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Why 2D layout in 3D images matters: evidence from visual search and eyetracking. 为什么3D图像中的2D布局很重要:视觉搜索和眼动追踪的证据
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-03-31 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.16.1.4
Linda Krauze, Mara Delesa-Velina, Tatjana Pladere, Gunta Krumina

Precise perception of three-dimensional (3D) images is crucial for a rewarding experience when using novel displays. However, the capability of the human visual system to perceive binocular disparities varies across the visual field meaning that depth perception might be affected by the two-dimensional (2D) layout of items on the screen. Nevertheless, potential difficulties in perceiving 3D images during free viewing have received only a little attention so far, limiting opportunities to enhance visual effectiveness of information presentation. The aim of this study was to elucidate how the 2D layout of items in 3D images impacts visual search and distribution of maintaining attention based on the analysis of the viewer's gaze. Participants were searching for a target which was projected one plane closer to the viewer compared to distractors on a multi-plane display. The 2D layout of items was manipulated by changing the item distance from the center of the display plane from 2° to 8°. As a result, the targets were identified correctly when the items were displayed close to the center of the display plane, however, the number of errors grew with an increase in distance. Moreover, correct responses were given more often when subjects paid more attention to targets compared to other items on the screen. However, a more balanced distribution of attention over time across all items was characteristic of the incorrectly completed trials. Thus, our results suggest that items should be displayed close to each other in a 2D layout to facilitate precise perception of 3D images and considering distribution of attention maintenance based on eye-tracking might be useful in the objective assessment of user experience for novel displays.

当使用新颖的显示器时,对三维(3D)图像的精确感知对于获得有益的体验至关重要。然而,人类视觉系统感知双眼视差的能力在整个视野中变化,这意味着深度感知可能受到屏幕上项目的二维(2D)布局的影响。然而,到目前为止,在自由观看过程中感知3D图像的潜在困难只受到了很少的关注,限制了提高信息呈现视觉效果的机会。本研究的目的是基于对观看者凝视的分析,阐明3D图像中物品的2D布局如何影响视觉搜索和保持注意力的分布。参与者正在寻找一个目标,与多平面显示器上的干扰物相比,该目标投影在离观众更近的一个平面上。通过将项目与显示平面中心的距离从2°更改为8°来操作项目的2D布局。结果,当项目显示在显示平面的中心附近时,目标被正确识别,然而,错误的数量随着距离的增加而增加。此外,与屏幕上的其他项目相比,当受试者更关注目标时,会更频繁地给出正确的回答。然而,随着时间的推移,注意力在所有项目上的分布更加平衡,这是错误完成试验的特点。因此,我们的结果表明,项目应该在2D布局中彼此靠近地显示,以促进对3D图像的精确感知,并且考虑基于眼睛跟踪的注意力维持的分布可能有助于客观评估新型显示器的用户体验。
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引用次数: 0
Flipping the world upside down: Using eye tracking in virtual reality to study visual search in inverted scenes. 颠倒世界:利用虚拟现实中的眼动追踪技术研究倒置场景中的视觉搜索。
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-03-31 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.3.5
Julia Beitner, Jason Helbing, Dejan Draschkow, Erwan J David, Melissa L-H Võ

Image inversion is a powerful tool for investigating cognitive mechanisms of visual perception. However, studies have mainly used inversion in paradigms presented on twodimensional computer screens. It remains open whether disruptive effects of inversion also hold true in more naturalistic scenarios. In our study, we used scene inversion in virtual reality in combination with eye tracking to investigate the mechanisms of repeated visual search through three-dimensional immersive indoor scenes. Scene inversion affected all gaze and head measures except fixation durations and saccade amplitudes. Our behavioral results, surprisingly, did not entirely follow as hypothesized: While search efficiency dropped significantly in inverted scenes, participants did not utilize more memory as measured by search time slopes. This indicates that despite the disruption, participants did not try to compensate the increased difficulty by using more memory. Our study highlights the importance of investigating classical experimental paradigms in more naturalistic scenarios to advance research on daily human behavior.

图像反转是研究视觉感知认知机制的有力工具。然而,研究主要是在二维计算机屏幕上呈现的范例中使用反转。反转的破坏性效果是否也适用于更自然的场景,这仍然是一个未知数。在我们的研究中,我们利用虚拟现实中的场景反转与眼动跟踪相结合的方法,研究了在三维沉浸式室内场景中重复视觉搜索的机制。除了固定持续时间和囊状移动幅度外,场景反转影响了所有凝视和头部测量。令人惊讶的是,我们的行为结果并不完全符合假设:虽然在倒置场景中搜索效率明显下降,但根据搜索时间斜率的测量,参与者并没有利用更多的记忆。这表明,尽管出现了干扰,但参与者并没有试图通过使用更多记忆来补偿增加的难度。我们的研究强调了在更自然的场景中研究经典实验范式对于推动人类日常行为研究的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Visual search patterns for multilingual word search puzzles, a pilot study. 多语言文字搜索谜题的视觉搜索模式,一个试点研究
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-03-31 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.16.1.6
Tanya Beelders

Word search puzzles are recognized as a valid word recognition task. Eye gaze patterns have been investigated during visual search and reading, but the word search puzzle requires both searching and word recognition. This paper will discuss findings from an eye-tracking study of word search puzzles in three languages, of varying fluency for the participants. Results indicated that participants employ a search strategy that is somewhat dependent on language fluency and varies from a rigid, structured search pattern to randomly searching for a target word. The majority of gaze measurements are not significantly influenced by either word length or fluency of presented language, although mean fixation durations are longer for shorter words.

单词搜索谜题被认为是一项有效的单词识别任务。人们已经在视觉搜索和阅读过程中研究了眼睛的凝视模式,但单词搜索难题需要搜索和单词识别。本文将讨论一项对三种语言单词搜索谜题的眼动追踪研究结果,参与者的流利程度各不相同。结果表明,参与者采用的搜索策略在一定程度上取决于语言流利程度,从僵化的结构化搜索模式到随机搜索目标词。大多数凝视测量不受单词长度或所呈现语言的流利性的显著影响,尽管较短单词的平均注视持续时间较长。
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引用次数: 0
An eye tracking study of the application of gestalt theory in photography. 格式塔理论在摄影中应用的眼动追踪研究
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2023-03-31 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.16.1.5
Hsien-Chih Chuang, Han-Yi Tseng, Da-Lun Tang

Photography is an art form where integration of the human visual perception and psychological experiences result in aesthetic pleasure. This research utilizes eye tracking to explore the impact of the properties of Gestalt in photography on people's visual cognitive process in order to understand the psychological processes and patterns of photography appreciation. This study found that images with Gestalt qualities can significantly affect fixation, sightline distribution, and subjective evaluation of aesthetics and complexity. Closure composition images seem to make cognition simpler, resulting in the least number of fixation and saccades, longer fixation duration, and more concentrated sightline indicating stronger feeling of beauty, while images which portray similarity results in the greatest fixation and saccades, longest saccade duration, and greater scattering of sightline, indicating feelings of complexity and unsightliness. The results of this research are closely related to the theories of art and design, and have reference value for photography theory and application.

摄影是一种将人的视觉感受与心理体验相结合而产生审美快感的艺术形式。本研究利用眼动追踪的方法,探讨摄影中格式塔的属性对人们视觉认知过程的影响,以期了解摄影欣赏的心理过程和模式。本研究发现,具有格式塔特质的影像能显著影响注视、视线分布、审美和复杂性的主观评价。闭合构图图像似乎使认知更简单,注视和扫视次数最少,注视时间更长,视线更集中,美感更强;而描绘相似的图像,注视和扫视次数最多,扫视时间最长,视线更分散,复杂和不美观的感觉。本研究的结果与艺术设计理论密切相关,对摄影理论和应用具有参考价值。
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引用次数: 0
Introduction to Special Thematic Issue, part 2 "Microsaccades: Empirical Research and Methodological Advances". 专题特刊第2部分“微观发展:实证研究与方法论进展”导言
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-03-25 eCollection Date: 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.13.5.1
Rudolf Groner

Microsaccades are at the interface between basic oculomotor phenomena and complex processes of cognitive functioning, and they also have been a challenge for subtle experimentation and adequate statistical analysis. In the second part of the special thematic issue (for the first part see  4) the authors present a series of articles which demonstrate that microsaccades are still an interesting and rewarding area of scientific research the forefront of research in many areas of sensory, perceptual, and cognitive processes.. In their article "Pupillary and microsaccadic responses to cognitive effort and emotional arousal during complex decision making" Krejtz, Żurawska, Duchowski, & Wichary (1) investigate pupillary and microsaccadic responses to information processing during multi-attribute decision making under affective priming. The participants were randomly assigned into three affective priming conditions (neutral, aversive, and erotic) and instructed to make discriminative decisions. As hypothesized by the authors, the results showed microsaccadic rate inhibition and pupillary dilation, depending on cognitive effort prior to decision and moderated by affective priming. Aversive priming increased pupillary and microsaccadic responses to information processing effort. The results indicate that pupillary response is more influenced by affective priming than microsaccadic rate. The results are discussed in the light of neuropsychological mechanisms of pupillary and microsaccadic behavior. In the article "Microsaccadic rate signatures correlate under monocular and binocular stimulation conditions" Essig, Leube, Rifai, & Wahl (2020) investigate microsaccades with respect to their directional distribution and rate under monocular and binocular conditions. In both stimulation conditions participants fixated a Gabor patch presented randomly in orientation of 45° or 135° over a wide range of spatial frequencies. Microsaccades were mostly horizontally oriented regardless of the spatial frequency of the grating. This outcome was consistent between both stimulation conditions. This study found that the microsaccadic rate signature curve correlates between both stimulation conditions, therefore extending the use of microsaccades to clinical applications, since parameters as contrast sensitivity, have frequently been measured monocularly in the clinical studies. The study "Microsaccades during high speed continuous visual search" by Martin, Davis, Riesenhuber, & Thorpe (3) provides an analysis of the microsaccades occurring during visual search, targeting to small faces pasted either into cluttered background photos or into a simple gray background.  Participants were instructed to target singular 3-degree upright or inverted faces in changing scenes.  As soon as the participant's gaze reached the target face, a new face was displayed in a different random location.  Regardless of the experimental context (e.g. background scene, no background scene), o

微扫视处于基本的动眼力现象和复杂的认知功能过程之间的界面,也是精细实验和充分统计分析的挑战。在专题问题的第二部分(第一部分见Martinez-Conde, Engbert, & Groner, 2020),作者提出了一系列文章,这些文章表明微跳仍然是一个有趣且有益的科学研究领域,是感官,知觉和认知过程的许多领域的研究前沿。Krejtz, Żurawska, Duchowski, & Wichary(2020)在他们的文章“复杂决策过程中对认知努力和情绪唤醒的瞳孔和微眼动反应”中研究了情感启动下多属性决策过程中瞳孔和微眼动对信息处理的反应。参与者被随机分配到三种情感启动条件下(中性、厌恶和色情),并被指示做出歧视性的决定。正如作者假设的那样,结果显示微眼球速率抑制和瞳孔扩张取决于决策前的认知努力,并受到情感启动的调节。厌恶启动增加了瞳孔和微眼球对信息处理努力的反应。结果表明,情感启动对瞳孔反应的影响大于微跳率。从瞳孔和微眼球行为的神经心理学机制角度讨论了这些结果。Essig, Leube, Rifai, & Wahl(2020)在文章“微跳频特征在单眼和双眼刺激条件下相关”中研究了微跳频在单眼和双眼条件下的方向分布和速率。在这两种刺激条件下,参与者都盯着一个Gabor贴片,该贴片在广泛的空间频率范围内以45°或135°的方向随机呈现。无论光栅的空间频率如何,微跳波大多是水平取向的。这一结果在两种刺激条件下是一致的。本研究发现,微跳率特征曲线在两种刺激条件之间存在相关性,因此将微跳的使用扩展到临床应用,因为在临床研究中,作为对比灵敏度的参数经常是单目测量的。Martin, Davis, Riesenhuber, & Thorpe(2020)的研究“高速连续视觉搜索期间的微眼跳”分析了视觉搜索期间发生的微眼跳,目标是粘贴在杂乱背景照片或简单灰色背景中的小面孔。参与者被要求在不断变化的场景中瞄准单一的3度直立或倒置的脸。一旦参与者的目光到达目标脸,一张新脸就会在不同的随机位置显示出来。无论实验环境如何(例如背景场景,没有背景场景),或目标偏心(从4到20度的视角),作者发现微跳率在12毫秒内下降到接近零的水平。在刺激开始后和第一次扫视到面部之前,几乎没有任何微扫视。在大约20%的试验中,在前一次眼跳偏移后几乎立即出现了一次微眼跳。作者认为,需要通过处理刺激的视觉层次的单一前馈传递来实现长时间的连续视觉搜索,并提供了微扫视在连续视觉搜索过程中具有纠正扫视或实现任务导向目标等感知功能的证据。虽然许多研究描述了眼球在注视过程中的运动,包括微跳,但在大多数情况下,只记录和分析了水平和垂直分量。人们对微跃动的扭转成分知之甚少。Sadeghpour & Otero-Millan(2020)在“注视和光动力刺激下的快速阶段微跳的扭转成分”研究中记录了在注视和扭转光动力刺激期间围绕三个旋转轴的眼球运动。作者发现,固定期间微眼跳扭转分量的平均振幅为0.34±0.07度,速度遵循主序列,斜率与水平和垂直分量相当。微跳时的扭转位移大小与水平分量相关,而与垂直分量无关。与固定刺激时产生的微跳相比,在光动力刺激下眼球震颤产生更频繁和更大的扭转快速相。快速相位的扭转分量和垂直辐合分量随速度的增加而增大。 在以往的研究中,微跳被解释为任务负荷的心理生理指标。到目前为止,不同类型的任务需求是如何影响微扫视率的还存在争议。Schneider et al.(1921)在他们的文章《任务难度和微跳率之间的相互作用:视觉负荷关键作用的证据》中研究了视觉负荷、心理负荷和微跳率之间的关系。参与者进行了一个连续的表现任务(n-back),其中视觉任务负荷(字母与抽象图形)和心理任务负荷(1-back到4-back)被操纵为受试者内部变量。记录眼球追踪数据、工作表现数据以及主观工作量。数据分析表明,高视觉需求刺激(如抽象图形)会增加微跳速,而心理需求(n-back水平)对微跳速没有调节作用。作者得出结论,微扫视率反映的是一项任务的视觉负荷,而不是精神负荷。这一结论与Krueger等人(2019)的命题“Microsaccades区分了看和看”(Microsaccades区分了感觉和认知现象)相一致。当前的专题专题为围绕微跳跃的研究领域增加了几个新的有趣的方面。它们仍然是跨学科研究和跨学科应用的一个有吸引力的焦点。因此,正如本专题第一部分已经指出的那样,对微跳的研究不仅会持续下去,而且会随着知识库的扩展而不断发展。参考文献Krejtz, K., Żurawska, J., Duchowski, A.和Wichary, S.(2020)。复杂决策过程中对认知努力和情绪唤醒的瞳孔和微眼球反应。眼动研究,13(5)。https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.13.5.2 Krueger, E., Schneider, A., Sawyer, B., Chavaillaz, A., Sonderegger, A., Groner, R., & Hancock, P.(2019)。微眼跳区分了看和看。眼动研究,12(6)。https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.12.6.2 Martin, j.g., Davis, c.e., Riesenhuber, M., & Thorpe, s.j.(2020)。高速连续视觉搜索时的微跳动。眼动研究,13(5)。https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.13.5.4 Martinez-Conde, S., Engbert, R., & Groner, R.(2020)。微观发展:实证研究与方法论进展——专题特刊第一部分导言。眼动研究,12(6)。https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.12.6.1 Sadeghpour, S., & Otero-Millan, J.(2020)。光动力刺激下固定和快速阶段微眼跳的扭转成分。眼动研究,13(5)。https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.13.5.5 Schneider, A., Sonderegger, A., Krueger, E., Meteier, Q., Luethold, P., & Chavaillaz, A.(2021)。任务难度与微跳率之间的相互作用:视觉负荷关键作用的证据。眼动研究,13(5)。https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.13.5.6
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引用次数: 0
An Application of Eye Movement Parameters Collected from Mass Market Devices for the Estimation of a Text Comprehension. 从大众市场设备中收集的眼动参数在文本理解估计中的应用
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-03-20 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.16.2.1
Ksenia Babanova, Arsen Revazov, Konstantin Chernozatonskiy, Andrey Pikunov, Victor Anisimov

The growing interest in evaluating the reader's comprehension leads to the search for new methods that allow such estimation in real-time (or pseudo-real-time). This can be used for more effective educational processes and to adopt textual content for various purposes. The present study used the Oken Reader eye-tracking application (60 Hz) for mass-market devices to assess reading comprehension processes. Twenty-three (23) respondents aged between 19 and 31 (mean = 24. 5, SE = 1. 4, 65% female) participated in the study. The mean, mu, and sigma parameters differed significantly depending on the level of text comprehension. This result indicates the possibility of using mass-market devices with eye-tracking technology to assess comprehension in reading. Furthermore, the study's results confirm the possibility of searching the correlations between physiological indicators such as eye movements and comprehension.

对评估读者理解能力的兴趣越来越大,这促使人们寻找新的方法,允许实时(或伪实时)进行这种评估。这可以用于更有效的教育过程,并为各种目的采用文本内容。本研究使用大众市场设备上的Oken Reader眼动追踪应用程序(60 Hz)来评估阅读理解过程。23名受访者,年龄介乎19至31岁(平均24岁)。5, se = 1。4(65%为女性)参与了这项研究。根据文本理解水平的不同,平均值、mu和sigma参数有显著差异。这一结果表明了使用带有眼球追踪技术的大众市场设备来评估阅读理解的可能性。此外,研究结果证实了寻找生理指标(如眼球运动和理解能力)之间的相关性的可能性。
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引用次数: 0
The effects of task difficulty on gaze behaviour during landing with visual flight rules in low-time pilots. 任务难度对低时间飞行员视觉飞行规则着陆时凝视行为的影响
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-03-20 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.16.1.3
Naila Ayala, Abdullah Zafar, Suzanne Kearns, Elizabeth Irving, Shi Cao, Ewa Niechwiej-Szwedo

Eye movements have been used to examine the cognitive function of pilots and understand how information processing abilities impact performance. Traditional and advanced measures of gaze behaviour effectively reflect changes in cognitive load, situational awareness, and expert-novice differences. However, the extent to which gaze behaviour changes during the early stages of skill development has yet to be addressed. The current study investigated the impact of task difficulty on gaze behaviour in low-time pilots (N=18) while they completed simulated landing scenarios. An increase in task difficulty resulted in longer fixation of the runway, and a reduction in the stationary gaze entropy (gaze dispersion) and gaze transition entropy (sequence complexity). These findings suggest that pilots' gaze became less complex and more focused on fewer areas of interest when task difficulty increased. Additionally, a novel approach to identify and track instances when pilots restrict their attention outside the cockpit (i.e., gaze tunneling) was explored and shown to be sensitive to changes in task difficulty. Altogether, the gaze-related metrics used in the present study provide valuable information for assessing pilots gaze behaviour and help further understand how gaze contributes to better performance in low-time pilots.

眼球运动已被用来检查飞行员的认知功能,并了解信息处理能力如何影响表现。传统和先进的凝视行为测量方法有效地反映了认知负荷、情境意识和专家-新手差异的变化。然而,凝视行为在技能发展的早期阶段改变的程度尚未得到解决。目前的研究调查了任务难度对低时间飞行员(N=18)在完成模拟着陆场景时注视行为的影响。任务难度的增加导致跑道注视时间的延长,静止注视熵(注视分散)和注视转移熵(注视序列复杂性)的降低。这些发现表明,当任务难度增加时,飞行员的目光变得不那么复杂,更专注于更少的感兴趣的领域。此外,研究人员还探索了一种识别和跟踪飞行员将注意力限制在驾驶舱外(即凝视隧道)的新方法,并证明该方法对任务难度的变化很敏感。总之,本研究中使用的凝视相关指标为评估飞行员的凝视行为提供了有价值的信息,并有助于进一步了解凝视如何有助于低时间飞行员的更好表现。
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引用次数: 0
Mobile eye tracking applied as a tool for customer experience research in a crowded train station. 移动眼动追踪作为一种工具在拥挤的火车站进行客户体验研究。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2023-01-16 eCollection Date: 2023-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.16.1.1
Andrea Schneider, Beat Vollenwyder, Eva Krueger, Céline Mühlethaler, Dave B Miller, Jasmin Thurau, Achim Elfering
Train stations have increasingly become crowded, necessitating stringent requirements in the design of stations and commuter navigation through these stations. In this study, we explored the use of mobile eye tracking in combination with observation and a survey to gain knowledge on customer experience in a crowded train station. We investigated the utilization of mobile eye tracking in ascertaining customers’ perception of the train station environment and analyzed the effect of a signalization prototype (visual pedestrian flow cues), which was intended for regulating pedestrian flow in a crowded underground passage. Gaze behavior, estimated crowd density, and comfort levels (an individual’s comfort level in a certain situation), were measured before and after the implementation of the prototype. The results revealed that the prototype was visible in conditions of low crowd density. However, in conditions of high crowd density, the prototype was less visible, and the path choice was influenced by other commuters. Hence, herd behavior appeared to have a stronger effect than the implemented signalization prototype in conditions of high crowd density. Thus, mobile eye tracking in combination with observation and the survey successfully aided in understanding customers’ perception of the train station environment on a qualitative level and supported the evaluation of the signalization prototype the crowded underground passage. However, the analysis process was laborious, which could be an obstacle for its practical use in gaining customer insights.
火车站变得越来越拥挤,对车站的设计和通过这些车站的通勤导航提出了严格的要求。在这项研究中,我们探索了移动眼动追踪与观察和调查相结合的方法,以获得有关拥挤火车站客户体验的知识。我们研究了移动眼动追踪在确定客户对火车站环境的感知方面的应用,并分析了信号原型(视觉行人流量提示)的效果,该原型旨在调节拥挤的地下通道中的行人流量。在原型实施前后测量凝视行为、估计的人群密度和舒适度(个人在特定情况下的舒适度)。结果表明,原型在低人群密度的条件下是可见的。然而,在人群密度高的情况下,原型不太显眼,路径选择受到其他通勤者的影响。因此,在高人群密度的条件下,群体行为似乎比实施的信号原型具有更强的影响。因此,移动眼动追踪与观察和调查相结合,成功地帮助从定性的层面了解了客户对火车站环境的感知,并支持了对信号控制原型拥挤地下通道的评估。然而,分析过程很费力,这可能会阻碍其在获得客户见解方面的实际应用。
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引用次数: 1
Using Natural Head Movements to Continually Calibrate EOG Signals. 使用自然头部运动持续校准EOG信号。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-12-30 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.5.6
Jason R Nezvadovitz, Hrishikesh M Rao

Electrooculography (EOG) is the measurement of eye movements using surface electrodes adhered around the eye. EOG systems can be designed to have an unobtrusive form-factor that is ideal for eye tracking in free-living over long durations, but the relationship between voltage and gaze direction requires frequent re-calibration as the skin-electrode impedance and retinal adaptation vary over time. Here we propose a method for automatically calibrating the EOG-gaze relationship by fusing EOG signals with gyroscopic measurements of head movement whenever the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) is active. The fusion is executed as recursive inference on a hidden Markov model that accounts for all rotational degrees-of-freedom and uncertainties simultaneously. This enables continual calibration using natural eye and head movements while minimizing the impact of sensor noise. No external devices like monitors or cameras are needed. On average, our method's gaze estimates deviate by 3.54° from those of an industry-standard desktop video-based eye tracker. Such discrepancy is on par with the latest mobile video eye trackers. Future work is focused on automatically detecting moments of VOR in free-living.

眼电图(EOG)是使用附着在眼睛周围的表面电极来测量眼睛的运动。EOG系统可以设计为具有不引人注目的形状因子,这对于长时间自由生活中的眼睛跟踪来说是理想的,但电压和凝视方向之间的关系需要频繁的重新校准,因为皮肤电极阻抗和视网膜适应随时间变化。在这里,我们提出了一种方法,通过在前庭-眼反射(VOR)激活时将EOG信号与头部运动的陀螺仪测量融合,自动校准EOG凝视关系。融合作为隐马尔可夫模型的递归推理执行,隐马尔可夫模型同时考虑所有旋转自由度和不确定性。这使得能够使用自然的眼睛和头部运动进行连续校准,同时最大限度地减少传感器噪声的影响。不需要像监视器或摄像机这样的外部设备。平均而言,我们的方法的凝视估计与基于行业标准桌面视频的眼动仪的凝视估计偏差3.54°。这种差异与最新的移动视频眼动仪不相上下。未来的工作重点是自动检测自由生活中的VOR时刻。
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引用次数: 0
Assessment of cognitive biases in Augmented Reality: Beyond eye tracking. 评估增强现实技术中的认知偏差:超越眼动追踪
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-12-30 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.3.4
Piotr Słowiński, Ben Grindley, Helen Muncie, David J Harris, Samuel J Vine, Mark R Wilson

We study an individual's propensity for rational thinking; the avoidance of cognitive biases (unconscious errors generated by our mental simplification methods) using a novel augmented reality (AR) platform. Specifically, we developed an odd-one-out (OOO) game-like task in AR designed to try to induce and assess confirmatory biases. Forty students completed the AR task in the laboratory, and the short form of the comprehensive assessment of rational thinking (CART) online via the Qualtrics platform. We demonstrate that behavioural markers (based on eye, hand and head movements) can be associated (linear regression) with the short CART score - more rational thinkers have slower head and hand movements and faster gaze movements in the second more ambiguous round of the OOO task. Furthermore, short CART scores can be associated with the change in behaviour between two rounds of the OOO task (one less and one more ambiguous) - hand-eye-head coordination patterns of the more rational thinkers are more consistent in the two rounds. Overall, we demonstrate the benefits of augmenting eye-tracking recordings with additional data modalities when trying to understand complicated behaviours.

我们利用新颖的增强现实(AR)平台来研究个体的理性思维倾向;避免认知偏差(由我们的心理简化方法产生的无意识错误)。具体来说,我们在 AR 中开发了一个类似于奇数淘汰(OOO)游戏的任务,旨在尝试诱导和评估确认性偏差。40 名学生在实验室完成了 AR 任务,并通过 Qualtrics 平台在线完成了理性思维综合评估 (CART) 的简表。我们证明,行为标记(基于眼、手和头部运动)可以与简表 CART 分数相关联(线性回归)--在第二轮模棱两可的 OOO 任务中,理性思维更强的人头部和手部运动更慢,目光运动更快。此外,短 CART 分数还与两轮 OOO 任务(一轮模糊性较低,一轮模糊性较高)之间的行为变化有关--理性思维较强的人在两轮任务中的手眼头协调模式更加一致。总之,我们证明了在试图理解复杂行为时,使用其他数据模式来增强眼动跟踪记录的益处。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of Eye Movement Research
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