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The association of eye movements and performance accuracy in a novel sight-reading task. 一种新型视读任务中眼球运动与表现准确性的关系。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-10-21 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.14.4.5
Lucas Lörch

The present study investigated how eye movements were associated with performance accuracy during sight-reading. Participants performed a complex span task in which sequences of single quarter note symbols that either enabled chunking or did not enable chunking were presented for subsequent serial recall. In between the presentation of each note, participants sight-read a notated melody on an electric piano in the tempo of 70 bpm. All melodies were unique but contained four types of note pairs: eighth-eighth, eighthquarter, quarter-eighth, quarter-quarter. Analyses revealed that reading with fewer fixations was associated with a more accurate note onset. Fewer fixations might be advantageous for sight-reading as fewer saccades have to be planned and less information has to be integrated. Moreover, the quarter-quarter note pair was read with a larger number of fixations and the eighth-quarter note pair was read with a longer gaze duration. This suggests that when rhythm is processed, additional beats might trigger re-fixations and unconventional rhythmical patterns might trigger longer gazes. Neither recall accuracy nor chunking processes were found to explain additional variance in the eye movement data.

本研究调查了眼动与视觉阅读中表现准确性的关系。参与者完成了一个复杂的跨度任务,在这个任务中,单个四分音符符号的序列要么允许分组,要么不允许分组,供随后的连续回忆。在每个音符呈现的间隙,参与者在一架节奏为每分钟70次的电子钢琴上看一段有记号的旋律。所有的旋律都是独特的,但包含四种类型的音符对:8 - 8,8 / 4,1 / 8,1 / 4。分析显示,注视较少的阅读与更准确的音符发作有关。更少的注视可能有利于视觉阅读,因为更少的扫视需要计划,更少的信息需要整合。此外,四分之一音符对的阅读需要更多的注视,而八分之一音符对的阅读需要更长的注视时间。这表明,当节奏被处理时,额外的节拍可能会引发重新注视,而非常规的节奏模式可能会引发更长时间的凝视。记忆准确性和分块过程都不能解释眼动数据的额外差异。
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引用次数: 1
Can longer gaze duration determine risky investment decisions? An interactive perspective. 更长的凝视时间能决定高风险的投资决策吗?交互式透视图。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-09-21 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.14.4.3
Yiheng Wang, Yanping Liu

Can longer gaze duration determine risky investment decisions? Recent studies have tested how gaze influences people's decisions and the boundary of the gaze effect. The current experiment used adaptive gaze-contingent manipulation by adding a self-determined option to test whether longer gaze duration can determine risky investment decisions. The results showed that both the expected value of each option and the gaze duration influenced people's decisions. This result was consistent with the attentional diffusion model (aDDM) proposed by Krajbich et al. (2010), which suggests that gaze can influence the choice process by amplify the value of the choice. Therefore, the gaze duration would influence the decision when people do not have clear preference.The result also showed that the similarity between options and the computational difficulty would also influence the gaze effect. This result was inconsistent with prior research that used option similarities to represent difficulty, suggesting that both similarity between options and computational difficulty induce different underlying mechanisms of decision difficulty.

更长的凝视时间能决定高风险的投资决策吗?最近的研究已经测试了凝视如何影响人们的决定和凝视效应的边界。目前的实验使用了自适应注视条件操作,通过增加一个自决定选项来测试更长凝视时间是否可以决定风险投资决策。结果表明,每个选项的期望值和注视时间都会影响人们的决策。这一结果与Krajbich et al.(2010)提出的注意扩散模型(attention diffusion model, aDDM)一致,该模型认为凝视可以通过放大选择的价值来影响选择过程。因此,当人们没有明确的偏好时,凝视时间会影响决策。结果还表明,选项之间的相似性和计算难度也会影响注视效果。这一结果与先前使用期权相似度来表示难度的研究结果不一致,表明期权相似度和计算难度都诱发了不同的决策困难的潜在机制。
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引用次数: 0
Rhythmic subvocalization: An eye-tracking study on silent poetry reading. 韵律默读:默读诗歌的眼动追踪研究。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-09-14 eCollection Date: 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.13.3.5
Judith Beck, Lars Konieczny

The present study investigates effects of conventionally metered and rhymed poetry on eyemovements in silent reading. Readers saw MRRL poems (i.e., metrically regular, rhymed language) in two layouts. In poem layout, verse endings coincided with line breaks. In prose layout verse endings could be mid-line. We also added metrical and rhyme anomalies. We hypothesized that silently reading MRRL results in building up auditive expectations that are based on a rhythmic "audible gestalt" and propose that rhythmicity is generated through subvocalization. Our results revealed that readers were sensitive to rhythmic-gestalt-anomalies but showed differential effects in poem and prose layouts. Metrical anomalies in particular resulted in robust reading disruptions across a variety of eye-movement measures in the poem layout and caused re-reading of the local context. Rhyme anomalies elicited stronger effects in prose layout and resulted in systematic re-reading of pre-rhymes. The presence or absence of rhythmic-gestalt-anomalies, as well as the layout manipulation, also affected reading in general. Effects of syllable number indicated a high degree of subvocalization. The overall pattern of results suggests that eye-movements reflect, and are closely aligned with, the rhythmic subvocalization of MRRL. This study introduces a two-stage approach to the analysis of long MRRL stimuli and contributes to the discussion of how the processing of rhythm in music and speech may overlap.

本研究调查了传统韵律和押韵诗歌对默读时眼球运动的影响。读者看到的MRRL诗歌(即,韵律规则,押韵的语言)有两种布局。在诗歌布局上,诗的结尾与断行一致。在散文布局中,诗句的结尾可以在中间行。我们还添加了韵律和韵律的异常。我们假设,默读MRRL会导致建立基于有节奏的“听觉完形”的听觉期望,并提出节奏性是通过默读产生的。我们的研究结果表明,读者对节奏格式塔异常敏感,但在诗歌和散文布局中表现出不同的影响。特别是韵律异常导致了诗歌布局中各种眼球运动测量的强烈阅读中断,并导致了对当地背景的重新阅读。韵脚异常对散文布局的影响更大,导致对前韵的系统重读。节奏格式塔异常的存在或不存在,以及布局操作,也会影响阅读。音节数的影响表明了高程度的默读。结果的整体模式表明,眼球运动反映了MRRL的有节奏的默读,并与之密切相关。本研究引入了一种两阶段的方法来分析长MRRL刺激,并有助于讨论音乐和语音中的节奏处理如何重叠。
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引用次数: 4
Metacognitive monitoring and metacognitive strategies of gifted and average children on dealing with deductive reasoning task. 资优儿童与一般儿童处理演绎推理任务的元认知监测与元认知策略。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-09-14 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.14.4.1
Ondřeji Straka, Šárka Portešová, Daniela Halámková, Michal Jabůrek

In this paper, we inquire into possible differences between children with exceptionally high intellectual abilities and their average peers as regards metacognitive monitoring and related metacognitive strategies. The question whether gifted children surpass their typically developing peers not only in the intellectual abilities, but also in their level of metacognitive skills, has not been convincingly answered so far. We sought to examine the indicators of metacognitive behavior by means of eye-tracking technology and to compare these findings with the participants' subjective confidence ratings. Eye-movement data of gifted and average students attending final grades of primary school (4th and 5th grades) were recorded while they dealt with a deductive reasoning task, and four metrics supposed to bear on metacognitive skills, namely the overall trial duration, mean fixation duration, number of regressions and normalized gaze transition entropy, were analyzed. No significant differences between gifted and average children were found in the normalized gaze transition entropy, in mean fixation duration, nor - after controlling for the trial duration - in number of regressions. Both groups of children differed in the time devoted to solving the task. Both groups significantly differed in the association between time devoted to the task and the participants' subjective confidence rating, where only the gifted children tended to devote more time when they felt less confident. Several implications of these findings are discussed.

本文探讨了超常智力儿童在元认知监控及相关元认知策略方面与普通儿童可能存在的差异。天才儿童是否不仅在智力能力上,而且在元认知技能水平上超过了正常发展的同龄人,这个问题到目前为止还没有令人信服的答案。我们试图通过眼动追踪技术检查元认知行为的指标,并将这些发现与参与者的主观信心评级进行比较。记录了小学高年级(四年级和五年级)资优学生和普通学生在处理演绎推理任务时的眼动数据,并分析了与元认知技能有关的四个指标,即总注视时间、平均注视时间、回归次数和归一化凝视转移熵。天才儿童和普通儿童在标准化凝视转换熵、平均注视持续时间和回归数量上没有显著差异(控制试验持续时间后)。两组孩子花在解决问题上的时间不同。两组在投入到任务上的时间和参与者主观信心评级之间的关系上存在显著差异,只有天才儿童在感到不自信时才会投入更多的时间。讨论了这些发现的几个含义。
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引用次数: 1
Reading Eye Movements Performance on iPad vs Print Using a Visagraph. iPad上的阅读眼动表现vs使用Visagraph打印。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-09-14 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.14.2.6
Alicia Feis, Amanda Lallensack, Elizabeth Pallante, Melanie Nielsen, Nicole Demarco, Balamurali Vasudevan
This study investigated reading comprehension, reading speed, and the quality of eye movements while reading on an iPad, as compared to printed text. 31 visually-normal subjects were enrolled. Two of the passages were read from the Visagraph standardized text on iPad and Print. Eye movement characteristics and comprehension were evaluated. Mean (SD) fixation duration was significantly longer with the iPad at 270 ms (40) compared to the printed text (p=0.04) at 260 ms (40). Subjects’ mean reading rates were significantly lower on the iPad at 294 words per minute (wpm) than the printed text at 318 wpm (p=0.03). The mean (SD) overall reading duration was significantly (p=0.02) slower on the iPad that took 31 s (9.3) than the printed text at 28 s (8.0). Overall reading performance is lower with an iPad than printed text in normal individuals. These findings might be more consequential in children and adult slower readers when they read using iPads.
这项研究调查了在iPad上阅读时的阅读理解、阅读速度和眼球运动质量,并将其与印刷文本进行了比较。纳入31名视力正常的受试者。其中两篇文章是在iPad和Print上阅读Visagraph标准文本。评估眼动特征和理解能力。iPad的平均(SD)注视时间为270 ms(40),显著长于印刷文本的260 ms (40) (p=0.04)。受试者在iPad上的平均阅读速度为每分钟294个单词,显著低于印刷文本的每分钟318个单词(p=0.03)。iPad上的平均(SD)整体阅读时间(31秒,9.3秒)明显慢于印刷文本的28秒(8.0秒)(p=0.02)。使用iPad的整体阅读表现低于正常人的打印文本。这些发现可能对使用ipad阅读速度较慢的儿童和成人更为重要。
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引用次数: 5
I2DNet - Design and Real-Time Evaluation of Appearance-based gaze estimation system. 基于外观的注视估计系统的设计与实时评估。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-08-31 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.14.4.2
L R D Murthy, Siddhi Brahmbhatt, Somnath Arjun, Pradipta Biswas

Gaze estimation problem can be addressed using either model-based or appearance-based approaches. Model-based approaches rely on features extracted from eye images to fit a 3D eye-ball model to obtain gaze point estimate while appearance-based methods attempt to directly map captured eye images to gaze point without any handcrafted features. Recently, availability of large datasets and novel deep learning techniques made appearance-based methods achieve superior accuracy than model-based approaches. However, many appearance- based gaze estimation systems perform well in within-dataset validation but fail to provide the same degree of accuracy in cross-dataset evaluation. Hence, it is still unclear how well the current state-of-the-art approaches perform in real-time in an interactive setting on unseen users. This paper proposes I2DNet, a novel architecture aimed to improve subject- independent gaze estimation accuracy that achieved a state-of-the-art 4.3 and 8.4 degree mean angle error on the MPIIGaze and RT-Gene datasets respectively. We have evaluated the proposed system as a gaze-controlled interface in real-time for a 9-block pointing and selection task and compared it with Webgazer.js and OpenFace 2.0. We have conducted a user study with 16 participants, and our proposed system reduces selection time and the number of missed selections statistically significantly compared to other two systems.

凝视估计问题可以使用基于模型或基于外观的方法来解决。基于模型的方法依靠从眼睛图像中提取的特征来拟合3D眼球模型来获得凝视点估计,而基于外观的方法试图直接将捕获的眼睛图像映射到凝视点,而不需要任何手工制作的特征。最近,大数据集的可用性和新颖的深度学习技术使得基于外观的方法比基于模型的方法具有更高的准确性。然而,许多基于外观的注视估计系统在数据集内验证中表现良好,但在跨数据集评估中却不能提供相同程度的准确性。因此,目前尚不清楚当前最先进的方法在不可见用户的实时交互设置中表现如何。本文提出了一种新的架构I2DNet,旨在提高与主体无关的凝视估计精度,该架构在MPIIGaze和RT-Gene数据集上分别实现了4.3度和8.4度的平均角度误差。我们对所提出的系统进行了评估,将其作为9块指向和选择任务的实时凝视控制界面,并将其与Webgazer.js和OpenFace 2.0进行了比较。我们对16名参与者进行了用户研究,与其他两种系统相比,我们提出的系统在统计上显著减少了选择时间和错过的选择次数。
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引用次数: 4
Viewing Patterns and Perspectival Paintings: An Eye-Tracking Study on the Effect of the Vanishing Point. 观看模式与透视画:消失点效应的眼动追踪研究。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-08-27 eCollection Date: 2020-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.13.2.15
Arthur Crucq

Linear perspective has long been used to create the illusion of three-dimensional space on the picture plane. One of its central axioms comes from Euclidean geometry and holds that all parallel lines converge in a single vanishing point. Although linear perspective provided the painter with a means to organize the painting, the question is whether the gaze of the beholder is also affected by the underlying structure of linear perspective: for instance, in such a way that the orthogonals leading to the vanishing point also automatically guides the beholder's gaze. This was researched during a pilot study by means of an eye-tracking experiment at the Lab for Cognitive Research in Art History (CReA) of the University of Vienna. It appears that in some compositions the vanishing point attracts the view of the participant. This effect is more significant when the vanishing point coincides with the central vertical axis of the painting, but is even stronger when the vanishing point also coincides with a major visual feature such as an object or figure. The latter calls into question what exactly attracts the gaze of the viewer, i.e., what comes first: the geometrical construct of the vanishing point or the visual feature?

线性透视法一直被用来在画面平面上创造三维空间的错觉。它的一个中心公理来自欧几里得几何,它认为所有的平行线都收敛于一个消失点。虽然线性透视为画家提供了一种组织绘画的手段,但问题是,旁观者的目光是否也受到线性透视的潜在结构的影响:例如,以这样一种方式,通向消失点的正交线也自动引导旁观者的目光。这是维也纳大学艺术史认知研究实验室(CReA)在一项试点研究中通过眼球追踪实验进行的研究。在一些作品中,消失点似乎吸引了参与者的视线。当消失点与绘画的中心垂直轴重合时,这种效果更为显著,但当消失点也与一个主要的视觉特征(如物体或人物)重合时,这种效果就更强了。后者提出了一个问题,究竟是什么吸引了观众的目光,也就是说,哪个先出现:消失点的几何结构还是视觉特征?
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引用次数: 2
Detecting Task Difficulty of Learners in Colonoscopy: Evidence from Eye-Tracking. 结肠镜检查中学习者任务难度的检测:来自眼动追踪的证据。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-07-13 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.14.2.5
Liu Xin, Zheng Bin, Duan Xiaoqin, He Wenjing, Li Yuandong, Zhao Jinyu, Zhao Chen, Wang Lin

Eye-tracking can help decode the intricate control mechanism in human performance. In healthcare, physicians-in-training require extensive practice to improve their healthcare skills. When a trainee encounters any difficulty in the practice, they will need feedback from experts to improve their performance. Personal feedback is time-consuming and subjected to bias. In this study, we tracked the eye movements of trainees during their colonoscopic performance in simulation. We examined changes in eye movement behavior during the moments of navigation loss (MNL), a signature sign for task difficulty during colonoscopy, and tested whether deep learning algorithms can detect the MNL by feeding data from eye-tracking. Human eye gaze and pupil characteristics were learned and verified by the deep convolutional generative adversarial networks (DCGANs); the generated data were fed to the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks with three different data feeding strategies to classify MNLs from the entire colonoscopic procedure. Outputs from deep learning were compared to the expert's judgment on the MNLs based on colonoscopic videos. The best classification outcome was achieved when we fed human eye data with 1000 synthesized eye data, where accuracy (91.80%), sensitivity (90.91%), and specificity (94.12%) were optimized. This study built an important foundation for our work of developing an education system for training healthcare skills using simulation.

眼球追踪可以帮助解读人类行为中复杂的控制机制。在医疗保健领域,实习医生需要广泛的实践来提高他们的医疗技能。当学员在练习中遇到困难时,他们需要专家的反馈来提高他们的表现。个人反馈既费时又容易受到偏见的影响。在这项研究中,我们在模拟中跟踪了受训人员在结肠镜检查过程中的眼球运动。我们研究了结肠镜检查过程中导航丢失时刻(MNL)的眼动行为变化,并测试了深度学习算法是否可以通过输入眼动追踪数据来检测MNL。采用深度卷积生成对抗网络(dcgan)学习并验证人眼凝视和瞳孔特征;将生成的数据以三种不同的数据馈送策略馈送到长短期记忆(LSTM)网络,以对整个结肠镜检查过程中的mnl进行分类。将深度学习的输出与专家基于结肠镜视频对mnl的判断进行比较。用1000张人眼合成数据进行分类,准确率(91.80%)、灵敏度(90.91%)、特异度(94.12%)达到最佳。本研究为我们开发模拟医疗技能培训教育系统的工作奠定了重要基础。
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引用次数: 3
Vergence Fusion Sustaining Oscillations. 收敛融合持续振荡。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-06-28 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.14.1.4
John Semmlow, Chang Yaramothu, Mitchell Scheiman, Tara L Alvarez

Introduction: Previous studies have shown that the slow, or fusion sustaining, component of disparity vergence contains oscillatory behavior as would be expected if fusion is sustained by visual feedback. This study extends the examination of this behavior to a wider range of frequencies and a larger number of subjects.

Methods: Disparity vergence responses to symmetrical 4.0 deg step changes in target position were recorded in 20 subjects. Approximately three seconds of the late component of each response were isolated using interactive graphics and the frequency spectrum calculated. Peaks in these spectra associated with oscillatory behavior were identified and examined.

Results: All subjects exhibited oscillatory behavior with fundamental frequencies ranging between 0.37 and 0.55 Hz; much lower than those identified in the earlier study. All responses showed significant higher frequency components. The relationship between higher frequency components and the fundamental frequency suggest may be harmonics. A correlation was found across subjects between the amplitude of the fundamental frequency and the maximum velocity of the fusion initiating component probably due to the gain of shared neural pathways.

Conclusion: Low frequency oscillatory behavior was found in all subjects adding support that the slow, or fusion sustaining, component is mediated by a feedback control.

先前的研究表明,视差收敛的缓慢或持续融合成分包含振荡行为,如果融合是由视觉反馈维持的。这项研究将对这种行为的研究扩展到更广泛的频率范围和更多的受试者。方法:记录20例受试者对目标位置对称4.0度阶跃变化的视差收敛响应。使用交互式图形和计算频谱将每个响应的延迟分量的大约三秒隔离出来。这些与振荡行为相关的光谱中的峰被识别和检查。结果:所有受试者均表现出基频在0.37 ~ 0.55 Hz之间的振荡行为;比之前研究中发现的要低得多。所有的响应都显示出显著的高频成分。高频分量与基频之间的关系表明可能是谐波。在被试中发现基频的振幅和融合起始分量的最大速度之间存在相关性,这可能是由于共享神经通路的增加。结论:所有受试者都存在低频振荡行为,这进一步支持了慢速或融合维持成分是由反馈控制介导的。
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引用次数: 2
Optimizing the usage of pupillary based indicators for cognitive workload. 优化瞳孔认知负荷指标的使用。
IF 2.1 4区 心理学 Q3 OPHTHALMOLOGY Pub Date : 2021-06-11 eCollection Date: 2021-01-01 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.14.2.4
Benedict C O F Fehringer

The Index of Cognitive Activity (ICA) and its open-source alternative, the Index of Pupillary Activity (IPA), are pupillary-based indicators for cognitive workload and are independent of light changes. Both indicators were investigated regarding influences of cognitive demand, fatigue and inter-individual differences. In addition, the variability of pupil changes between both eyes (difference values) were compared with the usually calculated pupillary changes averaged over both eyes (mean values). Fifty-five participants performed a spatial thinking test, the R-Cube-Vis Test, with six distinct difficulty levels and a simple fixation task before and after the R-Cube-Vis Test. The distributions of the ICA and IPA were comparable. The ICA/IPA values were lower during the simple fixation tasks than during the cognitively demanding R-Cube-Vis Test. A fatigue effect was found only for the mean ICA values. The effects of both indicators were larger between difficulty levels of the test when inter-individual differences were controlled using z-standardization. The difference values seemed to control for fatigue and appeared to differentiate better between more demanding cognitive tasks than the mean values. The derived recommendations for the ICA/IPA values are beneficial to gain more insights in individual performance and behavior during, e.g., training and testing scenarios.

认知活动指数(ICA)及其开源替代品,瞳孔活动指数(IPA),是基于瞳孔的认知负荷指标,不受光线变化的影响。研究了两项指标对认知需求、疲劳和个体间差异的影响。此外,将双眼瞳孔变化的变异性(差值)与通常计算的双眼平均瞳孔变化(平均值)进行比较。55名参与者在R-Cube-Vis测试前后分别进行了一项空间思维测试,即R-Cube-Vis测试,有六个不同的难度等级和一个简单的固定任务。国际收支指数和国际收支指数的分布具有可比性。在简单注视任务中,ICA/IPA值低于认知要求高的R-Cube-Vis测试。疲劳效应只存在于ICA平均值上。当使用z-标准化控制个体间差异时,这两个指标在测试难度水平之间的影响更大。差异值似乎控制了疲劳,并且似乎比平均值更好地区分了要求更高的认知任务。关于ICA/IPA值的衍生建议有助于在训练和测试场景中获得更多关于个人表现和行为的见解。
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引用次数: 5
期刊
Journal of Eye Movement Research
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