Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse最新文献

Smokeless tobacco use represents a significant public health concern globally, yet comprehensive prevalence data across West Asian populations remain limited. This systematic review and meta-analysis estimated the pooled prevalence of smokeless tobacco use in West Asian countries across age groups and geographic regions. A systematic literature search was conducted across databases from inception to May 2025. Studies reporting prevalence data on smokeless tobacco use in West Asian countries were included. Heterogeneity was assessed using I² statistics, with subgroup analyses by age and country. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots. Meta-analysis was performed using CMA version 3.0 with statistical significance level less than 0.05. Out of 745 fount studies, 22 studies across 11 West Asian countries were included in the meta--analysis. The overall pooled prevalence of smokeless tobacco use was 16% (95% CI: 12%, 21%) with significant heterogeneity (I²=99.90%, p < 0.001). Age-specific analysis revealed a prevalence of 15% (95% CI: 12%, 18%) among adolescents and 18% (95% CI: 6%, 29%) among adults. Country-specific prevalence varied substantially, ranging from 6% in Iraq to 34% in Lebanon. Saudi Arabia demonstrated the most extreme variation (1%-86%), largely attributed to one outlier study. Funnel plot analysis suggested potential publication bias, though sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of pooled estimates. Smokeless tobacco use affects approximately one in six individuals across West Asian populations, with considerable geographic and methodological variation. The substantial heterogeneity observed emphasizes the need for country--specific tobacco control strategies and standardized surveillance methods.

The COVID-19 pandemic may have had many negative consequences, and yet a lot was left in its wake that could help shape mental health discussions in health care settings in Canada. This paper is shaped by stories told by Filipino nurses working in Northern Ontario. While there is a plethora of studies looking at mental health issues among nurses and other health care professionals in Canadian hospitals, a gap still remains in regard to the experiences of nurses and health care workers in Northern Ontario during COVID-19. This study seeks to look at the differentiated experiences of mental health among health care professionals during and after COVID-19. This qualitative study employs a narrative approach to discuss how neoliberal capitalism, gendered racism, substance use and colonialism shaped mental health outcomes among Filipino health care workers. While many studies have focused on mental health issues among health care providers, there has been minimal focus on race-based trauma and the ways in which substance use is employed to reduce mental health issues to an individual issue, leaving pharmaceutical companies free to boost their profits. This paper employs intersectional analysis to argue for a more comprehensive understanding of mental health issues among health care workers and allow an understanding of a culturally informed perspective to inform health care policies. The result to the study depicts the various forms of race-based trauma faced by Filipino health care workers and the use of over-the-counter medication to navigate themselves through the health care system. Note that the paper will employ the term healthcare workers and nurses interchangeably.

This relational survey study aims to examine the relationship between attachment styles, coping styles, and psychological resilience levels in adults seeking treatment for alcohol and substance use disorders. The study was conducted with 208 individuals who applied for treatment at an Alcohol and Substance Addiction Research, Treatment, and Education Center in Türkiye. Data were collected by a personal information form, the Three-Dimensional Attachment Styles Scale, the Connor-Davidson Psychological Resilience Scale-Short Form, and the Coping with Stress Inventory. Percentages and means, student t-tests, ANOVA, correlation, and regression analyses were used in the analysis of data. According to the research findings, it was determined that individuals had high secure and anxious attachment scores, and moderate avoidant attachment scores. In addition, it was determined that the participants had moderate psychological resilience, but their ineffective coping with stress scores were high. A positive and significant relationship was found between secure attachment and psychological resilience in individuals with alcohol and substance use disorders. Similarly, a positive significant relationship was found between secure attachment and effectively coping with stress. Finally, it was determined that the most important variables predicting ineffective coping with stress were family relationships, psychological resilience, and avoidant attachment. Based on these findings, it can be said that improving family relationships, increasing psychological resilience, and educating and supporting parents to establish secure attachment relationships can be beneficial in order to protect individuals from substance abuse.

Drug abuse is a pressing global public health issue. In the West Bank, Palestine, societal stigma around substance use obstructs open conversations and precise evaluations, underscoring the importance of a thorough assessment of drug users in rehabilitation facilities. This study aimed to explore the epidemiology of drug abuse among Palestinian patients in rehabilitation centers and the treatment modalities employed. The study examined 1,141 medical files of patients aged 14-73 years from two rehabilitation centers, covering the period from 2014 to 2023. The majority (73.67%) were young adults (18-39 years), tobacco smokers (97.3%), and alcohol users (44.3%). Additionally, 8.2% of patients were diagnosed with various infections, primarily hepatitis C. Most patients sought treatment voluntarily, with 78.2% entering the centers through self-referral. The most commonly detected substances in the urine samples were cannabis (35.2%), morphine (38.8%), benzodiazepines (32.8%), and ecstasy (21%). Furthermore, 35.37% of patients were prescribed carbamazepine, while 30.71% received methadone, with 61.3% struggling to adhere to their prescribed regimens. The relapse rate was high (82.5%), with 6.2% of patients experiencing three or more relapses. The key factors contributing to relapse included peer influence and withdrawal symptoms. The analysis of treatment modalities employed highlighted a comprehensive integration of pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, and social support systems, emphasizing a holistic approach to recovery. The insights derived from this study aim to inform policymakers and healthcare providers about the specific needs of drug users in rehabilitation, ultimately contributing to the enhancement of treatment strategies and public health initiatives in the region.

Cocaine seizures in Malaysia suggest that it is being used as a transit point to ship the drug to other destinations. Traces of cocaine found in a wastewater study are the only indirect evidence of its use within the country. This study is the first to present a comprehensive and detailed evidence of cocaine use in Malaysia, albeit based on a small sample of users. The context and motives for use, and the sources of supply are discussed. Sixteen respondents who self-reported using cocaine were recruited through key informants and interviewed via a virtual platform after informed consent was elicited. Cocaine (a.k.a. Coke) is used occasionally as a stimulant "party drug" by professionals, primarily to remain alert and focused while socializing, and to enable greater tolerance of alcohol and to experience higher euphoria. Although sold at exorbitant prices, it can be easily obtained through trusted close contacts. To avoid detection, cocaine is used privately at home-based parties and selected pubs with a small group of friends. Cocaine in the form of a white powder is usually snorted irregularly at intervals of thirty minutes to an hour. The consumption of cocaine was not associated with dependence, withdrawal, or adverse health effects in the sample. Further studies are needed to understand the context of cocaine use, its trafficking route, and associated health issues to enable constructive intervention.

Mental health in Kashmir presents an alarming picture, with reports indicating that nearly 45% of the population experiences psychological distress. This research is undertaken to explore the mental health landscape of Kashmir's youth through Petraitis et al.'s (1995) theoretical framework which investigates various types of risk across various levels. To achieve this objective, themes were generated from in-depth interviews with the relevant stakeholders which were juxtaposed into this existing theoretical framework. Findings showed that while some risk factors are universal, yet Kashmir's transitioning into modernity poses unique mental health challenges. The implication of this study is that there is a need for adapting mental-health modalities through both top-down approaches (that is, culturally-adapting the existing therapeutic modalities) and bottom-up approaches (that is, making tradition palatable to modern sensibilities) in order to improve the mental health landscape of Kashmir.

Substance use disorder (SUDs) is a currently important public health problem. Attachment styles and codependency are critical aspects to consider in understanding and addressing SUDs. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the relation attachment style and codependency and affecting factors among individuals with substance use disorders in Eastern Turkey. Using purposive sampling method, 232 individuals with SUDs enrolled in Alcohol and Substance Addiction Treatment Center at Van located in eastern Turkey between June- August 2023. The Adult Attachment Style Scale and the Spann-Fischer Codependency Scale were used. Descriptive measures were used for analysis and Independent Samples T-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient for inferential analysis. Lastly, a multiple linear regression model was run to determine significant predictors of codependency. Variables significantly correlated with participants' attachment style included kind of substances, marital status. Participants' codependency was correlated with having children. There was a weak positive correlation between avoidant attachment style and codependency. A moderate positive correlation was found between anxious/ambivalent attachment style and codependency. Variables significantly correlated with participants' attachment style included kind of substances, marital status. Participants' codependency was correlated with having children. Through the analysis of multiple linear regression, it came to light that significant predictors of codependency in the final model could account for 24.1% of the variance in codependency. The results of the current study provide insight into the relations between substance use, attachment, and codependency. The results are useful for the treatment team in developing a care and treatment plan for individuals with SUDs.

This study aims to examine the prevalence of behavioral health problems among Asian American offenders and identify potential risk factors. Findings suggest that Asian American offenders scored higher in psychological distress than Hispanic offenders. They had lower rates of alcohol and drug dependence than white offenders but a higher rate of drug dependence than black and Hispanic offenders. Regression analyses suggest that parental incarceration was associated with higher levels of psychological distress and higher odds of alcohol dependence. Moreover, psychological distress was related to higher odds of alcohol dependence, and drug-related incarceration was associated with higher odds of drug dependence.

Female smoking in many Arab countries has historically encountered strong cultural prohibitions, yet evidence suggests growing acceptance under conditions of urbanization and shifting gender norms. This study examines attitudes toward female smoking among individuals affiliated with Palestinian universities through semi-structured Zoom interviews with 50 participants (23 men, 27 women) from universities in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. Using qualitative thematic analysis, we identified six superordinate themes: cultural shifts, family relations, health and psychological factors, religious and moral debates, media portrayals, and pathways toward support. Findings reveal that younger urban women often perceive waterpipe smoking as more socially permissible than cigarettes, whereas more traditional views persist even within academic communities. Participants noted that family tensions, persistent double standards, and concerns about "honor" sometimes lead women to smoke covertly. They also highlighted the need for empathy-based interventions that address both social stigma and mental health challenges. This study enriches regional literature on female smoking by demonstrating how tobacco use can function as a coping mechanism and a contested emblem of autonomy among university communities in Palestine.

We examined associations of the 2016 legalization of recreational marijuana (RML) in California with marijuana and alcohol co-use among race/ethnic groups using successive cross-sections from 7^th, 9^th, and 11^th graders (N = 3,319,329) in the 2010-11 to 2018-19 California Healthy Kids Surveys. Multilevel logistic regressions indicated a stronger positive association between RML and co-use among non-Hispanic/Latine White youth (OR = 1.21) relative to Hispanic/Latine (OR = 1.02) or Black youth (OR = 0.85). Among drinkers who had not consumed five or more drinks on any occasion in the past 30-days (non-heavy drinkers), the positive association between RML and co-use was stronger among American Indian/Alaska Native youth (OR = 2.19) compared to non-Hispanic/Latine Whites (OR = 1.56). For heavier drinkers it was stronger for Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders (OR = 1.47). Among marijuana users, there was a stronger inverse association between RML and co-use among Black youth (OR = 0.72) compared to non-Hispanic/Latine White youth (OR = 0.84). RML may increase the risk of co-use to a greater extent among non-Hispanic/Latine White youth than other race/ethnic groups in California, but broadly increases the risk among youth who engage in alcohol use or heavy drinking.