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Intelligent Evaluation Method for Design Education and Comparison Research between visualizing Heat-Maps of Class Activation and Eye-Movement. 设计教育的智能评价方法以及班级激活热图与眼动可视化的比较研究。
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-10-10 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.17.2.1
Jia Jiayi, Zhao Tianjiao, Yang Junyu, Wang Qian

The evaluation of design results plays a crucial role in the development of design. This study presents a design work evaluation system for design education that assists design instructors in conducting objective evaluations. An automatic design evaluation model based on convolutional neural networks has been established, which enables intelligent evaluation of student design works. During the evaluation process, the CAM is obtained. Simultaneously, an eye-tracking experiment was designed to collect gaze data and generate eye-tracking heat maps. By comparing the heat maps with CAM, an attempt was made to explore the correlation between the focus of the evaluation's attention on human design evaluation and the CNN intelligent evaluation. The experimental results indicate that there is some certain correlation between humans and CNN in terms of the key points they focus on when conducting an evaluation. However, there are significant differences in background observation. The research results demonstrate that the intelligent evaluation model of CNN can automatically evaluate product design works and effectively classify and predict design product images. The comparison shows a correlation between artificial intelligence and the subjective evaluation of human eyes in evaluation strategy. Introducing artificial intelligence into the field of design evaluation for education has a strong potential to promote the development of design education.

设计成果评价在设计发展中起着至关重要的作用。本研究提出了一种用于设计教育的设计作品评价系统,帮助设计教师进行客观评价。该系统建立了一个基于卷积神经网络的自动设计评价模型,可对学生的设计作品进行智能评价。在评价过程中,可获得 CAM。与此同时,还设计了眼动追踪实验来收集注视数据并生成眼动追踪热图。通过将热图与 CAM 进行对比,尝试探索评价的关注点集中在人类设计评价与 CNN 智能评价之间的相关性。实验结果表明,人类和 CNN 在进行评估时关注的重点存在一定的相关性。但在背景观察方面存在明显差异。研究结果表明,CNN 的智能评价模型可以自动评价产品设计作品,并有效地对设计产品图像进行分类和预测。对比结果表明,人工智能与人眼主观评价在评价策略上存在相关性。将人工智能引入设计教育评价领域,对促进设计教育的发展具有很强的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Action Video Games in Eye Movement Behavior: A Systematic Review. 动作视频游戏对眼动行为的影响:系统回顾
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-25 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.17.3.6
Anna Montolio-Vila, Marc Argilés, Bernat Sunyer-Grau, Lluïsa Quevedo, Graham Erickson

Previous research shows that playing action video games seems to modify the behavior of eye movements such as eye fixations and saccades. The aim of the current work was to determine the effect of playing action video games on eye movements behavior such as fixations, saccades and pursuits. A systematic research review in PubMed and Scopus databases was conducted to identify articles published between 2010 and 2022 which referred to action video games and eye movements, including fixations, saccades and pursuits. We included those that were experimental and quasi-experimental, comparing at least two groups between action vs. non-action video games players. All the studies included used an eye tracker to study eye movements. A total of 97 scientific articles were found in the databases. After inclusion criteria, thirteen articles (N=13) were analyzed for the present work, of which ten (n=10) had a cross-sectional design, and three (n=3) were randomized intervention studies. Playing regularly or training with action video games is not likely to produce changes in eye movements, based on the literature research analyzed. For future research, more interventional studies, with less gender bias, more sample participants and general consensus on the distinction between the action and non-action video games is needed.

以往的研究表明,玩动作类电子游戏似乎会改变眼球运动行为,如眼球定点和眼球回视。本次研究的目的是确定玩动作电子游戏对眼球运动行为(如定点、眼球移动和追逐)的影响。我们在 PubMed 和 Scopus 数据库中进行了系统性研究综述,以确定 2010 年至 2022 年间发表的有关动作电子游戏和眼球运动(包括定点、眼球移动和追逐)的文章。我们收录了那些实验性和准实验性的文章,这些文章至少对两组动作电子游戏玩家和非动作电子游戏玩家进行了比较。所有纳入的研究都使用了眼动追踪器来研究眼动。在数据库中共找到 97 篇科学文章。根据纳入标准,本研究分析了 13 篇文章(N=13),其中 10 篇(n=10)采用横断面设计,3 篇(n=3)为随机干预研究。根据所分析的文献研究,经常玩动作电子游戏或进行动作电子游戏训练不太可能使眼球运动发生变化。今后的研究需要更多的干预性研究、更少的性别偏见、更多的样本参与者以及对动作和非动作电子游戏的区分达成普遍共识。
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引用次数: 0
The level of skills involved in an observation-based gait analysis. 基于观察的步态分析所涉及的技能水平。
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-25 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.17.3.1
Shuzo Bonkohara

This study aimed to determine the visual assessment skills during an observation-based gait analysis. Participants (N=40) included 20 physiotherapists (PTs) with>10 years of clinical experience (physiotherapists) and 20 physiotherapy students. Both groups watched a video of the gait of a subject with Guillain-Barré syndrome before and after being provided with information regarding other movements. Further, visual lines were measured using an EMR-8 eye mark recorder, and the results were compared between both groups. The average gaze duration was longer for students than for PTs (F1,79=53.3; p<0.01), whereas PTs gazed more often than the students (F1,79=87.6; p< 0.01). Furthermore, the PTs moved their eyes vertically more often than the students (F1,151=9.1; P< 0.01). We found that being able to discriminate the relative physical relationship of body locations by frequent and rapid vertical gazes could be an indication of the level of skills as an index to express the visual assessment skill in an observation-based gait analysis.

本研究旨在确定基于观察的步态分析过程中的视觉评估技能。参与者(人数=40)包括20名具有10年以上临床经验的物理治疗师(PT)和20名物理治疗专业学生。两组人员在观看吉兰-巴雷综合征患者的步态视频之前和之后,分别获得了其他动作的相关信息。此外,还使用 EMR-8 眼标记录仪测量了视线,并对两组结果进行了比较。学生的平均注视时间长于康复治疗师(F1,79=53.3; p
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引用次数: 0
The Observer's Lens: The Impact of Personality Traits and Gaze on Facial Impression Inferences. 观察者的视角:性格特征和目光对面部印象推断的影响》(The Observer's Lens: The Impact of Personality Traits and Gaze on Facial Impression Inferences)。
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-19 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.17.3.5
Kuangzhe Xu, Toshihiko Matsuka

Previous studies on facial impression inference have focused on the physical features of faces, with only a few considering the effects of the observer. This study explored how participants' personality traits directly and indirectly affect the impression inference of human faces. Specifically, we examined how observers' personality traits impact their eye movements, which in turn influence impression inferences. Experiment 1 found relationships between participants' personality traits and eye movements, but these did not significantly impact impression inferences. In Experiment 2, we manipulated observers' observational behavior to control for the potential interactive effect between facial features and participants' eye movements during impression inference. This manipulation suggested that focusing on different areas of faces leads to different impression inferences. It also suggests that the same person might have different impressions of the exact same face by changing their observational behavior. These results deepen our understanding of the impact of facial features and participants' personality traits on impression inferences, indicating that observers' personality traits and observational behavior play a significant role in impression formation.

以往关于人脸印象推断的研究主要集中在人脸的物理特征上,只有少数研究考虑了观察者的影响。本研究探讨了参与者的个性特征如何直接或间接地影响人脸印象推断。具体来说,我们研究了观察者的性格特征如何影响他们的眼球运动,进而影响印象推断。实验 1 发现了参与者的性格特征与眼球运动之间的关系,但这些并没有对印象推断产生显著影响。在实验 2 中,我们操纵了观察者的观察行为,以控制印象推断过程中面部特征与参与者眼动之间的潜在互动效应。这一操作表明,对面部不同区域的关注会导致不同的印象推断。这也表明,同一个人通过改变观察行为,可能会对完全相同的人脸产生不同的印象。这些结果加深了我们对面部特征和参与者个性特征对印象推断影响的理解,表明观察者的个性特征和观察行为在印象形成中起着重要作用。
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引用次数: 0
Persistence of primitive reflexes associated with asymmetries in fixation and ocular motility values. 与固定和眼球运动值不对称有关的原始反射持续存在。
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-19 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.17.2.5
Vicente A Domingo-Sanz

This cross-sectional study examined eye movement performance in patients aged 4 to 16 years. Measurements of eye movements were obtained before and after performing therapy for inhibition of four primitive reflexes, asymmetric tonic neck reflex, symmetric tonic neck reflex, labyrinthine tonic reflex and Moro reflex. Subsequently the scores of the four primitive reflexes were compared with the results of five variables: fixation maintenance, % mean saccade size, motility excursions, fixations during excursions and mean duration of fixations. The comparisons showed a significant reduction in evidence of fixation maintenance as well as mean saccade size due to the inhibition of the four primitive reflexes. There was also a significant increase in ocular motility while fixations per saccade and average duration of fixations also decreased significantly. Visual balance between values of both eyes improved in all tests. A device called VisagraphTM III, which measures eye movements, was used for data collection. These results suggest that the oculomotor improvements reflect the involvement of other maturational processes such as the emergence and inhibition of primitive reflexes, the whole reorganization being key to future reading and attentional processes.

这项横断面研究考察了 4 至 16 岁患者的眼球运动表现。在对四种原始反射(不对称强直性颈反射、对称强直性颈反射、迷宫强直性反射和莫洛反射)进行抑制治疗前后,对眼球运动进行了测量。随后,将四种原始反射的得分与五个变量的结果进行了比较,这五个变量是:定点维持、平均囊回大小百分比、运动偏移、偏移期间的定点和定点的平均持续时间。比较结果表明,由于四种原始反射受到抑制,定点维持的证据以及平均囊回大小都明显减少。眼球运动也明显增加,而每次囊回的定点和平均定点持续时间也明显减少。在所有测试中,双眼视力平衡均有所改善。数据收集使用了一种名为 VisagraphTM III 的设备,该设备可测量眼球运动。这些结果表明,眼球运动的改善反映了其他成熟过程的参与,如原始反射的出现和抑制,整个重组是未来阅读和注意力过程的关键。
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引用次数: 0
Investigating the role of flight phase and task difficulty on low-time pilot performance, gaze dynamics and subjective situation awareness during simulated flight. 研究飞行阶段和任务难度对模拟飞行中低时间飞行员的表现、注视动态和主观情境意识的影响。
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-17 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.17.1.6
Naila Ayala, Suzanne Kearns, Elizabeth Irving, Shi Cao, Ewa Niechwiej-Szwedo

Gaze behaviour has been used as a proxy for information processing capabilities that underlie complex skill performance in real-world domains such as aviation. These processes are highly influenced by task requirements, expertise and can provide insight into situation awareness (SA). Little research has been done to examine the extent to which gaze behaviour, task performance and SA are impacted by various task manipulations within the confines of early-stage skill development. Accordingly, the current study aimed to understand the impact of task difficulty on landing performance, gaze behaviour and SA across different phases of flight. Twenty-four low-time (<300 hours) pilots completed simulated landing scenarios under visual flight rules conditions. Traditional gaze metrics, entropybased metrics, and blink rate provided meaningful insight about the extent to which information processing is modulated by flight phase and task difficulty. The results also suggested that gaze behavior changes compensated for increased task demands and minimized the impact on task performance. Dynamic gaze analyses were shown to be a robust measure of task difficulty and pilot flight hours. Recommendations for the effective implementation of gaze behaviour metrics and their utility in examining information processing changes are discussed.

凝视行为已被用作信息处理能力的代表,而信息处理能力是航空等真实世界领域中复杂技能表现的基础。这些过程受任务要求和专业知识的影响很大,并能提供对情境意识(SA)的洞察力。在早期技能开发阶段,很少有研究探讨凝视行为、任务表现和态势感知在多大程度上受到各种任务操作的影响。因此,本研究旨在了解飞行不同阶段的任务难度对着陆性能、凝视行为和SA的影响。二十四名低时间
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引用次数: 0
Quantifying Dwell Time With Location-based Augmented Reality: Dynamic AOI Analysis on Mobile Eye Tracking Data With Vision Transformer. 利用基于位置的增强现实技术量化停留时间:利用 Vision Transformer 对移动眼球跟踪数据进行动态 AOI 分析。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-04-29 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.17.3.3
Julien Mercier, Olivier Ertz, Erwan Bocher

Mobile eye tracking captures egocentric vision and is well-suited for naturalistic studies. However, its data is noisy, especially when acquired outdoor with multiple participants over several sessions. Area of interest analysis on moving targets is difficult because A) camera and objects move nonlinearly and may disappear/reappear from the scene; and B) off-the-shelf analysis tools are limited to linearly moving objects. As a result, researchers resort to time-consuming manual annotation, which limits the use of mobile eye tracking in naturalistic studies. We introduce a method based on a fine-tuned Vision Transformer (ViT) model for classifying frames with overlaying gaze markers. After fine-tuning a model on a manually labelled training set made of 1.98% (=7845 frames) of our entire data for three epochs, our model reached 99.34% accuracy as evaluated on hold-out data. We used the method to quantify participants' dwell time on a tablet during the outdoor user test of a mobile augmented reality application for biodiversity education. We discuss the benefits and limitations of our approach and its potential to be applied to other contexts.

移动眼动仪可捕捉以自我为中心的视觉,非常适合自然研究。然而,其数据噪声较大,尤其是在户外与多名参与者进行多个时段的数据采集时。对移动目标进行感兴趣区分析很困难,因为:A)摄像机和物体是非线性移动的,可能会从场景中消失或出现;B)现成的分析工具仅限于线性移动的物体。因此,研究人员不得不采用耗时的手动注释,这限制了移动眼动跟踪在自然研究中的应用。我们介绍了一种基于微调视觉变换器(ViT)模型的方法,用于对带有重叠注视标记的帧进行分类。在由全部数据的 1.98%(=7845 帧)组成的人工标注训练集上对模型进行三次历时微调后,我们的模型在保留数据上的评估准确率达到了 99.34%。在对生物多样性教育移动增强现实应用进行户外用户测试时,我们使用该方法量化了参与者在平板电脑上的停留时间。我们讨论了我们的方法的优点和局限性,以及将其应用于其他场合的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Determining Which Sine Wave Frequencies Correspond to Signal and Which Correspond to Noise in Eye-Tracking Time-Series. 确定眼动跟踪时间序列中哪些正弦波频率对应信号,哪些对应噪声。
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-31 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.14.3.5
Mehedi H Raju, Lee Friedman, Troy M Bouman, Oleg V Komogortsev

The Fourier theorem states that any time-series can be decomposed into a set of sinusoidal frequencies, each with its own phase and amplitude. The literature suggests that some frequencies are important to reproduce key qualities of eye-movements ("signal") and some of frequencies are not important ("noise"). To investigate what is signal and what is noise, we analyzed our dataset in three ways: (1) visual inspection of plots of saccade, microsaccade and smooth pursuit exemplars; (2) analysis of the percentage of variance accounted for (PVAF) in 1,033 unfiltered saccade trajectories by each frequency band; (3) analyzing the main sequence relationship between saccade peak velocity and amplitude, based on a power law fit. Visual inspection suggested that frequencies up to 75 Hz are required to represent microsaccades. Our PVAF analysis indicated that signals in the 0-25 Hz band account for nearly 100% of the variance in saccade trajectories. Power law coefficients (a, b) return to unfiltered levels for signals low-pass filtered at 75 Hz or higher. We conclude that to maintain eyemovement signal and reduce noise, a cutoff frequency of 75 Hz is appropriate. We explain why, given this finding, a minimum sampling rate of 750 Hz is suggested.

傅立叶定理指出,任何时间序列都可以分解成一组正弦频率,每个频率都有自己的相位和振幅。文献表明,有些频率对于再现眼球运动的关键特征非常重要("信号"),而有些频率则不重要("噪声")。为了研究什么是信号,什么是噪音,我们从三个方面分析了我们的数据集:(1)目测囊状动作、微小动作和平滑追随示例图;(2)分析 1,033 个未过滤囊状动作轨迹中每个频段所占的方差百分比(PVAF);(3)根据幂律拟合分析囊状动作峰值速度和振幅之间的主序关系。目测结果表明,需要高达 75 Hz 的频率才能代表微小累积。我们的 PVAF 分析表明,0-25 Hz 频段的信号几乎占囊回轨迹方差的 100%。对于 75 Hz 或更高频率的低通滤波信号,幂律系数(a、b)恢复到未滤波水平。我们的结论是,要保持眼动信号并减少噪音,75 Hz 的截止频率是合适的。我们解释了为什么鉴于这一结论,建议最低采样率为 750 赫兹。
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引用次数: 0
The impact of eye dominance on fixation stability in school-aged children. 眼睛优势对学龄儿童固定稳定性的影响。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-31 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.16.3.6
Evita Serpa, Madara Alecka, Ilze Ceple, Gunta Krumina, Aiga Svede, Evita Kassaliete, Viktorija Goliskina, Liva Volberga, Asnate Berzina, Rita Mikelsone, Elizabete Ozola, Daniela Toloka, Tomass Ruza, Anete Klavinska, Sofija Vasiljeva, Marija Koleda

The aim of the study was to analyze the stability of dominant and non-dominant eye fixations, as well as the influence of development on fixation stability. The study analyzed fixation stability in 280 school-age children, ranging in age from 7 to 12 years old. Fixation stability was determined by calculating the bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA). During the fixation task, eye movements were recorded using the Tobii Pro Fusion eye tracking device at a 250 Hz sampling frequency. The results indicate that the fixation stability of dominant and non-dominant eyes, as well as the fixation stability of each eye regardless of dominance, improves as children grow older. It was found that for 7 and 8- year-old children, fixation in the dominant eye is significantly more stable than in the non-dominant eye, while in older children, there is no significant difference in fixation stability between the dominant and non-dominant eye.

该研究旨在分析优势眼和非优势眼固着的稳定性,以及发育对固着稳定性的影响。研究分析了 280 名学龄儿童的定点稳定性,他们的年龄从 7 岁到 12 岁不等。定点稳定性是通过计算双变量轮廓椭圆面积(BCEA)来确定的。在定点任务中,使用 Tobii Pro Fusion 眼动仪以 250 Hz 的采样频率记录眼球运动。结果表明,随着年龄的增长,儿童的优势眼和非优势眼的固视稳定性,以及不考虑优势眼的每只眼睛的固视稳定性都有所提高。研究发现,对于 7 和 8 岁的儿童来说,优势眼的固视稳定性明显高于非优势眼,而对于年龄较大的儿童来说,优势眼和非优势眼的固视稳定性没有明显差异。
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引用次数: 0
Pun processing in advertising posters: evidence from eye tracking. 广告海报中的惩罚处理:来自眼动跟踪的证据。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-31 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.16.3.5
Anastasiia Konovalova, Tatiana Petrova

This study examines the process of reading polycode advertising posters, focusing in particular on the effect of a pun in the headline. The pun, or a sequence of lexical items that can be perceived as ambiguous, is contained in the headline and different meanings of this sequence are supported by the picture and text. The results of the preliminary experiment showed that advertisements with puns are rated as more attractive, original, effective and positive compared to advertisements without puns. We hypothesized that puns in the headlines increase cognitive effort in processing posters, leading to higher evaluations. The main experiment tested this and examined differences in eye movement when reading posters with and without puns. Fifty-five Russian participants viewed advertisements while their eye movements were recorded. Our results showed no fundamental differences in the general pattern of viewing advertisement posters with and without puns. We found that readers start to perceive polycode advertisements from the text and spend more time reading the text than looking at an image. These findings shed light on how attention is distributed between verbal and non-verbal components of polycode texts, and which type of poster is more effective for information retrieval at different processing levels.

本研究探讨了多码广告海报的阅读过程,尤其关注标题中双关语的效果。标题中包含双关语,或一连串可被视为模棱两可的词条,而图片和文字则支持这一连串词条的不同含义。初步实验结果表明,与不带双关语的广告相比,带双关语的广告更有吸引力、更新颖、更有效、更积极。我们假设,标题中的双关语会增加处理海报时的认知努力,从而导致更高的评价。主要实验验证了这一假设,并研究了阅读有双关语和无双关语海报时眼球运动的差异。55 名俄罗斯参与者在观看广告的同时记录了他们的眼球运动。我们的结果表明,有双关语和没有双关语的广告海报的一般阅读模式没有本质区别。我们发现,读者从文字开始感知多义词广告,阅读文字的时间比看图片的时间多。这些发现揭示了注意力如何在多码文本的语言和非语言部分之间分配,以及哪种类型的海报在不同处理水平上对信息检索更有效。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Eye Movement Research
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