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Quantifying Dwell Time With Location-based Augmented Reality: Dynamic AOI Analysis on Mobile Eye Tracking Data With Vision Transformer. 利用基于位置的增强现实技术量化停留时间:利用 Vision Transformer 对移动眼球跟踪数据进行动态 AOI 分析。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-04-29 eCollection Date: 2024-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.17.3.3
Julien Mercier, Olivier Ertz, Erwan Bocher

Mobile eye tracking captures egocentric vision and is well-suited for naturalistic studies. However, its data is noisy, especially when acquired outdoor with multiple participants over several sessions. Area of interest analysis on moving targets is difficult because A) camera and objects move nonlinearly and may disappear/reappear from the scene; and B) off-the-shelf analysis tools are limited to linearly moving objects. As a result, researchers resort to time-consuming manual annotation, which limits the use of mobile eye tracking in naturalistic studies. We introduce a method based on a fine-tuned Vision Transformer (ViT) model for classifying frames with overlaying gaze markers. After fine-tuning a model on a manually labelled training set made of 1.98% (=7845 frames) of our entire data for three epochs, our model reached 99.34% accuracy as evaluated on hold-out data. We used the method to quantify participants' dwell time on a tablet during the outdoor user test of a mobile augmented reality application for biodiversity education. We discuss the benefits and limitations of our approach and its potential to be applied to other contexts.

移动眼动仪可捕捉以自我为中心的视觉,非常适合自然研究。然而,其数据噪声较大,尤其是在户外与多名参与者进行多个时段的数据采集时。对移动目标进行感兴趣区分析很困难,因为:A)摄像机和物体是非线性移动的,可能会从场景中消失或出现;B)现成的分析工具仅限于线性移动的物体。因此,研究人员不得不采用耗时的手动注释,这限制了移动眼动跟踪在自然研究中的应用。我们介绍了一种基于微调视觉变换器(ViT)模型的方法,用于对带有重叠注视标记的帧进行分类。在由全部数据的 1.98%(=7845 帧)组成的人工标注训练集上对模型进行三次历时微调后,我们的模型在保留数据上的评估准确率达到了 99.34%。在对生物多样性教育移动增强现实应用进行户外用户测试时,我们使用该方法量化了参与者在平板电脑上的停留时间。我们讨论了我们的方法的优点和局限性,以及将其应用于其他场合的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Analysis of risk factors associated with pre-myopia among primary school students in the Mianyang Science City Area 绵阳科学城地区小学生近视前期相关风险因素分析
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.17.1.3
Xiaoyin Wang, Yi-bin Deng, Li-ge Xiao, Hui-Min Wang , Guo-Zhong Zhao, Lian Ye, Da-Wei Men, Mei Yan
Objectives To find out the prevalence rate of pre-myopia among primary school students in the Mianyang Science City Area, analyze its related risk factors, and thus provide a reference for local authorities to formulate policies on the prevention and control of myopia for primary school students. Methods  October 2022, Cluster sampling was adopted by our research group to obtain the vision levels of 2278 primary school students employing a diopter test in the Science City Area. In addition, questionnaires were distributed to help us find the risk factors associated with pre-myopia. Results The prevalence rate of pre-myopia among primary school students in the Science  City Area was 45.27%, of which 43.82% were boys and 46.92% were girls, with no statistically significant difference in the prevalence rate of myopia between boys and girls (c2 =2.171, P=0.141). Multiple logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the main risk factors for pre-myopia were having at least one parent with severe myopia, spending less than 2 hours a day outdoors, lack of sleep looking at electronic screens for more than 1 hours, and having an improper reading and writing posture. Outdoor activity time less than 2 hours per day, lack of sleep, looking at the electronic screen for more than 1 hour per day, and incorrect reading and writing posture were all positively associated with the pre-myopia (P values < 0.05). Conclusion The Science City Area has a high prevalence rate of pre-myopia among primary school students. It is proposed that students, schools, families, and local authorities work together to increase the time spent outdoors, get adequate sleep, reduce the time spent staring at digital screens and develop scientific use of eye habits.
目的 了解绵阳科学城片区小学生近视前期患病率,分析其相关危险因素,为地方政府制定小学生近视防控政策提供参考。方法 2022 年 10 月,本课题组采用整群抽样的方法,对科学城片区 2278 名小学生进行了屈光度测试,获得了他们的视力水平。此外,我们还发放了调查问卷,以帮助我们找到与近视前期相关的风险因素。结果 科学城地区小学生近视患病率为 45.27%,其中男生为 43.82%,女生为 46.92%,男女生近视患病率差异无统计学意义(c2 =2.171,P=0.141)。多元逻辑回归分析表明,父母至少一方患有重度近视、每天户外活动时间少于 2 小时、睡眠不足、看电子屏幕超过 1 小时、读写姿势不正确是近视前期的主要风险因素。每天户外活动时间少于 2 小时、睡眠不足、每天看电子屏幕超过 1 小时以及读写姿势不正确均与近视度数呈正相关(P 值小于 0.05)。结论 科学城地区的小学生近视患病率较高。建议学生、学校、家庭和地方政府共同努力,增加户外活动时间,保证充足睡眠,减少盯着电子屏幕的时间,养成科学用眼习惯。
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引用次数: 0
Advancing Dynamic-Time Warp Techniques for Correcting Eye Tracking Data in Reading Source Code 在阅读源代码时推进用于修正眼动跟踪数据的动态时间扭曲技术
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-03-18 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.17.1.4
Naser Al Madi
Background: Automated eye tracking data correction algorithms such as Dynamic-Time Warp always made a trade-off between the ability to handle regressions (jumps back) and distortions (fixation drift). At the same time, eye movement in code reading is characterized by non-linearity and regressions. Objective: In this paper, we present a family of hybrid algorithms that aim to handles both regressions and distortions with high accuracy. Method: Through simulations with synthetic data we replicate known eye movement phenomena to assess our algorithms against Warp algorithm as a baseline. Furthermore, we utilize three real datasets to evaluate the algorithms in correcting data from reading source code and see if the proposed algorithms generalize to correcting data from reading natural language text. Results: Our results demonstrate that most proposed algorithms match or outperform baseline warp in correcting both synthetic and real data. Also, we show the prevalence of regressions in reading source code. Conclusion: Our results highlight our hybrid algorithms as an improvement to Dynamic-Time Warp in handling regressions with higher accuracy and better runtime.
背景:自动眼动跟踪数据校正算法(如动态时间扭曲)总是要在处理回归(回跳)和失真(定点漂移)的能力之间做出权衡。同时,读码时的眼球运动具有非线性和回归的特点。目标在本文中,我们提出了一系列混合算法,旨在高精度地处理回归和失真。方法:通过对合成数据的模拟,我们复制了已知的眼动现象,并以 Warp 算法为基准对我们的算法进行了评估。此外,我们还利用三个真实数据集来评估这些算法在校正源代码阅读数据方面的效果,并了解所提出的算法是否可用于校正自然语言文本阅读数据。结果我们的结果表明,在修正合成数据和真实数据时,大多数建议的算法都能与基线 warp 相匹敌,甚至优于基线 warp。此外,我们还显示了在阅读源代码时普遍存在的回归现象。结论我们的结果凸显了我们的混合算法在处理回归方面对动态时间 warp 的改进,具有更高的准确性和更好的运行时间。
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引用次数: 0
Predictive models of reading difficulties considering neuropsycholinguistic profiles of atypical and ADHD-inattentive type readers, and eye-tracking measures 阅读困难的预测模型:考虑非典型阅读者和多动症注意力不集中型阅读者的神经心理语言学特征以及眼动跟踪测量结果
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-29 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.16.4.6
Norberto Pereira, Maria Armanda Costa, Manuela Guerreiro
This study reports on several specific neurocognitive processes and eye-tracking predictors of reading outcomes for a sample of children with Developmental Dyslexia (DD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder – inattentive subtype (ADHD-I) compared to typical readers. Participants included 19 typical readers, 21 children diagnosed with ADHD-I and 19 children with DD. All participants were attending 4th grade and had a mean age of 9.08 years. The psycholinguistic profile of each group was assessed using a battery of neuropsychological and linguistic tests. Participants were submitted to a silent reading task with lexical manipulation of the text. Multinomial logistic regression was conducted to evaluate the predictive capability of developing dyslexia or ADHD-I based on the following measures: (a) a linguistic model that included measures of phonological awareness, rapid naming, and reading fluency and accuracy; (b) a cognitive neuropsychological model that included measures of memory, attention, visual processes, and cognitive or intellectual functioning, and (c) an additive model of lexical word properties with manipulation of word-frequency and word-length effects trough eye-tracking. The additive model in conjunction with the neuropsychological model classification improved the prediction of who develops dyslexia or ADHD-I having as baseline normal readers. Several of the neuropsychological and eye-tracking variables have power to predict the degree of reading outcomes in children with learning disabilities.
本研究报告了发育性阅读障碍(DD)和注意力缺陷/多动障碍--注意力不集中亚型(ADHD-I)儿童样本与典型阅读者相比的几种特定神经认知过程和眼动跟踪对阅读结果的预测。参与者包括 19 名典型阅读者、21 名被诊断患有 ADHD-I 的儿童和 19 名患有发展性阅读障碍的儿童。所有参与者均为四年级学生,平均年龄为 9.08 岁。我们通过一系列神经心理学和语言学测试评估了每组儿童的心理语言学特征。受试者接受了默读任务,并对文本进行了词汇操作。通过多项式逻辑回归,根据以下指标评估了患阅读障碍或多动症Ⅰ的预测能力:(a) 语言模型,包括语音意识、快速命名、阅读流畅性和准确性的测量;(b) 认知神经心理学模型,包括记忆、注意力、视觉过程、认知或智力功能的测量;(c) 词汇属性的加法模型,通过眼动跟踪对词频和词长效应进行处理。加法模型与神经心理学模型分类相结合,提高了对以正常读者为基线的阅读障碍或多动症Ⅰ患者的预测能力。一些神经心理学变量和眼动跟踪变量可以预测学习障碍儿童的阅读效果。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamics of eye dominance behavior in virtual reality 虚拟现实中眼睛支配行为的动态变化
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-28 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.17.3.2
Franziska Prummer, Ludwig Sidenmark, Hans Gellersen
Prior research has shown that sighting eye dominance is a dynamic behavior and dependent on horizontal viewing angle. Virtual reality (VR) offers high flexibility and control for studying eye movement and human behavior, yet eye dominance has not been given significant attention within this domain. In this work, we replicate Khan and Crawford’s (2001) original study in VR to confirm their findings within this specific context. Additionally, this study extends its scope to study alignment with objects presented at greater depth in the visual field. Our results align with previous results, remaining consistent when targets are presented at greater distances in the virtual scene. Using greater target distances presents opportunities to investigate alignment with objects at varying depths, providing greater flexibility for the design of methods that infer eye dominance from interaction in VR.
先前的研究表明,视线支配是一种动态行为,取决于水平视角。虚拟现实(VR)为研究眼球运动和人类行为提供了高度的灵活性和可控性,但在这一领域中,眼球优势还未受到重视。在本研究中,我们复制了 Khan 和 Crawford(2001 年)在虚拟现实中的原始研究,以证实他们在这一特定环境中的发现。此外,本研究还扩展了研究范围,以研究在视野中更深位置呈现的物体的对齐情况。我们的研究结果与之前的研究结果一致,当目标在虚拟场景中以更远的距离出现时,研究结果仍保持一致。使用更大的目标距离提供了研究与不同深度物体对齐的机会,为设计从 VR 交互中推断眼球主导地位的方法提供了更大的灵活性。
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引用次数: 0
SARS-CoV-2 infection impairs oculomotor functions: A longitudinal eye-tracking study SARS-CoV-2 感染会损害眼球运动功能:纵向眼动追踪研究
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-02-27 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.17.1.2
Xiaoting Duan, Zehao Huang, Shuai Zhang, Gancheng Zhu, Rong Wang, Zhiguo Wang
Although Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 infection (SARS-CoV-2) is primarily recognized as a respiratory disease, mounting evidence suggests that it may lead to neurological and cognitive impairments. The current study used three eye-tracking tasks (free-viewing, fixation, and smooth pursuit) to assess the oculomotor functions of mild infected cases over six months with symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected volunteers. Fifty symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected, and 24 self-reported healthy controls completed the eye-tracking tasks in an initial assessment. Then, 45, and 40 symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected completed the tasks at 2- and 6-months post-infection, respectively. In the initial assessment, symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected exhibited impairments in diverse eye movement metrics. Over the six months following infection, the infected reported overall improvement in health condition, except for self-perceived mental health. The eye movement patterns in the free-viewing task shifted toward a more focal processing mode and there was no significant improvement in fixation stability among the infected. A linear discriminant analysis shows that eye movement metrics could differentiate the infected from healthy controls with an accuracy of approximately 62%, even 6 months post-infection. These findings suggest that symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection may result in persistent impairments in oculomotor functions, and the employment of eye-tracking technology can offer valuable insights into both the immediate and long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Future studies should employ a more balanced research design and leverage advanced machine-learning methods to comprehensively investigate the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on oculomotor functions.
尽管严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒 2 型(SARS-CoV-2)感染主要被认为是一种呼吸系统疾病,但越来越多的证据表明它可能会导致神经和认知功能障碍。本研究使用了三种眼动跟踪任务(自由注视、固定和平滑追逐)来评估轻度感染病例与无症状 SARS-CoV-2 感染志愿者在六个月内的眼动功能。在初步评估中,50 名有症状的 SARS-CoV-2 感染者和 24 名自我报告的健康对照者完成了眼动跟踪任务。然后,分别有 45 名和 40 名有症状的 SARS-CoV-2 感染者在感染后 2 个月和 6 个月完成了任务。在最初的评估中,有症状的 SARS-CoV-2 感染者在各种眼球运动指标上表现出障碍。在感染后的 6 个月中,除自我感觉的心理健康外,感染者的总体健康状况有所改善。在自由观看任务中,感染者的眼球运动模式转向更集中的处理模式,而固定稳定性没有明显改善。线性判别分析显示,即使在感染后 6 个月,眼动指标也能以约 62% 的准确率将感染者与健康对照组区分开来。这些研究结果表明,有症状的 SARS-CoV-2 感染可能会导致持续性的眼球运动功能障碍,而眼动跟踪技术的应用可以为了解 SARS-CoV-2 感染的近期和长期影响提供有价值的信息。未来的研究应采用更均衡的研究设计,并利用先进的机器学习方法来全面调查 SARS-CoV-2 感染对眼球运动功能的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Selecting the appropriate speed for rotational elements in human-machine interfaces: A quantitative study 为人机界面中的旋转元素选择合适的速度:定量研究
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2024-01-29 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.17.1.1
Mu Tong, Shanguang Chen, Yu Zhang, Chengqi Xue
The motion of rotation, which served as a dynamic symbol within human-computer interfaces, has garnered extensive attention in interface and graphic design. This study aimed to establish speed benchmarks for interface design by exploring visual system preferences for the perception of both simple and complex rotating icons within the velocity range of 5-1800 degrees per second. The research conducted two experiments with 12 participants to examine the observers’ just noticeable difference in speed (JNDS) and perceived speed for rotational icons. Experiment one measured the JNDS over eight-speed levels using a constant stimulus method, achieving a range of 14.9-29%. Building on this, experiment two proposed a sequence of speeds within the given range and used a rating scale method to assess observers ' subjective perception of the speed series' rapidity. The findings indicated that speed increases impacted the ability to differentiate between speeds; key points for categorizing low, medium, and high speeds were identified at 10, 180, and 720 degrees/s, respectively. Shape complexity was found to modulate the visual system's perception of actual speed, such that at rotation speeds above 180 degrees/s, complex icons appeared to rotate faster than simpler ones. Most importantly, the study applied quantitative methods and metrology to interface design, offering a more scientific approach to the design workflow.
旋转运动是人机界面中的一种动态符号,在界面和图形设计中受到广泛关注。本研究旨在通过探索视觉系统对简单和复杂旋转图标在每秒 5-1800 度速度范围内的感知偏好,为界面设计建立速度基准。研究对 12 名参与者进行了两次实验,以考察观察者对旋转图标的刚察速度差(JNDS)和感知速度。实验一采用恒定刺激法测量了八个速度等级的速度刚察差,结果范围为 14.9%-29%。在此基础上,实验二提出了在给定范围内的速度序列,并使用评分表方法评估观察者对速度序列快速性的主观感知。研究结果表明,速度的增加会影响区分速度的能力;低速、中速和高速的关键点分别为 10 度/秒、180 度/秒和 720 度/秒。研究发现,形状的复杂程度会调节视觉系统对实际速度的感知,因此当旋转速度超过 180 度/秒时,复杂图标的旋转速度似乎比简单图标快。最重要的是,这项研究将定量方法和计量学应用到了界面设计中,为设计工作流程提供了更科学的方法。
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引用次数: 1
Determining Which Sine Wave Frequencies Correspond to Signal and Which Correspond to Noise in Eye-Tracking Time-Series. 确定眼动跟踪时间序列中哪些正弦波频率对应信号,哪些对应噪声。
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-12-31 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.14.3.5
Mehedi H Raju, Lee Friedman, Troy M Bouman, Oleg V Komogortsev

The Fourier theorem states that any time-series can be decomposed into a set of sinusoidal frequencies, each with its own phase and amplitude. The literature suggests that some frequencies are important to reproduce key qualities of eye-movements ("signal") and some of frequencies are not important ("noise"). To investigate what is signal and what is noise, we analyzed our dataset in three ways: (1) visual inspection of plots of saccade, microsaccade and smooth pursuit exemplars; (2) analysis of the percentage of variance accounted for (PVAF) in 1,033 unfiltered saccade trajectories by each frequency band; (3) analyzing the main sequence relationship between saccade peak velocity and amplitude, based on a power law fit. Visual inspection suggested that frequencies up to 75 Hz are required to represent microsaccades. Our PVAF analysis indicated that signals in the 0-25 Hz band account for nearly 100% of the variance in saccade trajectories. Power law coefficients (a, b) return to unfiltered levels for signals low-pass filtered at 75 Hz or higher. We conclude that to maintain eyemovement signal and reduce noise, a cutoff frequency of 75 Hz is appropriate. We explain why, given this finding, a minimum sampling rate of 750 Hz is suggested.

傅立叶定理指出,任何时间序列都可以分解成一组正弦频率,每个频率都有自己的相位和振幅。文献表明,有些频率对于再现眼球运动的关键特征非常重要("信号"),而有些频率则不重要("噪声")。为了研究什么是信号,什么是噪音,我们从三个方面分析了我们的数据集:(1)目测囊状动作、微小动作和平滑追随示例图;(2)分析 1,033 个未过滤囊状动作轨迹中每个频段所占的方差百分比(PVAF);(3)根据幂律拟合分析囊状动作峰值速度和振幅之间的主序关系。目测结果表明,需要高达 75 Hz 的频率才能代表微小累积。我们的 PVAF 分析表明,0-25 Hz 频段的信号几乎占囊回轨迹方差的 100%。对于 75 Hz 或更高频率的低通滤波信号,幂律系数(a、b)恢复到未滤波水平。我们的结论是,要保持眼动信号并减少噪音,75 Hz 的截止频率是合适的。我们解释了为什么鉴于这一结论,建议最低采样率为 750 赫兹。
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引用次数: 0
The impact of eye dominance on fixation stability in school-aged children. 眼睛优势对学龄儿童固定稳定性的影响。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-12-31 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.16.3.6
Evita Serpa, Madara Alecka, Ilze Ceple, Gunta Krumina, Aiga Svede, Evita Kassaliete, Viktorija Goliskina, Liva Volberga, Asnate Berzina, Rita Mikelsone, Elizabete Ozola, Daniela Toloka, Tomass Ruza, Anete Klavinska, Sofija Vasiljeva, Marija Koleda

The aim of the study was to analyze the stability of dominant and non-dominant eye fixations, as well as the influence of development on fixation stability. The study analyzed fixation stability in 280 school-age children, ranging in age from 7 to 12 years old. Fixation stability was determined by calculating the bivariate contour ellipse area (BCEA). During the fixation task, eye movements were recorded using the Tobii Pro Fusion eye tracking device at a 250 Hz sampling frequency. The results indicate that the fixation stability of dominant and non-dominant eyes, as well as the fixation stability of each eye regardless of dominance, improves as children grow older. It was found that for 7 and 8- year-old children, fixation in the dominant eye is significantly more stable than in the non-dominant eye, while in older children, there is no significant difference in fixation stability between the dominant and non-dominant eye.

该研究旨在分析优势眼和非优势眼固着的稳定性,以及发育对固着稳定性的影响。研究分析了 280 名学龄儿童的定点稳定性,他们的年龄从 7 岁到 12 岁不等。定点稳定性是通过计算双变量轮廓椭圆面积(BCEA)来确定的。在定点任务中,使用 Tobii Pro Fusion 眼动仪以 250 Hz 的采样频率记录眼球运动。结果表明,随着年龄的增长,儿童的优势眼和非优势眼的固视稳定性,以及不考虑优势眼的每只眼睛的固视稳定性都有所提高。研究发现,对于 7 和 8 岁的儿童来说,优势眼的固视稳定性明显高于非优势眼,而对于年龄较大的儿童来说,优势眼和非优势眼的固视稳定性没有明显差异。
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引用次数: 0
Pun processing in advertising posters: evidence from eye tracking. 广告海报中的惩罚处理:来自眼动跟踪的证据。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-12-31 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.16.3.5
Anastasiia Konovalova, Tatiana Petrova

This study examines the process of reading polycode advertising posters, focusing in particular on the effect of a pun in the headline. The pun, or a sequence of lexical items that can be perceived as ambiguous, is contained in the headline and different meanings of this sequence are supported by the picture and text. The results of the preliminary experiment showed that advertisements with puns are rated as more attractive, original, effective and positive compared to advertisements without puns. We hypothesized that puns in the headlines increase cognitive effort in processing posters, leading to higher evaluations. The main experiment tested this and examined differences in eye movement when reading posters with and without puns. Fifty-five Russian participants viewed advertisements while their eye movements were recorded. Our results showed no fundamental differences in the general pattern of viewing advertisement posters with and without puns. We found that readers start to perceive polycode advertisements from the text and spend more time reading the text than looking at an image. These findings shed light on how attention is distributed between verbal and non-verbal components of polycode texts, and which type of poster is more effective for information retrieval at different processing levels.

本研究探讨了多码广告海报的阅读过程,尤其关注标题中双关语的效果。标题中包含双关语,或一连串可被视为模棱两可的词条,而图片和文字则支持这一连串词条的不同含义。初步实验结果表明,与不带双关语的广告相比,带双关语的广告更有吸引力、更新颖、更有效、更积极。我们假设,标题中的双关语会增加处理海报时的认知努力,从而导致更高的评价。主要实验验证了这一假设,并研究了阅读有双关语和无双关语海报时眼球运动的差异。55 名俄罗斯参与者在观看广告的同时记录了他们的眼球运动。我们的结果表明,有双关语和没有双关语的广告海报的一般阅读模式没有本质区别。我们发现,读者从文字开始感知多义词广告,阅读文字的时间比看图片的时间多。这些发现揭示了注意力如何在多码文本的语言和非语言部分之间分配,以及哪种类型的海报在不同处理水平上对信息检索更有效。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Eye Movement Research
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