Results
Urine cystine concentrations ranged from 8 to 2486 nmol/mL (median 243; SD 540.02). Principal component analyses revealed correlations among urinary amino acid concentrations, which were explained mostly by three components. Analyses revealed significant correlations between cystine and citrulline, ornithine, and lysine concentrations. Linear regression revealed a negative correlation between age and urinary cystine concentrations and no significant correlation between cystinuria and diet or treats.
Conclusions and clinical relevance
This is the 1st description of urine amino acid analysis in a cohort of pet ferrets. The detected correlations between cystine, ornithine, and citrulline could indicate that the pathology responsible for cystine urolithiasis in ferrets is like in other species. Result may indicate young ferrets are at increased risk of cystine urolithiasis Further research is needed to evaluate the possible association between diet and cystinuria.
{"title":"Cystine and amino acid concentrations in the urine of pet ferrets (Mustela putorius furo)","authors":"Jonathan Stockman , Shachar Malka , Nicolle Lofgren , Gina Vecere , Karen Rosenthal , Tara Piech , Andrea Fascetti , Jake Decker , Janina A. Krumbeck , Raphael Vanderstichel","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2023.03.003","DOIUrl":"10.1053/j.jepm.2023.03.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p><span>The prevalence of cystine urolithiasis in domestic ferrets (</span><span><em>Mustela putorius</em><em> furo</em></span><span>) has increased dramatically in the past decade. Genetic mutations associated with a defect in the active resorption of cysteine (which is oxidized to cystine) and dibasic amino acids in the proximal renal tubules leading to cystinuria were described in several species; however, the etiology in ferrets is unknown. This study aimed to characterize cystinuria in pet ferrets.</span></p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p><span>Urine samples were aseptically acquired from 27 domestic client-owned ferrets with known dietary and medical histories. The samples underwent a routine urinalysis and microscopic evaluation. Urine aliquots were deproteinized with 6% sulfosalicylic acid and analyzed for amino acid concentrations by </span>ion exchange chromatography.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Urine cystine concentrations ranged from 8 to 2486 nmol/mL (median 243; SD 540.02). Principal component analyses revealed correlations among urinary<span><span> amino acid concentrations, which were explained mostly by three components. Analyses revealed significant correlations between cystine and citrulline, </span>ornithine, and lysine concentrations. Linear regression revealed a negative correlation between age and urinary cystine concentrations and no significant correlation between cystinuria and diet or treats.</span></p></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><p>This is the 1<sup>st</sup> description of urine amino acid analysis in a cohort of pet ferrets. The detected correlations between cystine, ornithine, and citrulline could indicate that the pathology responsible for cystine urolithiasis in ferrets is like in other species. Result may indicate young ferrets are at increased risk of cystine urolithiasis Further research is needed to evaluate the possible association between diet and cystinuria.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44904668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study describes the pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of methadone in six healthy female New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).
Methods
In a randomized crossover study, methadone was administered at 0.3 mg/kg intravenously (IV), 0.6 mg/kg intramuscularly (IM), and 1 mg/kg subcutaneously (SC), with 10-day washout periods. The same catheter was used for IV methadone administration and blood sampling. Plasma methadone concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry immediately before and up to 24 hours after drug administration. Respiratory rates and sedation scores were assessed at each timepoint. Food and water intake, stool, and urine outputs were quantified.
Results
For IV, IM, and SC routes, the median elimination half-life was 2.3, 3.4, and 5.8, hours, respectively. Median clearance was 1.5 L/h/kg and the volume of distribution was 4.1 L/kg for the IV route. Median bioavailability for IM and SC was 21.5% and 18.0% respectively. Median maximum plasma concentrations were 41.8 and 26.4 ng/mL at 0.2 and 0.4 hours after IM and SC administration, respectively. High interindividual variability was noted. At the doses tested, methadone did not cause sedation. Water intake was decreased immediately after, and food intake was decreased two days after methadone administration. No effects were noted on urine, fecal production, and respiratory rate.
Conclusions and clinical relevance
At the doses administered, IV reached higher methadone plasmatic concentrations, followed by IM and SC. However, results obtained for the IV should be confirmed in future studies using different catheters for drug administration and blood collection. The minimum effective plasma concentration of methadone is unknown in rabbits; caution should therefore be used when extrapolating from other species. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the pharmacodynamics of methadone in rabbits.
{"title":"Pharmacokinetics and innocuity of a single dose of intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous methadone in the domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)","authors":"Julie Pujol , Claire Vergneau-Grosset , Francis Beaudry , Fleur Gaudette , Annabelle Vigneault , Inga-Catalina Cruz Benedetti","doi":"10.1053/j.jepm.2023.08.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jepm.2023.08.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p><span>This study describes the pharmacokinetics<span> and adverse effects of methadone in six healthy female New Zealand white rabbits (</span></span><span><em>Oryctolagus cuniculus</em></span>).</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>In a randomized crossover study, methadone was administered at 0.3 mg/kg intravenously (IV), 0.6 mg/kg intramuscularly (IM), and 1 mg/kg subcutaneously (SC), with 10-day washout periods. The same catheter was used for IV methadone administration and blood sampling. Plasma methadone concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry immediately before and up to 24 hours after drug administration. Respiratory rates and sedation scores were assessed at each timepoint. Food and water intake, stool, and urine outputs were quantified.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>For IV, IM, and SC routes, the median elimination half-life was 2.3, 3.4, and 5.8, hours, respectively. Median clearance was 1.5 L/h/kg and the volume of distribution was 4.1 L/kg for the IV route. Median bioavailability for IM and SC was 21.5% and 18.0% respectively. Median maximum plasma concentrations were 41.8 and 26.4 ng/mL at 0.2 and 0.4 hours after IM and SC administration, respectively. High interindividual variability was noted. At the doses tested, methadone did not cause sedation. Water intake was decreased immediately after, and food intake was decreased two days after methadone administration. No effects were noted on urine, fecal production, and respiratory rate.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions and clinical relevance</h3><p>At the doses administered, IV reached higher methadone plasmatic concentrations, followed by IM and SC. However, results obtained for the IV should be confirmed in future studies using different catheters for drug administration and blood collection. The minimum effective plasma concentration of methadone is unknown in rabbits; caution should therefore be used when extrapolating from other species. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the pharmacodynamics of methadone in rabbits.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":15801,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.5,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49901407","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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