Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse最新文献

China is a multi-ethnic country, but inter-ethnic disparities in alcohol-related harm to children have not been described. In this study, we assessed differences in prevalence of self-reported alcohol-related harm to children in Yi and Han households in Chuxiong Yi Prefecture, Yunnan Province, China. We conducted a cross-sectional study among caregivers in households with a child age less than 18 years using structured questionnaire interview. Participants included 241 Yi caregivers and 610 Han caregivers (overall refusal rate = 1.1%). Heavy drinking was more common in Yi households than Han households (41.9% vs. 30.8%, respectively), but there was no difference in alcohol-related harm to children (21.2% vs. 17.9%; Adjusted OR = 0.98; 95% CI = 0.65, 1.46). Caveats such as social desirability in reporting sensitive issues and the cross-sectional study design should be considered in the interpretation of the study findings.

Black individuals who smoke in the United States experience health disparities related to tobacco use (e.g., greater nicotine dependence, less success in quitting smoking) and interoceptive distress (e.g., somatic symptoms, anxiety). Individual difference factors that amplify interoceptive distress and contribute to poorer smoking behaviors and outcomes warrant further attention and investigation. Thus, the present study sought to explore the association between anxiety sensitivity and clinically-relevant smoking variables of perceived barriers for quitting, smoking inflexibility, and problems experienced during past quit attempts. Participants in the current study included 98 Black adult smokers (71.4% male; M_age = 44.08 years, SD = 11.44 years). Results indicated greater levels of anxiety sensitivity were associated with greater levels of perceived barriers for quitting smoking (b = 0.10, SE = 0.08, p = 0.01), smoking inflexibility (b = 0.02, SE <.001, p <.001), and problems experienced during past smoking quit attempts (b = 0.17, SE = 0.07, p = 0.02). Clinical implications and future directions are further discussed as it relates to anxiety sensitivity and efforts to reduce or quit smoking for this health disparities population.

Family-based interventions have been recognized and practised more in high-income countries than in low- and middle-income countries. However, the threats posed by substance misuse to the youth do not change for the latter. The development of appropriate preventive programs is an area of interest for addiction prevention in low- and middle-income countries by recognizing the risk factors for substance misuse among young individuals. This study aims to present the risk factors primarily in family-based conditions for substance use among young people in low- and middle-income countries and to provide information on family-based interventions that can be developed in line with these factors. It is aimed to discuss how family-based studies can be adapted to samples such as Turkey in the light of three programs originating in the USA. Fifty-six publications gathered from the literature between 1989-2021 by using keywords were included in the study. Adolescence and young adulthood are the riskiest developmental periods for substance misuse worldwide. Economic, cultural and family-based factors involving the youth are of considerable importance. Families' consciousness of youth's substance use is worthful to prevent youth's addictions in the future. Studies show that family-based preventions are promising interventions in this regard.

Tobacco product use rates among Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander (NHPI), Asian American, and Filipino American young adults in Hawai'i have risen rapidly in recent years following the introduction of electronic nicotine delivery systems. Though some research has examined tobacco use correlates for these demographics of young adults, research examining protective factors, such as cultural connectedness, is lacking. Additionally, research that disaggregates Asian Americans from Pacific Islanders is scarce, despite the differing risk and protective factors that have been determined for each group. This study separately examined cultural connectedness among NHPIs, Asian Americans, and Filipino Americans to help fill the gaps in the current tobacco product literature. The findings indicated that Asian Americans and Filipino Americans who identify more with their own cultures are less likely to use e-cigarettes; however, this relationship was not supported for NHPIs. No significant evidence was found to indicate a relationship between cultural connectedness and combustible cigarette use among any of the sampled groups. The lack of relationship between cultural connectedness and e-cigarette use among Native Hawaiians may be explained by measurement limitations in the study, and suggest the need for more culturally competent scales (e.g., an enculturation scale) that account for Indigenous status.

Goffman defines stigma as a disgrace and social outcast/disqualification. Individuals with substance disorder are exposed to stigma at certain periods of their lives. Stigma particularly affects their thoughts, behaviors, and treatment processes, as well as their social life and identity perception. This paper examines the effects of social stigma experienced by individuals with substance disorder in Turkey and its reflections on social life in terms of Goffman's stigmatization theory. In this regard, studies examining the social stigmatization of individuals with addictions and social perceptions and attributes toward these individuals in Turkey were analyzed. This analysis suggests that socio-demographic and cultural factors play a significant role in stigmatization, that society has negative perception and representations toward addicts, that stigmatized addicts are likely to avoid interactions with "normals" and are often stigmatized by the media, colleagues, and health professionals, and that stigma develops/creates "an addicted identity.". This paper suggests the need for robust social policies that would aim to minimize stigmatizing attitudes and misconceptions toward individuals with addiction, ensure access to effective treatment, fulfill their social functioning, and integrate them into society should be implemented.

Latinx people who inject drugs (PWID) are less likely to engage in injection equipment sharing, but are more vulnerable to injection drug use (IDU)-related morbidity and mortality than Whites. Identifying subgroups of Latinx PWID who do engage in equipment sharing and likely bear the brunt of this health burden is a priority. Ethnic disparities may reflect contextual drivers, including injection networks. Latinx PWID with low ethnic homophily (the proportion of individuals with the same ethnic background) may be more likely to share equipment due to forced distancing from health-protective ethnocultural resources and power imbalances within injection networks. The current study offers a framework and examines how associations between network ethnic homophily and injection equipment sharing differ among 74 Latinx and 170 non-Latinx White PWID in the Chicagoland area (N = 244). Latinx had less homophilous than non-Latinx Whites (p <.001). Ethnic homophily was protective for equipment sharing among Latinx (OR = 0.17, 95%CI [0.77, 0.04], p = .02), but not non-Latinx Whites (OR = 1.66, 95%CI [0.40, 6.93], p = .49). Our findings implicate the need for targeted cultured interventions that focus on Latinx PWID who are more vulnerable to morbidity and mortality, potentially due to less access to ethnic peers.

This study identified contributing factors for tobacco-related inequities among parents (N = 331) during COVID-19. Compared to non-Hispanic White parents, Asian, Black, and multiracial parents experienced greater discrimination. Parents with a nicotine use history experienced greater discrimination and substance use coping relative to tobacco abstainers. Among parents who used nicotine during the pandemic (n = 45), experiencing financial loss, having COVID-19, and greater worries were positively associated with nicotine reductions during COVID-19. Being female, increased family members with COVID-19, discrimination, and substance use coping were negatively associated with nicotine reductions. Tobacco interventions that reduce substance use coping and increase alternative coping are needed.

Racial disparities exist in fetal development which in turn can influence growth and development of chronic disease later in life. The purpose of this study was to explore potential racial and ethnic differences in chronic disease risk factors throughout the pediatric years given prenatal exposure to substance use. Data from the Maternal Lifestyle Study cohort was used for this analysis. Urine toxicology confirmed maternal substance use (y/n) and offspring height, weight, and systolic blood pressure (SBP) data at 16 years was analyzed. Linear mixed effects modeling with an interaction term for adolescent race/ethnicity and maternal drug use assessed growth trajectories (body mass index (BMI) percentile) and cardiovascular disease risk factors (elevated SBP). Of the sample (n = 1,388 mother/infant dyads), 23% (n = 319) of mothers used three substances during pregnancy and 14% (n = 200) used four or five. Controlling for BMI, Hispanic adolescents prenatally exposed to any singular substance had 13 mmHg higher SBP at age 16 than their unexposed counterparts (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 12.24, 14.01). Prenatal exposure to >1 substance significantly lowered SBP in Hispanic adolescents only. Results here showed that Hispanic adolescents exposed to singular substance are at higher risk of elevated SBP in adolescence, but SBP decreased when exposed to >1 substance. The Hispanic paradox may play a role; future studies should continue to explore this. Additionally, barriers to prenatal care for Hispanic women should be addressed in order to prevent substance use during pregnancy which can reduce chronic disease risk in offspring adolescence.

Background: Recent Latino immigrants (RLIs) to the U.S. have shown high smoking rates during their first year since arrival, raising concern about future escalation of tobacco use.Objective: To examine trajectories of cigarette and Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) use among RLIs from pre-immigration (T0) through their first (T1) and second (T2) year in the U.S.Methods: Data originated from a longitudinal study of 540 (50% females) RLIs aged 18-34. Inclusion criteria was residing in Miami/Dade County (MDC), and having immigrated from a Latin American country within the past year. Trajectories were identified by using the Proc Traj procedure (SAS©, v 9.4).Results: Rates of cigarette use per month declined from 11.8 days/month in T0 to 4.9 d/m in T2. Rates for ENDS use however, increased from T0 (1.1 d/m) to T1 (1.8 d/m) and then lowered back to 0.9 d/m in T2. Four separate cigarette and e-cigarette use trajectories were identified. Only one of them showed increase in cigarette (10.6% of RLIs), and ENDS use (4.5% of RLIs). Being male, and not completing high school were significant factors in explaining smoking trajectories. Being younger than 30 years old was largely associated with ENDS use. No evidence of a substitution effect between cigarette and ENDS use was found.Discussion/Conclusions: Interventions to discourage tobacco use among Latino immigrants should begin early in the immigration process, aimed to preserve initial reductions and dissuade those at risk of increased tobacco use overtime.

Incarceration disproportionately impacts Black men in the United States, which can have compounding effects on mental health and substance use among this population. Cocaine use, in particular, carries higher severity of dependence and overdose risks among Black Americans, though research examining cocaine use correlates among Black incarcerated men is limited. The present study examines race-related and mental health correlates of powder cocaine use among a sample of incarcerated Black men (n = 208) using the General Strain Theory. Specifically, the present study was a secondary analysis examining race-related stress, psychological distress (i.e., anxiety and depression), and stigma about receiving psychological help as correlates of lifetime powder cocaine use. Results indicated that the likelihood of lifetime powder cocaine use was higher among those reporting lifetime psychological distress and greater race-related stress. Stigma about receiving psychological help was not significantly associated with lifetime powder cocaine use among this sample. Results of this study have important implications for substance use treatment interventions. Identifying adaptive coping strategies to manage anxiety and depression symptoms and race-related stress among incarcerated Black men may help reduce rates of cocaine use among this population and increase successful reintegration into the community post-incarceration.