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Do weak readers in rural India automatically read same language subtitles on Bollywood films? An eye gaze analysis. 印度农村的弱势读者会自动阅读宝莱坞电影的同一语言字幕吗?眼睛凝视分析
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-11-24 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.5.4
Somnath Arjun, Brij Kothari, Nirav Kumar Shah, Pradipta Biswas

Same Language Subtitling (SLS) of audio-visual content on mainstream TV entertainment to improve mass reading literacy was first conceived and piloted in India. SLS is now being scaled up nationally to ensure that the reading skills of one billion TV viewers, including 600 million weak readers, remain on a lifelong pathway to practice, progress, and proficiency. Will weak readers ignore or try to read along with SLS? Our eye-tracking study investigates this question with 136 weak readers drawn from a remote village in Rajasthan state by showing them popular Hindi film clips of dialog and songs, with and without SLS. We developed an interactive web-based visual analytics tool for exploring eye-tracking data. Based on an analysis of fixations, saccades, and time spent in the subtitle and non-subtitle areas, our main finding is that 70 percent of weak readers engaged in unprompted reading while watching film clips with SLS. We observed that saccadic eye movement is a good indicator to quantify the amount of reading with SLS, and saccadic regression can further differentiate weak readers. Eye-tracking studies of weak readers watching subtitles are rare, and ours may be the first with subjects from rural India.

为提高大众阅读素养,在主流电视娱乐节目中对视听内容进行同语字幕(SLS)的构想和试点最早是在印度。目前正在全国范围内推广特殊语言辅助阅读,以确保10亿电视观众(包括6亿弱读者)的阅读技能终身练习、进步和熟练。弱读者会忽略或尝试跟着SLS一起阅读吗?我们的眼动追踪研究调查了这个问题,研究对象是来自拉贾斯坦邦一个偏远村庄的136名弱读者,我们给他们看了一些流行的印度电影片段,其中有对话和歌曲,有和没有SLS。我们开发了一个交互式的基于网络的可视化分析工具,用于探索眼球追踪数据。基于对注视、扫视以及在字幕和非字幕区域花费的时间的分析,我们的主要发现是70%的弱阅读者在观看带有SLS的电影片段时参与了无提示阅读。我们观察到,眼动跳动是一个量化SLS阅读量的良好指标,而眼动跳动回归可以进一步区分弱读者。对弱视读者观看字幕的眼动追踪研究很少见,我们的研究可能是第一个以印度农村为研究对象的研究。
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引用次数: 0
The Mechanism of Word Satiation in Tibetan Reading: Evidence from Eye Movements. 藏语文阅读中的词语讽刺机制——来自眼动的证据。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-11-01 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.5.3
Xuling Li, Man Zeng, Lei Gao, Shan Li, Zibei Niu, Danhui Wang, Tianzhi Li, Xuejun Bai, Xiaolei Gao

Two eye-tracking experiments were used to investigate the mechanism of word satiation in Tibetan reading. The results revealed that, at a low repetition level, gaze duration and total fixation duration in the semantically unrelated condition were significantly longer than in the semantically related condition; at a medium repetition level, reaction time in the semantically related condition was significantly longer than in the semantically unrelated condition; at a high repetition level, the total fixation duration and reaction time in the semantically related condition were significantly longer than in the semantically unrelated condition. However, fixation duration and reaction time showed no significant difference between the similar and dissimilar orthography at any repetition level. These findings imply that there are semantic priming effects in Tibetan reading at a low repetition level, but semantic satiation effects at greater repetition levels, which occur in the late stage of lexical processing.

采用两个眼动追踪实验研究了藏语阅读中单词饱腹感的产生机制。结果表明,在低重复水平下,语义无关条件下的注视持续时间和总注视持续时间显著长于语义相关条件下的凝视持续时间和全注视持续时间;在中等重复水平上,语义相关条件下的反应时间明显长于语义无关条件下的;在高重复水平下,语义相关条件下的总注视持续时间和反应时间显著长于语义无关条件下的。然而,在任何重复水平上,相似和不同的正写法之间的固定时间和反应时间都没有显著差异。这些发现表明,藏语阅读在低重复水平上存在语义启动效应,而在高重复水平上则存在语义满足效应,这些效应发生在词汇加工的后期。
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引用次数: 0
Eye Movements during Reading and their Relationship to Reading Assessment Outcomes in Swedish Elementary School Children. 瑞典小学生阅读时的眼动及其与阅读评估结果的关系。
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-10-13 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.4.3
Andrea Strandberg, Mattias Nilsson, Per Östberg, Gustaf Öqvist Seimyr

The characteristics of children's eye movements during reading change as they gradually become better readers. However, few eye tracking studies have investigated children's reading and reading development and little is known about the relationship between reading- related eye movement measures and reading assessment outcomes. We recorded and analyzed three basic eye movement measures in an ecologically valid eye-tracking set-up. The participants were Swedish children (n = 2876) who were recorded in their normal school environment. The relationship between eye movements and reading assessment outcomes was analyzed in using linear mixed effects models. We found similar age-related changes in eye movement characteristics as established in previous studies, and that eye movements seem to correlate with reading outcome measures. Additionally, our results show that eye movements predict the results on several tests from a word reading assessment. Hence eye tracking may potentially be a useful tool in assessing reading development.

随着儿童阅读能力的逐步提高,他们在阅读过程中的眼动特征也会发生变化。然而,很少有眼动跟踪研究对儿童的阅读和阅读发展进行调查,而与阅读相关的眼动测量与阅读评估结果之间的关系也鲜为人知。我们在生态有效的眼动追踪装置中记录并分析了三种基本眼动测量。参与者为瑞典儿童(n = 2876),他们在正常的学校环境中接受记录。我们使用线性混合效应模型分析了眼动与阅读评估结果之间的关系。我们发现,眼球运动特征与年龄相关的变化与之前的研究相似,而且眼球运动似乎与阅读结果测量相关。此外,我们的研究结果表明,眼动可以预测单词阅读评估中多项测试的结果。因此,眼动追踪有可能成为评估阅读发展的有用工具。
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引用次数: 0
Eye Tracking in Virtual Reality: Vive Pro Eye Spatial Accuracy, Precision, and Calibration Reliability. 虚拟现实中的眼动追踪:Vive Pro 眼球空间精确度、精度和校准可靠性。
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-09-07 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.3.3
Immo Schuetz, Katja Fiehler

A growing number of virtual reality devices now include eye tracking technology, which can facilitate oculomotor and cognitive research in VR and enable use cases like foveated rendering. These applications require different tracking performance, often measured as spatial accuracy and precision. While manufacturers report data quality estimates for their devices, these typically represent ideal performance and may not reflect real-world data quality. Additionally, it is unclear how accuracy and precision change across sessions within the same participant or between devices, and how performance is influenced by vision correction. Here, we measured spatial accuracy and precision of the Vive Pro Eye built-in eye tracker across a range of 30 visual degrees horizontally and vertically. Participants completed ten measurement sessions over multiple days, allowing to evaluate calibration reliability. Accuracy and precision were highest for central gaze and decreased with greater eccentricity in both axes. Calibration was successful in all participants, including those wearing contacts or glasses, but glasses yielded significantly lower performance. We further found differences in accuracy (but not precision) between two Vive Pro Eye headsets, and estimated participants' inter-pupillary distance. Our metrics suggest high calibration reliability and can serve as a baseline for expected eye tracking performance in VR experiments.

现在,越来越多的虚拟现实设备都包含眼球跟踪技术,这有助于在虚拟现实中开展眼球运动和认知研究,并实现诸如有焦点渲染等用例。这些应用需要不同的跟踪性能,通常以空间准确度和精确度来衡量。虽然制造商会报告其设备的数据质量估计值,但这些估计值通常代表理想性能,可能无法反映真实世界的数据质量。此外,准确度和精确度在同一参与者或不同设备之间的不同过程中如何变化,以及视力矫正对性能的影响如何,目前尚不清楚。在此,我们测量了 Vive Pro Eye 内置眼动追踪器在水平和垂直方向 30 可视度范围内的空间准确度和精确度。参与者在多天内完成了十次测量,从而评估了校准的可靠性。中心注视的准确度和精确度最高,随着两个坐标轴偏心率的增加,准确度和精确度均有所下降。所有参与者,包括戴隐形眼镜或眼镜的人,都能成功进行校准,但戴眼镜的人校准效果明显较差。我们进一步发现了两款 Vive Pro Eye 头显在准确度(而非精确度)上的差异,并估算了参与者的瞳间距离。我们的指标表明校准可靠性很高,可以作为 VR 实验中预期眼动追踪性能的基准。
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引用次数: 0
Eye Tracking and Visual Arts. Introduction to the Special Thematic Issue. 眼动追踪和视觉艺术。专题特刊简介
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-07-06 eCollection Date: 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.13.2.1
Raphael Rosenberg, Rudolf Groner

There is no visual art without the eye, just like no music without the ear. Visual art does not happen in the eye, but it has to go through the eye. Even for artworks with little visual focus, as in Conceptual Art, we need eyes to create and receive them. In order to see we need to move our eyes. It is therefore not surprising that, for centuries, the eye and its movements have been a major topic of literature on art. It is equally unsurprising that along recent technological improvements of eye tracking, this technology has become prolific for studying visual arts. This special issue of the Journal of Eye Movement Research is the first platform that provides a broad picture of recent developments in this area. In this introduction we present a history of eye movement in art literature, followed by a sketch of some of the oculometric parameters used for studies of visual art. In the third section we showcase each contribution to this special issue.

没有眼睛就没有视觉艺术,就像没有耳朵就没有音乐一样。视觉艺术不是发生在眼睛里,但它必须通过眼睛。即使是像概念艺术这样几乎没有视觉焦点的艺术品,我们也需要眼睛来创造和接受它们。为了看东西,我们需要移动我们的眼睛。因此,几个世纪以来,眼睛及其运动一直是文学和艺术的一个主要话题,这并不奇怪。同样令人惊讶的是,随着最近眼动追踪技术的进步,这项技术在研究视觉艺术方面变得丰富多彩。《眼动研究杂志》的这期特刊是第一个全面介绍这一领域最新发展的平台。在这篇引言中,我们介绍了艺术文献中眼球运动的历史,然后简要介绍了一些用于视觉艺术研究的眼球测量参数。在第三节中,我们展示了对本特刊的每一项贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Eye movements as a predictor of preference for progressive power lenses. 眼球运动作为对渐进放大镜偏好的预测因子。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-06-30 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.2.6
Pablo Concepcion-Grande, Amelia González, Eva Chamorro, José Miguel Cleva, José Alonso, Jose Antonio Gómez-Pedrero

The purpose of this study is to determine if there is any correlation between the characteristics of the user's eye movements (EMs) and the preference of the user when wearing different Progressive power lenses (PPLs) distributions. An eye-tracker system with a sample rate of 120Hz and temporal resolution of 8.3ms (Tobii-X3-120) was used to register EMs of 38 PPL users when reading in a computer screen with 2 types of PPLs (PPLsoft and PPL-hard). Number of fixations, complete fixation time, fixation duration mean, saccade duration mean, saccade distance mean, and number of regressions were analyzed for 6 different regions of the computer screen. A statistically significant difference was observed between the characteristics of the user's EMs and the user's PPL subjective preference (p < 0.05*). Subjects that preferred the PPL-hard presented significantly lower complete fixation time, lower fixation duration mean and lower number of regressions than those subjects indicating a preference for the PPL-soft. Results of this study suggest that eye-tracking systems can be used as PPL design recommendation systems according to the user EMs performance.

本研究的目的是确定当佩戴不同的渐进式放大镜(ppl)分布时,用户的眼动特征(em)与用户的偏好之间是否存在相关性。采用采样率为120Hz、时间分辨率为8.3ms (Tobii-X3-120)的眼动仪系统,对38名PPL用户在具有软、硬两种PPL的计算机屏幕上阅读时的em进行了记录。对计算机屏幕6个不同区域的注视次数、完全注视时间、注视持续时间均值、眼跳持续时间均值、眼跳距离均值和回归次数进行分析。用户的EMs特征与用户的PPL主观偏好之间存在统计学差异(p < 0.05*)。与偏爱PPL-soft的受试者相比,偏爱PPL-hard的受试者表现出更短的完全固定时间、更短的平均固定时间和更少的回归次数。本研究结果表明,眼动追踪系统可以根据用户EMs的表现作为PPL设计推荐系统。
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引用次数: 3
Eye Movements in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Ocular Biomarkers. 轻度创伤性脑损伤的眼球运动:眼部生物标志物。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-06-16 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.2.4
Matthew A McDonald, Samantha J Holdsworth, Helen V Danesh-Meyer

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI, or concussion), results from direct and indirect trauma to the head (i.e. a closed injury of transmitted forces), with or without loss of consciousness. The current method of diagnosis is largely based on symptom assessment and clinical history. There is an urgent need to identify an objective biomarker which can not only detect injury, but inform prognosis and recovery. Ocular motor impairment is argued to be ubiquitous across mTBI subtypes and may serve as a valuable clinical biomarker with the recent advent of more affordable and portable eye tracking technology. Many groups have positively correlated the degree of ocular motor impairment to symptom severity with a minority attempting to validate these findings with diffusion tract imaging and functional MRI. However, numerous methodological issues limit the interpretation of results, preventing any singular ocular biomarker from prevailing. This review will comprehensively describe the anatomical susceptibility, clinical measurement, and current eye tracking literature surrounding saccades, smooth pursuit, vestibulo-ocular reflex, vergence, pupillary light reflex, and accommodation in mTBI.

轻度创伤性脑损伤(mTBI,或脑震荡),由头部直接或间接创伤(即闭合性力传递损伤)引起,伴有或不伴有意识丧失。目前的诊断方法主要是基于症状评估和临床病史。迫切需要一种客观的生物标志物,不仅可以检测损伤,而且可以告知预后和恢复。眼运动障碍被认为在mTBI亚型中普遍存在,并且随着最近更实惠和便携式眼动追踪技术的出现,可能成为有价值的临床生物标志物。许多研究小组发现眼运动损伤程度与症状严重程度呈正相关,少数人试图通过扩散束成像和功能性MRI来验证这些发现。然而,许多方法学问题限制了对结果的解释,阻止了任何单一的眼部生物标志物的流行。这篇综述将全面描述mTBI的解剖易感性、临床测量和目前关于扫视、平滑追踪、前庭眼反射、辐散、瞳孔光反射和调节的眼动追踪文献。
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引用次数: 5
Video game training in traumatic brain injury patients: an exploratory case report study using eye tracking. 外伤性脑损伤患者的电子游戏训练:一项使用眼动追踪的探索性病例报告研究。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q2 Medicine Pub Date : 2022-06-15 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.1.6
Elham Azizi, Joanne Fielding, Larry A Abel

Remediation of attentional impairments is an essential component of cognitive rehabilitation after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Evidence from healthy participants has demonstrated attentional improvement following playing an action video game. This exploratory study investigated its application in TBI participants in a multiple baselines single case experimental design (SCED). Saccadic eye movements, recognized as the visible indicators of visual attention, were assessed to evaluate the effectiveness of the game training. Three severe TBI participants were trained in an action game for 10 hours. Saccadic eye movements during a self-paced saccade and an abstract visual search task were investigated during baseline, mid training and post-training. Using Percentage of Non-overlapping Data (PND), analysis showed consistent increase in the rate of the self-paced saccades in participants 1 (PND=80%) and 2 (PND=70%). In abstract search, fixation duration showed a minimally effective decrease for participant 2 (PND= 60%) and a moderately effective reduction in participant 3 (PND= 80%). Search time showed a highly effective reduction in participant 2 (PND = 100%) and moderately effective decrease in participant 3 (PND=70%). Overall, video game training might modify allocation of attention in eye movements. More evidence is required to validate the usefulness of this novel method of the cognitive training.

注意缺陷的修复是创伤性脑损伤后认知康复的重要组成部分。来自健康参与者的证据表明,玩动作视频游戏后注意力有所提高。本探索性研究在多基线单病例实验设计(SCED)中探讨了其在TBI参与者中的应用。视动眼运动被认为是视觉注意力的可见指标,通过评估游戏训练的有效性。三名严重脑外伤的参与者在动作游戏中接受了10小时的训练。在基线、训练中期和训练后,研究了自定节奏扫视和抽象视觉搜索任务中的扫视眼运动。使用非重叠数据百分比(PND),分析显示参与者1 (PND=80%)和2 (PND=70%)的自定节奏扫视率一致增加。在摘要搜索中,注视时间在参与者2中显示最小有效减少(PND= 60%),在参与者3中显示中等有效减少(PND= 80%)。搜索时间在参与者2中显示高度有效减少(PND= 100%),在参与者3中显示中度有效减少(PND=70%)。总的来说,电子游戏训练可能会改变眼球运动的注意力分配。需要更多的证据来验证这种新的认知训练方法的有效性。
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引用次数: 4
Effects of word length and word frequency among dyslexic, ADHD-I and typical readers. 单词长度和单词频率对阅读障碍、ADHD-I 和典型读者的影响。
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-06-14 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.1.1
Norberto Pereira, Maria Armanda Costa, Manuela Guerreiro

This study aimed to investigate the neuropsycholinguistic functioning of children with Developmental Dyslexia (DD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder - inattentive subtype (ADHD-I) in a reading task. The psycholinguistic profile of both groups was assessed using a battery of neuropsychological and linguistic tests and compared to typical readers. Participants were submitted to a silent reading task with lexical manipulation of the text. Eye movements were recorded and compared aiming to find cognitive processes involved in reading that could help differentiate groups. The study examined whether word-frequency and word-length effects distinguish between groups. Participants included 19 typical readers, 21 children diagnosed with ADHD-I and 19 children with DD. All participants were attending 4th grade and had a mean age of 9.08 years. Children with DD and ADHDI exhibited significant different cognitive and linguistic profiles on almost all measures evaluated when compared to typical readers. The effects of word length and word frequency interaction also differed significantly in the 3 experimental groups. The results support the multiple cognitive deficits theory. While the shared deficits support the evidence of a phonological disorder present in both conditions, the specific ones corroborate the hypothesis of an oculomotor dysfunction in DD and a visuo-spatial attention dysfunction in ADHD.

本研究旨在调查发育性阅读障碍(DD)和注意力缺陷/多动障碍--注意力不集中亚型(ADHD-I)儿童在阅读任务中的神经心理语言功能。我们通过一系列神经心理学和语言测试对这两个群体的心理语言学特征进行了评估,并将其与典型读者进行了比较。受试者在默读任务中对文本进行词汇操作。研究人员记录并比较了他们的眼球运动,旨在发现阅读过程中的认知过程,以帮助区分不同的群体。研究考察了词频和词长效应是否能区分不同的群体。参与者包括 19 名典型阅读者、21 名被诊断为多动症-I 的儿童和 19 名残疾儿童。所有参与者均就读于四年级,平均年龄为 9.08 岁。在几乎所有的评估指标上,患有聋哑症和注意力缺陷障碍的儿童与典型阅读者相比,在认知和语言方面都表现出明显的差异。单词长度和单词频率的交互影响在三个实验组中也有显著差异。结果支持多重认知缺陷理论。共同的缺陷支持了两种情况下都存在语音障碍的证据,而特定的缺陷则证实了DD存在眼球运动功能障碍和ADHD存在视觉空间注意力功能障碍的假设。
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引用次数: 0
Eye Movements in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Clinical Challenges. 轻度脑外伤的眼球运动:临床挑战。
IF 1.3 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2022-06-14 eCollection Date: 2022-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.15.2.3
Matthew A McDonald, Samantha J Holdsworth, Helen V Danesh-Meyer

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), also known as concussion, is a common injury which affects patients of all demographics. There is a global effort to accurately diagnose and identify patients at highest risk of prolonged symptom burden to facilitate appropriate rehabilitation efforts. Underreporting is common with large numbers not engaging with services, in addition to differences in treatment outcomes according to ethnicity, age, and gender. As patients recover, symptomology evolves which challenges rehabilitative efforts with no clear definition of 'recovered'. This review describes key areas in mTBI such as diagnostic challenges, epidemiology, prognosis, and pathophysiology which serves as an introduction to "Eye Movements in Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: Ocular Biomarkers."

轻度创伤性脑损伤(mTBI),又称脑震荡,是一种常见的损伤,影响着各种人群的患者。全球都在努力准确诊断和识别长期症状负担风险最高的患者,以促进适当的康复工作。除了因种族、年龄和性别不同而导致的治疗效果差异外,报告不足的情况也很普遍,大量患者没有接受服务。随着患者的康复,症状也会发生变化,这对康复工作提出了挑战,而 "康复 "却没有明确的定义。本综述描述了轻度创伤性脑损伤的关键领域,如诊断挑战、流行病学、预后和病理生理学,作为 "轻度创伤性脑损伤中的眼球运动 "的介绍:眼部生物标志物 "的介绍。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Eye Movement Research
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