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Incorporation of prior knowledge and habits while solving anagrams. 结合先前的知识和习惯,解决字谜。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.5.5
Jesse Murray, Andrew Sutter, Angelia Lobifaro, Graham Cousens, Minjoon Kouh

Games and puzzles provide a valuable context for examining human problemsolving behavior. We recorded and analyzed the sequence of letters viewed by the participants of our study while they were solving anagram puzzles. The goal was to examine and understand how people's linguistic habits and prior knowledge influenced their eye movements. The main findings of this study are: (1) People's stereotypical habit of scanning (e.g., adjacent or top viewing) strongly influences their solution-seeking behavior. (2) People tend to incorporate their prior knowledge of letter statistics in a reasonable way, such as looking less frequently at letter combinations that are uncommon in the English language.

游戏和谜题为研究人类解决问题的行为提供了一个有价值的背景。我们记录并分析了研究参与者在解决字谜时看到的字母顺序。目的是研究和理解人们的语言习惯和先验知识是如何影响他们的眼球运动的。本研究的主要发现有:(1)人们的刻板扫视习惯(如邻视或顶视)强烈影响他们的解决方案寻求行为。(2)人们倾向于以一种合理的方式整合他们对字母统计的先验知识,例如不太频繁地查看英语中不常见的字母组合。
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引用次数: 0
Book of Abstracts of the 21th European Conference on Eye Movements in Leicester 2022. 莱斯特2022年第21届欧洲眼动会议摘要。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.5.2
Victoria McGowan, Ascensión Pagán, Kevin B Paterson, David Souto, Rudolf Groner

Contents Keynotes: Iain Gilchrist: Integrative Active Vision p 5 Ziad Hafed: A Vision for orienting in Primate Oculomotor Control Circuitry p 6 Fatema Ghasia: Miniscule Eye Movements Play a Major Role in Binocular Vision Disorders p.7 Miriam Spering: Eye Movements as a Window into Human Decision-Making p.8 Monica S. Castelhano: Explorations of how Scene Context and Previous Experience Dynamically Influence Attention and Eye Movement Guidance p.9   Symposia: Eye Tracking and the Visual Arts p.19 Eye Movements during Text Processing and Multiline Reading p.23 Unstable Fixation and Nystagmus with a Focus on the Next Generation of Researchers p.84 Eye Movements as a measure of Higher-Level Text Processing p.97 Eye Movements in Memory Processes Between Working Memory and Long-Term Memory p.178 Symposium to Honour Alexander Pollatsek's Legacy to Eye Movement Research p.204   Talks: Reading p.30 Parafoveal Processing p.36 Cinical and Applied p.39 Visual Search p.92 Eye Movement Control in Reading I & II p.104 & 116 & 225 Reading Development p.110 Decision-Making p.122 Eye-tracking Methods p.128 Real World and Virtual Reality p.134 Chinese Reading p.185 Special Populations p.191 Visuo-motor p.195 Bilingual Reading p.201 & 217 Reading Comprehension p.219 Pupillometry p.235   Poster sessions: Attention p.44 & 139 Cognition p. 49 Visuo-Motor p.62 Memory p.145 Methods p.150 Reading p. 57 & 155 Real World p.169 Social Cognition p.173.

主题演讲:Iain Gilchrist:综合主动视觉5 Ziad Hafed:灵长类动物眼动控制电路中的定向视觉6 Fatema Ghasia:微小的眼动在双目视觉障碍中发挥重要作用p.7Miriam Spering:眼动作为人类决策的窗口,第8页Monica S. Castelhano:探索场景背景和先前经验如何动态影响注意力和眼球运动指导p.9专题讨论会:眼动追踪和视觉艺术,第19页文本处理与多行阅读中的眼球运动[j]不稳定的固定和眼球震颤与下一代研究的焦点p.84眼动作为高级文本处理的衡量标准p.97工作记忆和长期记忆之间的记忆过程中的眼动p.178纪念亚历山大·波拉采克对眼动研究的贡献研讨会,第204页演讲:阅读第30页第36页临床与应用第39页视觉搜索p.92阅读I & II的眼动控制,第104 & 116 & 225页,阅读发展,第110页决策p.122眼动追踪方法第128页现实世界和虚拟现实p.134中文阅读p.185特殊人群p.191付诸p.195双语阅读p.201 & 217阅读理解p.219瞳孔测量法p.235海报会议:注意力第44页和139页认知第49页视觉运动第62页内存p.145方法p.150阅读第57和155页,真实世界第169页社会认知p.173。
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引用次数: 1
The pupil near response is short lasting and intact in virtual reality head mounted displays. 在虚拟现实头戴式显示器中,瞳孔近距离反应持续时间短且完整。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.3.6
Hidde Pielage, Adriana A Zekveld, Sjors van de Ven, Sophia E Kramer, Marnix Naber

The pupil of the eye constricts when moving focus from an object further away to an object closer by. This is called the pupil near response, which typically occurs together with accommodation and vergence responses. When immersed in virtual reality mediated through a head-mounted display, this triad is disrupted by the vergence-accommodation conflict. However, it is not yet clear if the disruption also affects the pupil near response. Two experiments were performed to assess this. The first experiment had participants follow a target that first appeared at a far position and then moved to either a near position (far-to-near; FN) or to another far position (far-to-far; FF). The second experiment had participants follow a target that jumped between five positions, which was repeated at several distances. Experiment 1 showed a greater pupil constriction amplitude for FN trials, compared to FF trials, suggesting that the pupil near response is intact in head-mounted display mediated virtual reality. Experiment 2 did not find that average pupil dilation differed when fixating targets at different distances, suggesting that the pupil near response is transient and does not result in sustained pupil size changes.

当焦点从较远的物体移到较近的物体时,眼睛的瞳孔会收缩。这被称为瞳孔附近反应,它通常与调节和收敛反应一起发生。当沉浸在通过头戴式显示器介导的虚拟现实中时,这种三位一体被收敛-适应冲突打乱。然而,目前尚不清楚这种干扰是否也会影响瞳孔近距离反应。进行了两个实验来评估这一点。第一个实验让参与者跟随一个目标,这个目标首先出现在一个很远的位置,然后移动到一个近的位置(从远到近;FN)或到另一个较远的位置(远到远;FF)。第二个实验让参与者跟随一个在五个位置之间跳跃的目标,这个目标在几个距离上重复。实验1显示,与FF试验相比,FN试验的瞳孔收缩幅度更大,这表明在头戴式显示器介导的虚拟现实中,瞳孔近距离反应是完整的。实验2没有发现不同距离注视目标时平均瞳孔扩张有差异,说明瞳孔近距离反应是短暂的,不会导致瞳孔大小的持续变化。
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引用次数: 0
A Meta-analysis on the Effect of Expertise on Eye Movements during Music Reading. 专业知识对音乐阅读时眼球运动影响的meta分析。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.4.1
Joris Perra, Alice Latimier, Bénédicte Poulin-Charronnat, Thierry Baccino, Véronique Drai-Zerbib

The current meta-analysis was conducted on 12 studies comparing the eye movements of expert versus non-expert musicians and attempted to determine which eye movement measures are expertise dependent during music reading. The total dataset of 61 comparisons was divided into four subsets, each concerning one eye-movement variable (i.e., fixation duration, number of fixations, saccade amplitude, and gaze duration). We used a variance estimation method to aggregate the effect sizes. The results support the robust finding of reduced fixation duration in expert musicians (Subset 1, g = -0.72). Due to low statistical power because of limited effect sizes, the results on the number of fixations, saccade amplitude, and gaze duration were not reliable. We conducted meta-regression analyses to determine potential moderators of the effect of expertise on eye movements (i.e., definition of experimental groups, type of musical task performed, type of musical material used or tempo control). Moderator analyses did not yield any reliable results. The need for consistency in the experimental methodology is discussed.

当前的荟萃分析对12项研究进行了比较,比较了专家和非专业音乐家的眼球运动,并试图确定在音乐阅读过程中哪些眼球运动是专业依赖的。61个比较数据集被分为四个子集,每个子集涉及一个眼动变量(即注视时间、注视次数、扫视幅度和凝视时间)。我们使用方差估计方法来汇总效应大小。结果支持专家音乐家的注视时间缩短的强有力的发现(子集1,g = -0.72)。由于效应量有限,统计能力较低,注视次数、扫视幅度和凝视持续时间的结果不可靠。我们进行了meta回归分析,以确定专业知识对眼球运动影响的潜在调节因素(即实验组的定义、执行的音乐任务类型、使用的音乐材料类型或节奏控制)。慢化剂分析没有产生任何可靠的结果。讨论了实验方法一致性的必要性。
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引用次数: 2
Perception of Emotion and Postural Stability Control at Different Distances. 不同距离下情绪知觉与姿势稳定性控制。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.4.6
Soufien Chikh, Salma Charrada, Eric Watelain

The effect of emotion on postural control has been widely demonstrated in the literature. Postural control also depends on the distance that separates the subject from the observed stimulus. This work examines (i) the effect of distance on the perception of emotional stimuli and (ii) its effect on postural control. Sixty-eight women were asked to maintain orthostatic equilibrium under three emotional conditions (positive, negative, and neutral) at four distances (0.5 m, 2.1 m, 6 m, and 10 m). The findings showed that the perception of emotions was not influenced by distance but was influenced by valence and intensity, and that postural control was not influenced by emotional valence but by distance, with reduced oscillation amplitudes at 0.5 m distance. The perception of the image (valence and intensity) depended on the content, but not on the distance, and the presentation of emotional images tended to activate the defensive system, regardless of the emotional content. The center of pressure sway amplitude increased with an eye-object distance of up to 6 m (role of vision). The perception of the emotional effect was not linked to the distance effect on the postural control of women in static positions.

情绪对姿势控制的影响已在文献中得到广泛证实。姿势控制也取决于受试者与观察到的刺激物之间的距离。本研究考察了(i)距离对情绪刺激感知的影响以及(ii)距离对姿势控制的影响。68名女性被要求在4个距离(0.5 m、2.1 m、6 m和10 m)下,在3种情绪状态(积极、消极和中性)下保持直立平衡。研究结果表明,情绪感知不受距离的影响,但受效价和强度的影响;姿势控制不受效价的影响,但受距离的影响,在0.5 m距离处振荡幅度减小。对图像的知觉(效价和强度)依赖于图像的内容,而不依赖于距离;而情感图像的呈现倾向于激活防御系统,而与情感内容无关。当眼-物距离达到6 m时,压力中心波动幅度增大(视觉作用)。对于处于静止姿势的女性来说,对情绪影响的感知与距离对姿势控制的影响无关。
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引用次数: 0
Review on Eye-Hand Span in Sight-Reading of Music. 音乐视读中手眼跨度研究述评。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-11-11 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.14.4.4
Joris Perra, Bénédicte Poulin-Charronnat, Thierry Baccino, Véronique Drai-Zerbib

In a sight-reading task, the position of the eyes on the score is generally further ahead than the note being produced by the instrument. This anticipation allows musicians to identify the upcoming notes and possible difficulties and to plan their gestures accordingly. The eye-hand span (EHS) corresponds to this offset between the eye and the hand and measures the distance or latency between an eye fixation on the score and the production of the note on the instrument. While EHS is mostly quite short, the variation in its size can depend on multiple factors. EHS increases in line with the musician's expertise level, diminishes as a function of the complexity of the score and can vary depending on the context in which it is played. By summarizing the main factors that affect EHS and the methodologies used in this field of study, the present review of the literature highlights the fact that a) to ensure effective sight reading, the EHS must be adaptable and optimized in size (neither too long not too short), with the best sight readers exhibiting a high level of perceptual flexibility in adapting their span to the complexity of the score; b) it is important to interpret EHS in the light of the specificities of the score, given that it varies so much both within and between scores; and c) the flexibility of EHS can be a good indicator of the perceptual and cognitive capacities of musicians, showing that a musician's gaze can be attracted early by a complexity in a still distant part of the score. These various points are discussed in the light of the literature on music-reading expertise. Promising avenues of research using the eye tracking method are proposed in order to further our knowledge of the construction of an expertise that requires multisensory integration.

在视读任务中,眼睛在乐谱上的位置通常比乐器发出的音符更靠前。这种预判使音乐家能够识别即将到来的音符和可能的困难,并相应地计划他们的手势。眼手间距(EHS)对应于眼睛和手之间的偏移量,并测量眼睛注视乐谱与乐器上的音符产生之间的距离或延迟。虽然EHS大多相当短,但其大小的变化可能取决于多种因素。EHS随着音乐家的专业水平而增加,随着乐谱的复杂性而减少,并且可以根据演奏的背景而变化。通过总结影响EHS的主要因素和该研究领域使用的方法,本文献综述强调了以下事实:a)为了确保有效的视景阅读,EHS必须具有适应性和优化的大小(既不太长也不太短),最好的视景读者在适应分数的复杂性方面表现出高度的感知灵活性;b)考虑到分数内部和分数之间的差异很大,根据分数的特殊性来解释EHS是很重要的;c) EHS的灵活性可以很好地反映音乐家的感知和认知能力,表明音乐家的目光可以很早就被乐谱中遥远部分的复杂性所吸引。这些不同的观点是根据文献的音乐阅读专业知识进行讨论。为了进一步了解需要多感官整合的专业知识的构建,提出了使用眼动追踪方法的有前途的研究途径。
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引用次数: 6
Multimodality During Fixation - Part II: Evidence for Multimodality in Spatial Precision-Related Distributions and Impact on Precision Estimates. 固定过程中的多模态。第二部分:空间精度相关分布中的多模态的证据和对精度估计的影响。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-10-28 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.14.3.4
Lee Friedman, Timothy Hanson, Oleg V Komogortsev

This paper is a follow-on to our earlier paper (7), which focused on the multimodality of angular offsets. This paper applies the same analysis to the measurement of spatial precision. Following the literature, we refer these measurements as estimates of device precision, but, in fact, subject characteristics clearly affect the measurements. One typical measure of the spatial precision of an eye-tracking device is the standard deviation (SD) of the position signals (horizontal and vertical) during a fixation. The SD is a highly interpretable measure of spread if the underlying error distribution is unimodal and normal. However, in the context of an underlying multimodal distribution, the SD is less interpretable. We will present evidence that the majority of such distributions are multimodal (68-70% strongly multimodal). Only 21-23% of position distributions were unimodal. We present an alternative method for measuring precision that is appropriate for both unimodal and multimodal distributions. This alternative method produces precision estimates that are substantially smaller than classic measures. We present illustrations of both unimodality and multimodality with either drift or a microsaccade present during fixation. At present, these observations apply only to the EyeLink 1000, and the subjects evaluated herein.

这篇论文是我们之前的论文(7)的后续,该论文关注的是角偏移的多模态。本文将同样的分析应用于空间精度的测量。根据文献,我们将这些测量值称为设备精度的估计,但实际上,受试者特征明显影响测量值。眼动追踪设备空间精度的一个典型度量是注视过程中位置信号(水平和垂直)的标准偏差(SD)。如果潜在的误差分布是单峰和正态的,标准差是一种高度可解释的传播度量。然而,在潜在的多模态分布的背景下,SD的可解释性较差。我们将提供证据表明,大多数这样的分布是多模态的(68-70%的强多模态)。只有21-23%的位置分布是单峰分布。我们提出了一种测量精度的替代方法,适用于单峰和多峰分布。这种替代方法产生的精度估计比经典测量结果小得多。我们提出了单模态和多模态的插图,在固定期间存在漂移或微跳变。目前,这些观察结果仅适用于EyeLink 1000和本文评估的受试者。
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引用次数: 3
Silent versus Reading Out Loud modes: An eye-tracking study. 无声模式与大声朗读模式:一项眼动追踪研究。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-10-21 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.14.2.1
Ioannis Smyrnakis, Vassilios Andreadakis, Andriani Rina, Nadia Bοufachrentin, Ioannis M Aslanides

The main purpose of this study is to compare the silent and loud reading ability of typical and dyslexic readers, using eye-tracking technology to monitor the reading process. The participants (156 students of normal intelligence) were first divided into three groups based on their school grade, and each subgroup was then further separated into typical readers and students diagnosed with dyslexia. The students read the same text twice, one time silently and one time out loud. Various eye-tracking parameters were calculated for both types of reading. In general, the performance of the typical students was better for both modes of reading - regardless of age. In the older age groups, typical readers performed better at silent reading. The dyslexic readers in all age groups performed better at reading out loud. However, this was less prominent in secondary and upper secondary dyslexics, reflecting a slow shift towards silent reading mode as they age. Our results confirm that the eye-tracking parameters of dyslexics improve with age in both silent and loud reading, and their reading preference shifts slowly towards silent reading. Typical readers, before 4th grade do not show a clear reading mode preference, however, after that age they develop a clear preference for silent reading.

本研究的主要目的是比较典型和阅读障碍读者的无声和大声阅读能力,使用眼动追踪技术来监测阅读过程。参与者(156名智力正常的学生)首先根据他们的学校成绩被分为三组,然后每个亚组被进一步分为典型的读者和被诊断为阅读障碍的学生。学生们把同一篇课文读了两遍,一次默读,一次大声朗读。针对这两种类型的阅读计算了各种眼睛跟踪参数。总的来说,无论年龄大小,典型学生在这两种阅读模式下的表现都更好。在年龄较大的群体中,典型的读者在默读方面表现更好。所有年龄组的阅读障碍读者在大声朗读方面表现更好。然而,这在中等和高中阅读障碍患者中并不突出,反映出随着年龄的增长,他们慢慢转向无声阅读模式。我们的研究结果证实,在无声阅读和大声阅读中,阅读障碍者的眼动追踪参数都随着年龄的增长而改善,他们的阅读偏好慢慢向无声阅读转变。典型的读者,在四年级之前并没有表现出明显的阅读模式偏好,但在四年级之后,他们对无声阅读产生了明显的偏好。
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引用次数: 4
Visual scanpath training to emotional faces following severe traumatic brain injury: A single case design. 严重创伤性脑损伤后情绪面部的视觉扫描路径训练:单一案例设计。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-10-21 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.14.4.6
Suzane Vassallo, Jacinta Douglas

The visual scanpath to emotional facial expressions was recorded in BR, a 35-year-old male with chronic severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), both before and after he underwent intervention. The novel intervention paradigm combined visual scanpath training with verbal feedback and was implemented over a 3-month period using a single case design (AB) with one follow up session. At baseline BR's scanpath was restricted, characterised by gaze allocation primarily to salient facial features on the right side of the face stimulus. Following intervention his visual scanpath became more lateralised, although he continued to demonstrate an attentional bias to the right side of the face stimulus. This study is the first to demonstrate change in both the pattern and the position of the visual scanpath to emotional faces following intervention in a person with chronic severe TBI. In addition, these findings extend upon our previous work to suggest that modification of the visual scanpath through targeted facial feature training can support improved facial recognition performance in a person with severe TBI.

对35岁慢性严重创伤性脑损伤(TBI)患者BR进行干预前后的情绪面部表情视觉扫描路径进行记录。新的干预模式将视觉扫描路径训练与口头反馈相结合,采用单病例设计(AB),并进行了为期3个月的随访。在基线时,脑电的扫描路径是受限的,其特征是凝视主要分配到面部刺激右侧的显著面部特征。干预后,他的视觉扫描路径变得更加偏侧,尽管他继续表现出对面部刺激右侧的注意偏向。这项研究首次证明了在慢性严重脑外伤患者进行干预后,情绪面部的视觉扫描路径的模式和位置发生了变化。此外,这些发现扩展了我们之前的工作,表明通过有针对性的面部特征训练来修改视觉扫描路径可以支持改善严重TBI患者的面部识别性能。
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引用次数: 2
Eye Movements during Dynamic Scene Viewing are Affected by Visual Attention Skills and Events of the Scene: Evidence from First-Person Shooter Gameplay Videos. 动态场景观看过程中的眼球运动受到视觉注意技能和场景事件的影响:来自第一人称射击游戏玩法视频的证据
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-10-21 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.14.2.3
Suvi K Holm, Tuomo Häikiö, Konstantin Olli, Johanna K Kaakinen

The role of individual differences during dynamic scene viewing was explored. Participants (N=38) watched a gameplay video of a first-person shooter (FPS) videogame while their eye movements were recorded. In addition, the participants' skills in three visual attention tasks (attentional blink, visual search, and multiple object tracking) were assessed. The results showed that individual differences in visual attention tasks were associated with eye movement patterns observed during viewing of the gameplay video. The differences were noted in four eye movement measures: number of fixations, fixation durations, saccade amplitudes and fixation distances from the center of the screen. The individual differences showed during specific events of the video as well as during the video as a whole. The results highlight that an unedited, fast-paced and cluttered dynamic scene can bring about individual differences in dynamic scene viewing.

探讨了个体差异在动态场景观看中的作用。38名参与者观看了第一人称射击游戏(FPS)的游戏视频,同时记录了他们的眼球运动。此外,还评估了参与者在三个视觉注意任务(注意眨眼、视觉搜索和多目标跟踪)中的技能。结果显示,视觉注意力任务的个体差异与观看游戏视频时观察到的眼球运动模式有关。在四项眼动测量中发现了差异:注视次数、注视持续时间、扫视幅度和距屏幕中心的注视距离。个体差异不仅表现在视频的特定事件中,也表现在整个视频中。结果表明,未经编辑的、快节奏的、杂乱的动态场景会导致动态场景观看的个体差异。
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引用次数: 4
期刊
Journal of Eye Movement Research
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