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The level of skills involved in an observation-based gait analysis. 基于观察的步态分析所涉及的技能水平。
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-25 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.17.3.1
Shuzo Bonkohara

This study aimed to determine the visual assessment skills during an observation-based gait analysis. Participants (N=40) included 20 physiotherapists (PTs) with>10 years of clinical experience (physiotherapists) and 20 physiotherapy students. Both groups watched a video of the gait of a subject with Guillain-Barré syndrome before and after being provided with information regarding other movements. Further, visual lines were measured using an EMR-8 eye mark recorder, and the results were compared between both groups. The average gaze duration was longer for students than for PTs (F1,79=53.3; p<0.01), whereas PTs gazed more often than the students (F1,79=87.6; p< 0.01). Furthermore, the PTs moved their eyes vertically more often than the students (F1,151=9.1; P< 0.01). We found that being able to discriminate the relative physical relationship of body locations by frequent and rapid vertical gazes could be an indication of the level of skills as an index to express the visual assessment skill in an observation-based gait analysis.

本研究旨在确定基于观察的步态分析过程中的视觉评估技能。参与者(人数=40)包括20名具有10年以上临床经验的物理治疗师(PT)和20名物理治疗专业学生。两组人员在观看吉兰-巴雷综合征患者的步态视频之前和之后,分别获得了其他动作的相关信息。此外,还使用 EMR-8 眼标记录仪测量了视线,并对两组结果进行了比较。学生的平均注视时间长于康复治疗师(F1,79=53.3; p
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引用次数: 0
Persistence of primitive reflexes associated with asymmetries in fixation and ocular motility values. 与固定和眼球运动值不对称有关的原始反射持续存在。
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-19 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.17.2.5
Vicente A Domingo-Sanz

This cross-sectional study examined eye movement performance in patients aged 4 to 16 years. Measurements of eye movements were obtained before and after performing therapy for inhibition of four primitive reflexes, asymmetric tonic neck reflex, symmetric tonic neck reflex, labyrinthine tonic reflex and Moro reflex. Subsequently the scores of the four primitive reflexes were compared with the results of five variables: fixation maintenance, % mean saccade size, motility excursions, fixations during excursions and mean duration of fixations. The comparisons showed a significant reduction in evidence of fixation maintenance as well as mean saccade size due to the inhibition of the four primitive reflexes. There was also a significant increase in ocular motility while fixations per saccade and average duration of fixations also decreased significantly. Visual balance between values of both eyes improved in all tests. A device called VisagraphTM III, which measures eye movements, was used for data collection. These results suggest that the oculomotor improvements reflect the involvement of other maturational processes such as the emergence and inhibition of primitive reflexes, the whole reorganization being key to future reading and attentional processes.

这项横断面研究考察了 4 至 16 岁患者的眼球运动表现。在对四种原始反射(不对称强直性颈反射、对称强直性颈反射、迷宫强直性反射和莫洛反射)进行抑制治疗前后,对眼球运动进行了测量。随后,将四种原始反射的得分与五个变量的结果进行了比较,这五个变量是:定点维持、平均囊回大小百分比、运动偏移、偏移期间的定点和定点的平均持续时间。比较结果表明,由于四种原始反射受到抑制,定点维持的证据以及平均囊回大小都明显减少。眼球运动也明显增加,而每次囊回的定点和平均定点持续时间也明显减少。在所有测试中,双眼视力平衡均有所改善。数据收集使用了一种名为 VisagraphTM III 的设备,该设备可测量眼球运动。这些结果表明,眼球运动的改善反映了其他成熟过程的参与,如原始反射的出现和抑制,整个重组是未来阅读和注意力过程的关键。
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引用次数: 0
Classification framework to identify similar visual scan paths using multiple similarity metrics 利用多种相似性指标识别相似视觉扫描路径的分类框架
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.17.3.4
Ricardo Palma Fraga, Ziho Kang, Jerry Crutchfield
Analyzing visual scan paths, the time-ordered sequence of eye fixations and saccades, can help us understand how operators visually search the environment before making a decision. To analyze and compare visual scan paths, prior studies have used metrics such as string edit similarity, which considers the order used to inspect areas of interest (AOIs), as well as metrics that consider the AOIs shared between visual scan paths. However, to identify similar visual scan paths, particularly in tasks and environments in which operators may apply variations of a common underlying visual scanning behavior, using solely one similarity metric might not be sufficient. In this study, we introduce a classification framework using a combination of the string edit algorithm and the Jaccard coefficient similarity. We applied our framework to the visual scan paths of nine tower controllers in a high-fidelity simulator when a “clear-to-take-off” clearance was issued. The classification framework was able to provide richer and more meaningful classifications of the visual scan paths compared to the results when using either the string edit algorithm or Jaccard coefficient similarity.
分析视觉扫描路径(即眼睛定点和眼球移动的时间顺序序列)有助于我们了解操作员在做出决策前是如何对环境进行视觉搜索的。为了分析和比较视觉扫描路径,先前的研究使用了字符串编辑相似度等指标,这些指标考虑了用于检查感兴趣区(AOI)的顺序,以及考虑视觉扫描路径之间共享的感兴趣区的指标。然而,要识别相似的视觉扫描路径,特别是在操作员可能会对共同的基本视觉扫描行为进行变异的任务和环境中,仅使用一种相似度量可能是不够的。在本研究中,我们结合字符串编辑算法和 Jaccard 系数相似性引入了一个分类框架。我们在高保真模拟器中对九名塔台管制员发出 "起飞许可 "时的视觉扫描路径应用了我们的框架。与使用字符串编辑算法或杰卡德系数相似性的结果相比,分类框架能够提供更丰富、更有意义的视觉扫描路径分类。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of complexity and Gestalt principles on aesthetic preferences for building façades: An eye tracking study 复杂性和格式塔原则对建筑外墙美学偏好的影响:眼动跟踪研究
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.17.2.4
Dilara Beder, Matthew Pelowski, Çağrı Imamoğlu
Buildings are an integral part of our physical environment and have aesthetic significance with respect to the organizational integrity of architectural elements. While Gestalt principles are essential in design education, their relationship with architectural features remains understudied. The present study explored how Gestalt principles and complexity levels influence evaluations of building façades through the use of questionnaires and eye tracking. Twenty-four two-dimensional black and white façade drawings, manipulated using selected Gestalt principles (similarity and proximity) to achieve different levels of complexity (low, medium & high), were presented to 79 participants. The results suggested a negative linear relationship between aesthetic ratings and complexity levels across selected Gestalt principles. In addition, as expected, participants had the highest number of fixations, shortest fixation durations, and lowest aesthetic ratings for higher levels of complexity. Results involving Gestalt principles revealed that proximity-based designs received higher aesthetic ratings, demanded less time, elicited lower number of fixations, and resulted in shorter fixation durations. Conversely, similarity-based designs received lower aesthetic ratings, demanded more time, elicited higher number of fixations, and resulted in longer fixation durations. These findings offer insights into architectural aesthetic experiences and inform future research directions.
建筑是我们物质环境不可分割的一部分,在建筑元素的组织完整性方面具有美学意义。虽然格式塔原则在设计教育中至关重要,但它们与建筑特征之间的关系仍未得到充分研究。本研究通过问卷调查和眼动跟踪,探讨了格式塔原理和复杂程度如何影响对建筑立面的评价。研究人员向 79 名参与者展示了 24 幅二维黑白立面图,这些立面图利用选定的格式塔原则(相似性和接近性)实现了不同的复杂程度(低、中和高)。结果表明,在不同的格式塔原则下,审美评价与复杂程度之间呈负线性关系。此外,正如预期的那样,在复杂度较高的情况下,参与者的固定次数最多,固定时间最短,审美评分最低。涉及格式塔原则的结果显示,以接近性为基础的设计获得的审美评分较高,所需的时间较短,引起的定点次数较少,定点持续时间较短。相反,基于相似性的设计获得的审美评价较低,需要的时间较长,引起的固定次数较多,导致的固定持续时间较长。这些发现为建筑审美体验提供了启示,并为未来的研究方向提供了参考。
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引用次数: 0
Gaze behavior reveals automaticity and attention allocation during music teaching vs. observing 音乐教学与观察过程中的注视行为显示了自动性和注意力分配
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.17.2.3
Robin Heinsen
In a unique case-study approach in which I served as both the research participant and the experimenter, I wore eye-tracking glasses while teaching a brief music lesson to two university students learning trumpet, then approximately two weeks later, I watched a video of the lesson and tracked my gaze again. To investigate unconscious perceptual processes engaged during music teaching, I compared my attention allocation while teaching to my attention allocation during self-observation.My gaze behavior while teaching revealed a high level of automaticity regarding lesson sequencing and allocation of attention. Strategic moment-to-moment shifts in attention between the two students occurred entirely below my conscious awareness, yet post hoc analyses revealed precisely timed changes that were related to momentary goals. While watching the video, absent the demands of behavioral interaction and momentary decision-making, I directed more sustained attention to both students than I had while teaching.These results reveal important features of “teacher thinking” that are not directly observable or typically construed as conscious behavior. That this component of teaching practice does not involve volitional control suggests that teachers’ descriptions of their thinking may not reveal to novices important elements of pedagogical expertise.
在一个独特的案例研究方法中,我既是研究参与者,又是实验者,我戴着眼球跟踪眼镜,给两名学习小号的大学生上了一堂简短的音乐课,大约两周后,我观看了这堂课的视频,并再次跟踪了我的目光。为了研究音乐教学过程中的无意识知觉过程,我将教学时的注意力分配与自我观察时的注意力分配进行了比较。我在教学时的注视行为表明,我在课程排序和注意力分配方面具有高度的自动性。两个学生之间的注意力瞬间战略性转移完全发生在我的意识之外,但事后分析却显示出与瞬间目标相关的精确定时变化。在观看视频时,如果没有行为互动和瞬间决策的要求,我对两个学生的持续关注要比教学时多。这些结果揭示了 "教师思维 "的重要特征,而这些特征是无法直接观察到的,或者通常被理解为有意识的行为。教学实践的这一部分不涉及意志控制,这表明教师对自己思维的描述可能没有向新手揭示教学专业知识的重要内容。
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引用次数: 0
Gender selection dilemma in FMCG advertising: Insights from eye-tracking research 快速消费品广告中的性别选择困境:眼动追踪研究的启示
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.17.2.6
Minanshu Sinha, M. Misra, Saurabh Mishra
Selecting the gender of a celebrity for fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) advertising presents a strategic challenge. Previous research has predominantly concentrated on comparing celebrity spokespersons with non-celebrities, frequently neglecting the intricate distinctions in the effectiveness of male versus female endorsers. This study addresses this research gap by employing both traditional and neuromarketing methodologies. By integrating eye-tracking technology via RealEye and questionnaire-based surveys, the results indicate that female celebrities are more effective in capturing visual attention, whereas male celebrities are more effective in enhancing perceived trustworthiness. These findings are pivotal for both academic research and commercial strategy, as they elucidate the optimal selection of celebrity gender for maximizing FMCG advertising efficacy.
为快速消费品(FMCG)广告选择名人性别是一项战略挑战。以往的研究主要集中在名人代言人与非名人代言人的比较上,往往忽视了男性代言人与女性代言人在效果上的微妙区别。本研究采用传统方法和神经营销方法,弥补了这一研究空白。通过整合 RealEye 的眼动跟踪技术和问卷调查,研究结果表明,女性名人在吸引视觉注意力方面更有效,而男性名人在提高感知可信度方面更有效。这些发现对学术研究和商业战略都至关重要,因为它们阐明了如何选择最佳的名人性别,以最大限度地发挥快速消费品广告的功效。
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引用次数: 0
Accounting for visual field abnormalities when using eye-tracking to diagnose reading problems in neurological degeneration 使用眼动跟踪技术诊断神经系统变性患者的阅读问题时考虑视野异常情况
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.17.2.2
Carla Daniela Guantay, Laura Mena-García, M. Tola-Arribas, María José Garea García-Malvar, Marta Para-Prieto, María Gloria González-Fernández, A. Mayo‐Iscar, J. Pastor-Jimeno
State-of-the-art eye trackers provide valuable information for diagnosing reading problems by measuring and interpreting people’s gaze paths as they read through text. Abnormal conditions such as visual field defects, however, can seriously confound most of today’s existing methods for interpreting reading gaze patterns.Our objective was to research how visual field defects impact reading gaze path patterns, so the effects of such neurological pathologies can be explicitly incorporated into more comprehensive reading diagnosis methodologies. A cross-sectional, non-randomized, pilot clinical study including 45 patients with various neurologic disorders and 30 normal controls was designed. Participants underwent ophthalmologic/neuropsychologic and eye-tracker examinations using two reading tests of words and numbers.The results showed that the use of the eye tracker showed that patients with brain damage and an altered visual field require more time to complete a reading-text test by fixating a greater number of times (p < 0.001); with longer fixations (p = 0.03); and a greater number of saccades in these patients (p = 0.04). Our study showed objective differences in eye movement characteristics in patients with neurological diseases and an altered visual field who complained of reading difficulties. These findings should be considered as a bias factor and deserve further investigation.
最先进的眼动仪通过测量和解释人们阅读文本时的注视路径,为诊断阅读问题提供了宝贵的信息。我们的目标是研究视野缺陷如何影响阅读注视路径模式,以便将此类神经系统病变的影响明确纳入更全面的阅读诊断方法中。我们设计了一项横断面、非随机、试验性临床研究,其中包括 45 名患有各种神经系统疾病的患者和 30 名正常对照者。结果显示,使用眼动仪显示脑损伤和视野改变的患者需要更多的时间来完成文字阅读测试,这些患者的定点次数更多 (p < 0.001);定点时间更长 (p = 0.03);眼球移动次数更多 (p = 0.04)。我们的研究表明,患有神经系统疾病和视野改变并抱怨阅读困难的患者的眼球运动特征存在客观差异。这些发现应被视为偏差因素,值得进一步研究。
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引用次数: 0
Investigating the role of flight phase and task difficulty on low-time pilot performance, gaze dynamics and subjective situation awareness during simulated flight. 研究飞行阶段和任务难度对模拟飞行中低时间飞行员的表现、注视动态和主观情境意识的影响。
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-06-17 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.17.1.6
Naila Ayala, Suzanne Kearns, Elizabeth Irving, Shi Cao, Ewa Niechwiej-Szwedo

Gaze behaviour has been used as a proxy for information processing capabilities that underlie complex skill performance in real-world domains such as aviation. These processes are highly influenced by task requirements, expertise and can provide insight into situation awareness (SA). Little research has been done to examine the extent to which gaze behaviour, task performance and SA are impacted by various task manipulations within the confines of early-stage skill development. Accordingly, the current study aimed to understand the impact of task difficulty on landing performance, gaze behaviour and SA across different phases of flight. Twenty-four low-time (<300 hours) pilots completed simulated landing scenarios under visual flight rules conditions. Traditional gaze metrics, entropybased metrics, and blink rate provided meaningful insight about the extent to which information processing is modulated by flight phase and task difficulty. The results also suggested that gaze behavior changes compensated for increased task demands and minimized the impact on task performance. Dynamic gaze analyses were shown to be a robust measure of task difficulty and pilot flight hours. Recommendations for the effective implementation of gaze behaviour metrics and their utility in examining information processing changes are discussed.

凝视行为已被用作信息处理能力的代表,而信息处理能力是航空等真实世界领域中复杂技能表现的基础。这些过程受任务要求和专业知识的影响很大,并能提供对情境意识(SA)的洞察力。在早期技能开发阶段,很少有研究探讨凝视行为、任务表现和态势感知在多大程度上受到各种任务操作的影响。因此,本研究旨在了解飞行不同阶段的任务难度对着陆性能、凝视行为和SA的影响。二十四名低时间
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引用次数: 0
Introduction to the Special Thematic Issue "Virtual Reality and Eye Tracking" 专题特刊 "虚拟现实与眼动跟踪 "导言
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-06-02 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.3.1
Béatrice S. Hasler, Rudolf Groner
Technological advancements have made it possible to integrate eye tracking in virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR). Many new VR/AR headsets already include eye tracking as a standard feature. While its application previously has been mostly limited to research, we now see installations of eye tracking into consumer level VR products in entertainment, training, and therapy.  The combination of eye tracking and VR creates new opportunities for end users, creators, and researchers alike: The high level of immersion – while shielded from visual distractions of the physical environment – leads to natural behavior inside the virtual environment. This enables researchers to study how humans perceive and interact with three-dimensional environments in experimentally controlled, ecologically valid settings. Simultaneously, eye tracking in VR poses new challenges to gaze analyses and requires the establishment of new tools and best practices in gaze interaction and psychological research from controlling influence factors, such as simulator sickness, to adaptations of algorithms in various situations. This thematic special issue introduces and discusses novel applications, challenges and possibilities of eye tracking and gaze interaction in VR from an interdisciplinary perspective, including contributions from the fields of psychology, human-computer interaction, human factors, engineering, neuroscience, and education. It addresses a variety of issues and topics, such as practical guidelines for VR-based eye tracking technologies, exploring new research avenues, evaluation of gaze-based assessments, and training interventions. 
技术的进步使得在虚拟现实(VR)和增强现实(AR)中整合眼动追踪技术成为可能。许多新型 VR/AR 头戴式设备已经将眼动追踪作为一项标准功能。以前,眼动仪的应用主要局限于研究领域,而现在,我们看到眼动仪已被安装到娱乐、培训和治疗等消费级 VR 产品中。 眼动仪与 VR 的结合为最终用户、创作者和研究人员创造了新的机遇:高度的沉浸感--在屏蔽物理环境的视觉干扰的同时--导致虚拟环境中的自然行为。这使研究人员能够在实验控制、生态有效的环境中研究人类如何感知三维环境并与之互动。与此同时,VR 中的眼动跟踪对注视分析提出了新的挑战,需要在注视互动和心理研究方面建立新的工具和最佳实践,从控制影响因素(如模拟器病)到在各种情况下调整算法。本专题从跨学科的角度介绍和讨论了眼动跟踪和 VR 中注视交互的新应用、挑战和可能性,包括心理学、人机交互、人为因素、工程学、神经科学和教育领域的贡献。它探讨了各种问题和主题,如基于 VR 的眼球跟踪技术的实用指南、探索新的研究途径、评估基于注视的评估和培训干预措施。
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引用次数: 0
Potential of a laser pointer contact lens to improve the reliability of video-based eye-trackers in indoor and outdoor conditions 激光笔隐形眼镜提高视频眼动仪在室内和室外条件下可靠性的潜力
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-05-16 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.17.1.5
François-Maël Robert, Marion Otheguy, Vincent Nourrit, Jean-Louis De Bougrenet de la Tocnaye
Many video-based eye trackers rely on detecting and tracking ocular features, a task that can be negatively affected by a number of individual or environmental factors. In this context, the aim of this study was to practically evaluate how the use of a scleral contact lens with two integrated near-infrared lasers (denoted CLP) could improve the tracking robustness in difficult lighting conditions, particularly outdoor ones. We assessed the ability of the CLP (on a model eye) to detect the lasers and to deduce a gaze position with an accuracy better than 1° under four lighting conditions (1 lx, 250 lx, 50 klux and alternating 1lx /250 lx) on an artificial eye.  These results were compared to the ability of a commercial eye tracker (Pupil Core) to detect the pupil on human eyes with a confidence score equal to or greater than 0.9.CLP provided good results in all conditions (tracking accuracy and detection rates). In comparison, the Pupil Core performed well in all indoor conditions (99% detection) but failed in outdoor conditions (9.85% detection).In conclusion, the CLP presents strong potential to improve the reliability of video-based eye-trackers in outdoor conditions by providing easy trackable feature.
许多基于视频的眼球跟踪器都依赖于检测和跟踪眼球特征,而这一任务可能会受到许多个人或环境因素的负面影响。在这种情况下,本研究旨在实际评估使用集成了两个近红外激光器的巩膜隐形眼镜(简称 CLP)如何提高在困难照明条件下(尤其是室外条件下)的跟踪稳健性。我们评估了在四种照明条件(1 lx、250 lx、50 klux 和交替 1lx /250 lx)下,人工眼球上的 CLP(在模型眼上)探测激光和推断注视位置的能力,精确度优于 1°。 这些结果与商用眼球跟踪器(Pupil Core)对人眼瞳孔的检测能力(置信度大于等于 0.9)进行了比较。相比之下,Pupil Core 在所有室内条件下都表现出色(检测率达 99%),但在室外条件下却失败了(检测率仅为 9.85%)。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Eye Movement Research
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