Lulu is the only indigenous cattle of taurine (Bos taurus) breed that is reared in northern part of central to western Nepal. There have been no recent studies on husbandry practice, health status, productive and reproductive performance of Lulu cattle in Nepal. Therefore, this study was conducted to know the husbandry practice, health, productive and reproductive status of Lulu cattle in Mustang district. Household survey was conducted in Lulu cattle rearing households (n=183) in Mustang; fecal sample of Lulu cow was collected from each household and examined for endoparasitic infection. Body condition score (BCS), hair coat, anemic and milk production status were recorded only from lactating cows (n=242). All of the respondents kept their cows in loose housing system. Among them, 90.2% grazed their cattle, 21.3% provided some cultivated pastures, 3.3% supplemented commercial feed and none of the farmers fed mineral supplementation to their cattle. All the milk produced was used only for home consumption. Only 22% of respondents dewormed their cattle regularly and 29% never dewormed; only 12% vaccinated against foot and mouth disease (FMD) every year and 25% never vaccinated. Cattle of 79.8% households had endoparasitic infection. Among 242 lactating cows, 13.2% cows had poor BCS (<2.75), 95.5% had rough hair coat and 20.4% had anemic (pale) eye mucous membrane. Total 8.3% cows had the history of abortion. Mean (±SD) peak milk yield and lactation length were 2.01±0.30 liter/day and 9.84±0.86 months, respectively. Most of the cows calved in summer (72%) followed by autumn (12%), spring (11%) and winter (5%). Mean (±SD) age of first calving, calving to conception interval, inter-calving interval, dry period and the number of services per conception were 36.0±0.48 months, 3.99±0.68 months, 12.97±1.34 months, 2.71±0.45 months, and 1.47±0.77, respectively. In conclusion, Lulu cattle has the potentiality to increase its productive and reproductive performance through improved health and husbandry practices.
露露是唯一的本地牛磺酸牛(Bos taurus)品种，饲养在尼泊尔中西部北部。最近没有关于尼泊尔露露牛的畜牧业实践、健康状况、生产和繁殖性能的研究。因此，本研究旨在了解野马地区露露牛的放牧实践、健康状况、生产和繁殖状况。对野马地区露露牛养殖户(183户)进行入户调查;每户采集露露牛粪便标本，检查其体内寄生虫感染情况。仅记录泌乳奶牛体况评分(BCS)、被毛、贫血和产奶量状况(n=242)。所有受访者都将奶牛饲养在松散的住房系统中。其中，90.2%的农户放牧牛，21.3%的农户提供一定的耕地，3.3%的农户补充商品饲料，没有农户给牛补充矿物质。所有生产的牛奶都只供家庭消费。只有22%的应答者定期给牛驱虫，29%从不驱虫;只有12%的人每年接种口蹄疫疫苗，25%的人从未接种过疫苗。79.8%的家庭有牛内寄生虫感染。242头泌乳奶牛中，13.2%的奶牛BCS较差(<2.75)，95.5%的奶牛毛糙，20.4%的奶牛眼粘膜贫血(苍白)。有流产史的奶牛占8.3%。平均峰值产奶量(±SD)为2.01±0.30 l /d，泌乳时间为9.84±0.86个月。大多数奶牛在夏季产犊(72%)，其次是秋季(12%)、春季(11%)和冬季(5%)。首次产犊年龄、产犊至受胎间隔、间歇期、干燥期和单胎胎次平均(±SD)分别为36.0±0.48个月、3.99±0.68个月、12.97±1.34个月、2.71±0.45个月和1.47±0.77个月。综上所述，露露牛有可能通过改善健康和饲养方法来提高其生产和繁殖性能。
{"title":"Husbandry practice, health, productive and reproductive status of lulu cattle in Mustang, Nepal","authors":"G. Gautam, P. Oli","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48464","url":null,"abstract":"Lulu is the only indigenous cattle of taurine (Bos taurus) breed that is reared in northern part of central to western Nepal. There have been no recent studies on husbandry practice, health status, productive and reproductive performance of Lulu cattle in Nepal. Therefore, this study was conducted to know the husbandry practice, health, productive and reproductive status of Lulu cattle in Mustang district. Household survey was conducted in Lulu cattle rearing households (n=183) in Mustang; fecal sample of Lulu cow was collected from each household and examined for endoparasitic infection. Body condition score (BCS), hair coat, anemic and milk production status were recorded only from lactating cows (n=242). All of the respondents kept their cows in loose housing system. Among them, 90.2% grazed their cattle, 21.3% provided some cultivated pastures, 3.3% supplemented commercial feed and none of the farmers fed mineral supplementation to their cattle. All the milk produced was used only for home consumption. Only 22% of respondents dewormed their cattle regularly and 29% never dewormed; only 12% vaccinated against foot and mouth disease (FMD) every year and 25% never vaccinated. Cattle of 79.8% households had endoparasitic infection. Among 242 lactating cows, 13.2% cows had poor BCS (<2.75), 95.5% had rough hair coat and 20.4% had anemic (pale) eye mucous membrane. Total 8.3% cows had the history of abortion. Mean (±SD) peak milk yield and lactation length were 2.01±0.30 liter/day and 9.84±0.86 months, respectively. Most of the cows calved in summer (72%) followed by autumn (12%), spring (11%) and winter (5%). Mean (±SD) age of first calving, calving to conception interval, inter-calving interval, dry period and the number of services per conception were 36.0±0.48 months, 3.99±0.68 months, 12.97±1.34 months, 2.71±0.45 months, and 1.47±0.77, respectively. In conclusion, Lulu cattle has the potentiality to increase its productive and reproductive performance through improved health and husbandry practices.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91550947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nepalese poultry sector is progressing rapidly contributing around 4% of GDP with flourishing impact to provide sustainable and cheapest protein as source of human food. However, with the accelerating pathway, this industry is shed-back by outbreak of several infectious and zoonotic diseases impacting huge economic losses. Salmonella also cause infection in poultry birds and constitutes the largest reservoir of Salmonella organisms in nature. S. typhimurium is an unadopted serotype of Salmonella that may be transmitted to human, animals (poultry) and environment from contaminated food, feed and water. Use of antibiotics, good farm management practices and biosecurity are the treatment and control measures of this disease in poultry production. Development of antibiotic resistant strains of S. typhimurium thus not only pose considerable threat to clinicians, but is also of public health concern as these resistant strains after ingestion are capable of transferring resistance to other pathogens. The present study was undertaken to determine prevalence and antibiotics sensitivity of S. typhimurium strains isolated from domestic poultry from Chitwan, Nepal. Out of 79 farm and 23 chicken slaughterhouse sampling sites, the 107 (19.45%) out of 550 cultured specimens were confirmed for S. typhimurium. Amongst various antibiotics used for in vitro sensitivity testing, the two antibiotics: Colistin (Cl) and Enrofloxacin (Ex), were found to be 100% effective, whereas out of 22 antibiotics, 18 antibiotics showed weak to strong resistance pattern against S. typhimurium isolate. In the present study, Polymyxin and fluoroquinolone antibiotics were found to be most effective against S. typhimurium. Understanding the source of exposure to pathogens (especially resistant pathogens) provides some insight into antibiotic use and misuse in the region. Looking through the lens of One Health approach, the regulation of antibiotic use in animal medicine has direct implications for human health through the increased resistance of foodborne pathogens to vital antibiotic therapy. Thus, judicious use of antibiotics based on their sensitivity pattern should be practiced.
{"title":"Isolation and antibiotic sensitivity of Salmonella typhimurium isolates from poultry farms and slaughterhouses of Chitwan, Nepal","authors":"S. Singh","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48476","url":null,"abstract":"Nepalese poultry sector is progressing rapidly contributing around 4% of GDP with flourishing impact to provide sustainable and cheapest protein as source of human food. However, with the accelerating pathway, this industry is shed-back by outbreak of several infectious and zoonotic diseases impacting huge economic losses. Salmonella also cause infection in poultry birds and constitutes the largest reservoir of Salmonella organisms in nature. S. typhimurium is an unadopted serotype of Salmonella that may be transmitted to human, animals (poultry) and environment from contaminated food, feed and water. Use of antibiotics, good farm management practices and biosecurity are the treatment and control measures of this disease in poultry production. Development of antibiotic resistant strains of S. typhimurium thus not only pose considerable threat to clinicians, but is also of public health concern as these resistant strains after ingestion are capable of transferring resistance to other pathogens. The present study was undertaken to determine prevalence and antibiotics sensitivity of S. typhimurium strains isolated from domestic poultry from Chitwan, Nepal. Out of 79 farm and 23 chicken slaughterhouse sampling sites, the 107 (19.45%) out of 550 cultured specimens were confirmed for S. typhimurium. Amongst various antibiotics used for in vitro sensitivity testing, the two antibiotics: Colistin (Cl) and Enrofloxacin (Ex), were found to be 100% effective, whereas out of 22 antibiotics, 18 antibiotics showed weak to strong resistance pattern against S. typhimurium isolate. In the present study, Polymyxin and fluoroquinolone antibiotics were found to be most effective against S. typhimurium. Understanding the source of exposure to pathogens (especially resistant pathogens) provides some insight into antibiotic use and misuse in the region. Looking through the lens of One Health approach, the regulation of antibiotic use in animal medicine has direct implications for human health through the increased resistance of foodborne pathogens to vital antibiotic therapy. Thus, judicious use of antibiotics based on their sensitivity pattern should be practiced.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82053371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Sapkota, I. P. Kadariya, M. Pandey, P. Risal, B. Basnet
Artemisia vulgaris is one of the highly used plant species as traditional medicine because of its antioxidant activity, anti-allergic effect and other several health benefits. This study was carried out with the objectives to explore the phytochemical constituents and assess the antioxidant property of essential oils of A. vulgaris found in sub- tropical regions of Bagmati province. Hydro distillation method was used for the extraction of essential oil and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed to identify various phytochemicals present in essential oil. Evaluation of antioxidant activity by in vitro method was carried out by observing hydrogen peroxide scavenging effects of essential oils at different concentrations. GC-MS analysis showed 41 different phytochemicals including mono- and sesquiterpenes. Among them, highly expressed phytochemicals were Cadinene (14.95%), Caryophyllene(E) (9.32%), Camphor (8.74%), Thujone (6.57%), Eucalyptol (6.25%). Essential oil also showed scavenging effect against hydrogen peroxide with EC50 value of 48.49. This preliminary study shows that essential oil of A. vulgaris can be used as a source of natural antioxidants, but in vivo and other clinical trials must be done for oral use.
{"title":"Antioxidant activity of essential oil of Artemisia vulgaris collected from sub-tropical region of Bagmati province, Nepal.","authors":"S. Sapkota, I. P. Kadariya, M. Pandey, P. Risal, B. Basnet","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48466","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48466","url":null,"abstract":"Artemisia vulgaris is one of the highly used plant species as traditional medicine because of its antioxidant activity, anti-allergic effect and other several health benefits. This study was carried out with the objectives to explore the phytochemical constituents and assess the antioxidant property of essential oils of A. vulgaris found in sub- tropical regions of Bagmati province. Hydro distillation method was used for the extraction of essential oil and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed to identify various phytochemicals present in essential oil. Evaluation of antioxidant activity by in vitro method was carried out by observing hydrogen peroxide scavenging effects of essential oils at different concentrations. GC-MS analysis showed 41 different phytochemicals including mono- and sesquiterpenes. Among them, highly expressed phytochemicals were Cadinene (14.95%), Caryophyllene(E) (9.32%), Camphor (8.74%), Thujone (6.57%), Eucalyptol (6.25%). Essential oil also showed scavenging effect against hydrogen peroxide with EC50 value of 48.49. This preliminary study shows that essential oil of A. vulgaris can be used as a source of natural antioxidants, but in vivo and other clinical trials must be done for oral use.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"55 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82106142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Isoflavone is an important functional component that is associated with human health benefits such as the decreased risk of heart disease, menopausal symptoms, cardiovascular disease, and bone resorption as well as breast, prostate, and colon cancers. Pinitol (also referred to as D-Pinitol) is a type of sugar and classified as a chiro-inositol (sugar alcohol), has been demonstrated to exert insulin-like, anti-inflammatory and a hypoglycemic effect (to reduce blood sugar level). Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) species were collected from the different parts of Korea in the autumn season of 2011 and analyzed the isoflavone and pinitol content of leaves and stems by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). A large variation of isoflavone and pinitol content in the leaves and stems of lespedeza species was observed. The average isoflavone content of leaves and stems were 1,612 and 873 μg/g and ranged from 44 ~ 6,536 and 25 ~ 3,666 μg/g, respectively. Similarly, the average pinitol content of leaves and stems were 15,195 and 9,104 μg/g and ranged from 5,049 ~ 35,289 and 1284 ~ 27,185 μg/g, respectively. Both isoflavone and pinitol content in the leaves were significantly higher than in the stems. Leaves of sericea lespedeza showed unexpectedly higher isoflavone and pinitol. The average isoflavone content in leaves and stems among nine provinces were also significantly different. The highest isoflavone content in leaves (6,536 μg/g) and stems (3,666 μg/g) were measured in the samples collected from Chungcheongnam and Gangwon provinces, respectively. Similarly, the highest pinitol content in the leaves (35,289 μg/g) and stems (27,185 μg/g) were measured in the samples collected from Gyeonggi and Gangwon provinces, respectively. The genotypes with high isoflavone and pinitol content especially in the leaves of this medicinal herb could be used as elite genetic resources for food industries to make quality functional food products as well as medicines especially for diabetes.
{"title":"Distribution of isoflavone and pinitol content in different parts of Serica lespedeza","authors":"K. Dhakal","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48450","url":null,"abstract":"Isoflavone is an important functional component that is associated with human health benefits such as the decreased risk of heart disease, menopausal symptoms, cardiovascular disease, and bone resorption as well as breast, prostate, and colon cancers. Pinitol (also referred to as D-Pinitol) is a type of sugar and classified as a chiro-inositol (sugar alcohol), has been demonstrated to exert insulin-like, anti-inflammatory and a hypoglycemic effect (to reduce blood sugar level). Sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) species were collected from the different parts of Korea in the autumn season of 2011 and analyzed the isoflavone and pinitol content of leaves and stems by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). A large variation of isoflavone and pinitol content in the leaves and stems of lespedeza species was observed. The average isoflavone content of leaves and stems were 1,612 and 873 μg/g and ranged from 44 ~ 6,536 and 25 ~ 3,666 μg/g, respectively. Similarly, the average pinitol content of leaves and stems were 15,195 and 9,104 μg/g and ranged from 5,049 ~ 35,289 and 1284 ~ 27,185 μg/g, respectively. Both isoflavone and pinitol content in the leaves were significantly higher than in the stems. Leaves of sericea lespedeza showed unexpectedly higher isoflavone and pinitol. The average isoflavone content in leaves and stems among nine provinces were also significantly different. The highest isoflavone content in leaves (6,536 μg/g) and stems (3,666 μg/g) were measured in the samples collected from Chungcheongnam and Gangwon provinces, respectively. Similarly, the highest pinitol content in the leaves (35,289 μg/g) and stems (27,185 μg/g) were measured in the samples collected from Gyeonggi and Gangwon provinces, respectively. The genotypes with high isoflavone and pinitol content especially in the leaves of this medicinal herb could be used as elite genetic resources for food industries to make quality functional food products as well as medicines especially for diabetes.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"63 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83356319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) is the most popular polymeric material used for alteration and control of biodistribution. PEG may increase the lifetime of “drug carrier” assembly which helps in administering lower concentration of the “drug carrier” composite. It has been used widely for the modification of carriers used in therapeutics because PEG offers a shielding characters that avoids rapid renal clearance from the body. This study was carried out at Dolphin Institute of Biomedical and Natural Sciences, Dehradun and Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, India during May-July 2005. Activation of PEG of different molecular weight (400 Da, 4000 Da, 8000 Da and 20,000 Da) was done using dry benzene, Triethylamine, Ethylene dichloride and 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate. Reaction mixture was monitored on TLC using EDC: Methanol (7:3). Then reaction mixture was portioned between EDC & water. The lower fraction in separating funnel of EDC was collected & concentrated on rota evaporator to get activated PEG. From the above reaction and structure it was clear that 4-Nitrophenyl Chloroformate contains two highly electronegative groups i.e. NO2 and Cl. These two groups interact with each other resulting in neutralization of polarity. It then acts as non-polar molecule and shows high affinity for mobile phase (methanol & EDC). Therefore, 4-Nitrophenylchloroformate has the highest mobility and PEG has lowest mobility. From IR Spectroscopy it was found that the peak of Hydroxyl group- (OH) of PEG was at 3400- 3450cm-1. The peak of C-Cl bond was found at 746 cm-1. But after the reaction between PEG and 4-Nitrophenyl Chloroformate the- OH peak was found not so deep as in PEG. The peak was somewhat short and broad.
{"title":"A study on activation of polyethylene glycol and its characterization by infrared spectroscopy and thin layer chromatography","authors":"R. Bashyal","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48474","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48474","url":null,"abstract":"Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) is the most popular polymeric material used for alteration and control of biodistribution. PEG may increase the lifetime of “drug carrier” assembly which helps in administering lower concentration of the “drug carrier” composite. It has been used widely for the modification of carriers used in therapeutics because PEG offers a shielding characters that avoids rapid renal clearance from the body. This study was carried out at Dolphin Institute of Biomedical and Natural Sciences, Dehradun and Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, India during May-July 2005. Activation of PEG of different molecular weight (400 Da, 4000 Da, 8000 Da and 20,000 Da) was done using dry benzene, Triethylamine, Ethylene dichloride and 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate. Reaction mixture was monitored on TLC using EDC: Methanol (7:3). Then reaction mixture was portioned between EDC & water. The lower fraction in separating funnel of EDC was collected & concentrated on rota evaporator to get activated PEG. From the above reaction and structure it was clear that 4-Nitrophenyl Chloroformate contains two highly electronegative groups i.e. NO2 and Cl. These two groups interact with each other resulting in neutralization of polarity. It then acts as non-polar molecule and shows high affinity for mobile phase (methanol & EDC). Therefore, 4-Nitrophenylchloroformate has the highest mobility and PEG has lowest mobility. From IR Spectroscopy it was found that the peak of Hydroxyl group- (OH) of PEG was at 3400- 3450cm-1. The peak of C-Cl bond was found at 746 cm-1. But after the reaction between PEG and 4-Nitrophenyl Chloroformate the- OH peak was found not so deep as in PEG. The peak was somewhat short and broad.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79149184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nitrogen is one of the most limiting element for the growth and yield of rice. However, the imbalance use of conventional urea leads to loss of nitrogen from rice field, decrease nitrogen use efficiency, increase environmental pollution and cost of cultivation. This study was done to evaluate the response of polymer coated urea (PCU) and urea briquette (UB) on the yield and nitrogen use efficiencies (NUE) of rice on a sandy loam soil. The experiment was conducted at the agronomy research farm of Agriculture and Forestry University during the rainy season of 2018 in a randomized complete block design with three replications for each treatment (T1 - control, 0 kg N ha-1; T2- Prilled urea, 150 kg N ha-1 single application at basal; T3- Prilled urea, 150 kg N ha-1 standard split application; T4-PCU, 150 kg N ha-1 single application at basal; T5-UB, 150 kg N ha-1 single application at basal). The data on yield, and NUE were recorded and analyzed by using R studio. The physical and economic maximum dose of Nitrogen for these different types of urea were also calculated. Compared with single application of Prilled urea (3698 kg ha-1), rice fertilized with Prilled urea with standard split application (4747 kg ha-1), single application of PCU (5183 kg ha-1) and BU (4787 kg ha-1) had significantly higher grain yield and NUE. Economic maximum dose of nitrogen was reduced greatly for the single application of PCU (124 kg N ha-1) compared to Prilled urea with standard split application (167 kg N ha-1). Single application of PCU and UB can be considered as an alternative nitrogen fertilizer for rice even in the sandy loam soil.
氮是制约水稻生长和产量的主要因素之一。然而，常规尿素的不平衡使用导致稻田氮素流失，降低氮素利用效率，增加环境污染和种植成本。研究了聚合物包膜尿素(PCU)和尿素型煤(UB)对砂壤土水稻产量和氮素利用效率(NUE)的影响。试验于2018年雨季在农林大学农学研究农场进行，采用随机完全区组设计，每个处理3个重复(T1 -对照，0 kg N ha-1;T2-打孔尿素，150 kg N ha-1单次施用;T3-造粒尿素，150 kg N ha-1标准分施;T4-PCU，基础单次施用150 kg N ha-1;T5-UB, 150 kg N - ha-1单次施用于基部)。利用R studio对产量、氮肥利用率等数据进行记录和分析。计算了不同类型尿素的物理和经济最大氮用量。与单施打孔尿素(3698 kg hm -1)相比，标准分施打孔尿素(4747 kg hm -1)、单施PCU (5183 kg hm -1)和BU (4787 kg hm -1)的水稻籽粒产量和氮肥利用效率显著提高。单次施用PCU (124 kg N ha-1)比标准分次施用造粒尿素(167 kg N ha-1)的最大经济施氮量大大降低。即使在砂壤土中，单施PCU和UB也可作为水稻的替代氮肥。
{"title":"Effects of coated and briquette urea on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rice at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal","authors":"S. Marahatta","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48468","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48468","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrogen is one of the most limiting element for the growth and yield of rice. However, the imbalance use of conventional urea leads to loss of nitrogen from rice field, decrease nitrogen use efficiency, increase environmental pollution and cost of cultivation. This study was done to evaluate the response of polymer coated urea (PCU) and urea briquette (UB) on the yield and nitrogen use efficiencies (NUE) of rice on a sandy loam soil. The experiment was conducted at the agronomy research farm of Agriculture and Forestry University during the rainy season of 2018 in a randomized complete block design with three replications for each treatment (T1 - control, 0 kg N ha-1; T2- Prilled urea, 150 kg N ha-1 single application at basal; T3- Prilled urea, 150 kg N ha-1 standard split application; T4-PCU, 150 kg N ha-1 single application at basal; T5-UB, 150 kg N ha-1 single application at basal). The data on yield, and NUE were recorded and analyzed by using R studio. The physical and economic maximum dose of Nitrogen for these different types of urea were also calculated. Compared with single application of Prilled urea (3698 kg ha-1), rice fertilized with Prilled urea with standard split application (4747 kg ha-1), single application of PCU (5183 kg ha-1) and BU (4787 kg ha-1) had significantly higher grain yield and NUE. Economic maximum dose of nitrogen was reduced greatly for the single application of PCU (124 kg N ha-1) compared to Prilled urea with standard split application (167 kg N ha-1). Single application of PCU and UB can be considered as an alternative nitrogen fertilizer for rice even in the sandy loam soil.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79564486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nepalese dairy sector has been showing structural changes with adoption of latest technologies like improved breeds, feeds, cultivated fodder and additives. In the context of these changes, this research was conducted to assess the technical efficiency and its determinants among dairy farms. The study was accomplished with primary data collected through face-to-face interview using semi-structured interview schedule from a sample of 240 dairy farms selected randomly using simple random sampling technique from 8 wards of Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Chitwan. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, stochastic production frontier and tobit regression model. Technical efficiency was found to be the highest in mix dairy farms (3.530) followed by cow farms (2.56) and buffalo farms (2.138). Labour was the most contributing factor in all three types of dairy farms. This study had shown that average annual income per farm should be Rs. 542000, Rs. 403225 and Rs. 611400 for getting 90% technical efficiency in milk production at buffalo, cow and mix farms, respectively. Similarly, 57% buffalo farms were operating at efficiency of 30-60%, 46% cow farms were operating at efficiency of 30%, and 67.5% mix farms were operating at efficiency of 30 to 60%. Total investment in dairy farming, training and adopting dairy as primary occupation were positively and significantly affecting technical efficiency on buffalo, cow and mix type of dairy farming system. There is still large scope to increase the annual milk production in the dairy farms of Chitwan through efficient use of available resources with the existing technologies. This is concluded that dairy farming system can be promoted efficiently by increasing total investment in dairy farming through easy access to loan, training on dairy animal production and management, ensuring dairy business as profitable primary occupation, promotion of fodder and pasture production, and securing easy access to medicines and additives.
{"title":"Determinants of technical efficiency among dairy farms in Chitwan, Nepal","authors":"S. Dhakal","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48459","url":null,"abstract":"Nepalese dairy sector has been showing structural changes with adoption of latest technologies like improved breeds, feeds, cultivated fodder and additives. In the context of these changes, this research was conducted to assess the technical efficiency and its determinants among dairy farms. The study was accomplished with primary data collected through face-to-face interview using semi-structured interview schedule from a sample of 240 dairy farms selected randomly using simple random sampling technique from 8 wards of Bharatpur Metropolitan City, Chitwan. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, stochastic production frontier and tobit regression model. Technical efficiency was found to be the highest in mix dairy farms (3.530) followed by cow farms (2.56) and buffalo farms (2.138). Labour was the most contributing factor in all three types of dairy farms. This study had shown that average annual income per farm should be Rs. 542000, Rs. 403225 and Rs. 611400 for getting 90% technical efficiency in milk production at buffalo, cow and mix farms, respectively. Similarly, 57% buffalo farms were operating at efficiency of 30-60%, 46% cow farms were operating at efficiency of 30%, and 67.5% mix farms were operating at efficiency of 30 to 60%. Total investment in dairy farming, training and adopting dairy as primary occupation were positively and significantly affecting technical efficiency on buffalo, cow and mix type of dairy farming system. There is still large scope to increase the annual milk production in the dairy farms of Chitwan through efficient use of available resources with the existing technologies. This is concluded that dairy farming system can be promoted efficiently by increasing total investment in dairy farming through easy access to loan, training on dairy animal production and management, ensuring dairy business as profitable primary occupation, promotion of fodder and pasture production, and securing easy access to medicines and additives.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84784536","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Sapkota, R. Regmi, Shraddhesh Kumar Tiwari, R. B. Thapa
Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) is the most devastating pest in late winter in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.). Pesticides are the common pest management practices to manage the crucifer pests. These practices are not sustainable and ecofriendly. Hence, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of chemical, botanicals and biological insecticides to develop safer and more effective insecticides for the diamondback moth, in cabbage during winter season 2018-19. The experiment was laid in a randomized block design (RCBD) with four replication and five treatments viz. i) Emamectin benzoate 5SG @ 0.4 gm/l, ii) Neemix (Azadirachtin 300 ppm) @ 2 ml/l, iii) Metarhizium anisopliae @ 2 ml/l, iv) Beauveri abassiana @ 2 ml/l and v) control (untreated). Standard recommended agronomic practices were followed in field to ensure better crop growth. The maximum reduction of P. xylostella larval population over untreated control was recorded in Emamectin benzoate 5 SG (95%) and Neemix (95%) sprayed field. Bio-pesticides such as M. anisopliae and B. bassiana were effective only after the first spray with maximum efficacy of (76%) and (65%), respectively, and decreased efficacy in the second and third sprays. Both yields with the least number of damaged leaves and maximum net profit was recorded in Emamectin benzoate sprayed plots with a higher benefit-cost ratio of (3.47), which was followed by M. anisopliae (2.96) and Neemix (2.92) treatments, respectively. Emamectin benzoate 5 SG and Neemix are effective and safe insecticides in controlling diamondback moth in cabbage crops and are viable options for integrated management of P. xylostella.
{"title":"Efficacy of biological and chemical insecticides against diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) on Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Var capitata)","authors":"B. Sapkota, R. Regmi, Shraddhesh Kumar Tiwari, R. B. Thapa","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48447","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48447","url":null,"abstract":"Diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) is the most devastating pest in late winter in cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.). Pesticides are the common pest management practices to manage the crucifer pests. These practices are not sustainable and ecofriendly. Hence, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of chemical, botanicals and biological insecticides to develop safer and more effective insecticides for the diamondback moth, in cabbage during winter season 2018-19. The experiment was laid in a randomized block design (RCBD) with four replication and five treatments viz. i) Emamectin benzoate 5SG @ 0.4 gm/l, ii) Neemix (Azadirachtin 300 ppm) @ 2 ml/l, iii) Metarhizium anisopliae @ 2 ml/l, iv) Beauveri abassiana @ 2 ml/l and v) control (untreated). Standard recommended agronomic practices were followed in field to ensure better crop growth. The maximum reduction of P. xylostella larval population over untreated control was recorded in Emamectin benzoate 5 SG (95%) and Neemix (95%) sprayed field. Bio-pesticides such as M. anisopliae and B. bassiana were effective only after the first spray with maximum efficacy of (76%) and (65%), respectively, and decreased efficacy in the second and third sprays. Both yields with the least number of damaged leaves and maximum net profit was recorded in Emamectin benzoate sprayed plots with a higher benefit-cost ratio of (3.47), which was followed by M. anisopliae (2.96) and Neemix (2.92) treatments, respectively. Emamectin benzoate 5 SG and Neemix are effective and safe insecticides in controlling diamondback moth in cabbage crops and are viable options for integrated management of P. xylostella.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"127 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78559270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hybrid rice has the potential to increase rice yield. Fertilizer requirement is higher to achieve higher productivity in hybrid rice. A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the performance of hybrid rice varieties at different levels of fertilizer management. The experiment was conducted at research farm of National Rice Research Program (NRRP), Hardinath, Dhanusha, Nepal during rainy season of 2018. The experimental plot was laid out in a strip plot design with three replications. The treatment consisted of combination of six registered hybrid rice namely Arize 6444, Arize Tejgold, Gorakhnath 509, Shanti, Sudha, US 312 and two high yielding checks viz., Sabitri and Hardinath 1; and three levels of fertilizer management viz., Farmers practices ( 60-40-0 N, P2O5, k2O kg ha-1), National recommended Dose (100-30-30 N, P2O5, k2O kg ha-1) and 125% of National recommended Dose (125-40-40 N, P2O5, k2O kg ha-1). The result of research revealed that rice hybrid Sudha produced the highest grain yield (5659 kg ha-1) followed by US 312 (5153 kg ha-1). All the hybrids produced significantly higher yield than improved check varieties. The yield increment in rice hybrids ranged from 17.7 to 42.0% and 54.9 to 119.9% over Sabitri and Hardinath1 respectively. Higher gross return (Nrs 190.78 thousand ha-1), net return (Nrs 100.77 thousand ha-1) and benefit cost ratio of (2.11) was obtained in rice hybrid Sudha followed by US 312, Shanti and Arize Tejgold. Similarly, higher gross return (NRs. 178.59 thousand ha-1), net return (84.59 thousand ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (1.9) were found higher in 25% more fertilizer applied dose than National recommendation dose. Therefore, all tested hybrid rice can produce higher grain yield and 25% higher dose of fertilizer was better than national recommended dose for achieving higher yield and net income.
杂交水稻有提高水稻产量的潜力。杂交水稻要取得较高的产量，需要较高的肥料用量。通过田间试验，评价了不同施肥水平下杂交稻品种的生产性能。该试验于2018年雨季在尼泊尔达努沙哈迪纳特国家水稻研究计划(NRRP)研究农场进行。试验小区采用3个重复的条形小区设计。该处理包括6个登记杂交稻组合，即:Arize 6444、Arize Tejgold、Gorakhnath 509、Shanti、Sudha、US 312和2个高产对照稻，即Sabitri和Hardinath 1;以及三个水平的肥料管理，即农民实践(60-40-0 N、P2O5、k2O kg ha-1)、国家推荐剂量(100-30-30 N、P2O5、k2O kg ha-1)和国家推荐剂量的125% (125-40-40 N、P2O5、k2O kg ha-1)。研究结果表明，杂交水稻Sudha产量最高(5659 kg ha-1)，其次是US 312 (5153 kg ha-1)。所有杂交品种的产量均显著高于改良对照品种。杂交稻的产量分别比Sabitri和Hardinath1增产17.7% ~ 42.0%和54.9% ~ 119.9%。杂交水稻苏达的总收益(190.78万公顷-1)、净收益(100.77万公顷-1)和效益成本比(2.11)均较高，其次是美312、香蒂和阿尔泽特金。同样，更高的总回报率(NRs)。施用剂量比国家推荐剂量多25%，净收益(84.59万ha-1)和效益成本比(1.9)较高。综上所述，所有试验杂交稻均能获得较高的籽粒产量，且施用比国家推荐用量高25%的肥料可获得较高的产量和净收入。
{"title":"Effects of varieties and fertilizer levels on yield and economics of hybrid rice at Hardinath, Nepal","authors":"U. Sah, S. K. Sah, S. Marhatta, M. Neupane","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48460","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48460","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid rice has the potential to increase rice yield. Fertilizer requirement is higher to achieve higher productivity in hybrid rice. A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the performance of hybrid rice varieties at different levels of fertilizer management. The experiment was conducted at research farm of National Rice Research Program (NRRP), Hardinath, Dhanusha, Nepal during rainy season of 2018. The experimental plot was laid out in a strip plot design with three replications. The treatment consisted of combination of six registered hybrid rice namely Arize 6444, Arize Tejgold, Gorakhnath 509, Shanti, Sudha, US 312 and two high yielding checks viz., Sabitri and Hardinath 1; and three levels of fertilizer management viz., Farmers practices ( 60-40-0 N, P2O5, k2O kg ha-1), National recommended Dose (100-30-30 N, P2O5, k2O kg ha-1) and 125% of National recommended Dose (125-40-40 N, P2O5, k2O kg ha-1). The result of research revealed that rice hybrid Sudha produced the highest grain yield (5659 kg ha-1) followed by US 312 (5153 kg ha-1). All the hybrids produced significantly higher yield than improved check varieties. The yield increment in rice hybrids ranged from 17.7 to 42.0% and 54.9 to 119.9% over Sabitri and Hardinath1 respectively. Higher gross return (Nrs 190.78 thousand ha-1), net return (Nrs 100.77 thousand ha-1) and benefit cost ratio of (2.11) was obtained in rice hybrid Sudha followed by US 312, Shanti and Arize Tejgold. Similarly, higher gross return (NRs. 178.59 thousand ha-1), net return (84.59 thousand ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (1.9) were found higher in 25% more fertilizer applied dose than National recommendation dose. Therefore, all tested hybrid rice can produce higher grain yield and 25% higher dose of fertilizer was better than national recommended dose for achieving higher yield and net income.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"35 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79786418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Human-wildlife conflict is a major issue for policymakers and conservationists due to economic loss to the communities living in the close territory of the park, affecting their livelihoods and wellbeing. This study aims at identifying and quantifying wildlife-induced damages on crops and livestock and methods used by communities for crop and livestock protection. A total of 434 households living in the vicinity of the park from the ten forest user groups around the Chitwan national parks and buffer zone were randomly sampled and interviewed with the use of semi-structured questionnaires in the year 2021. Findings revealed a total of 87.86% of rice-growing households reported the damage of rice whereas 90.32% and 87.68% of households reported the damage to wheat and maize, respectively. The annual loss of 78 kg of rice per household (NRs. 1776 at prevailing market rates) was reported along with the loss of wheat (86 Kg-worth of NRs. 2,523) and maize (96 Kg-worth of NRs. 2,019) per household. About 59% of households had lost at least a livestock species and poultry in last year, and that varied well across the sectors. Twelve different methods and techniques were identified by communities that were used regularly to prevent crop damage and livestock loss with the majority of people using certain methods and techniques against crop damage and livestock loss. A total of 425 (97.93%) were reported that they used at least one method and technique to prevent crop damage and livestock loss. Among all these methods, crop guarding, shouting, use of natural fences, guarding by dogs, and throwing stones were the most effective and safest practices/techniques, but the use of a single means and approach was found ineffective. This suggests the need for developing site-specific management techniques to minimize crop damage and livestock loss in the National Park vicinity and adjoining protected areas. Apart from the different mitigating means, construction, and maintaining permanent fences on the border of the national parks, there should be the provision of conservation education to communities bordering protected areas to practice sustainable agriculture and income-generating programs that are conservation-friendly. that may include, for example, provision of conservation educations along with income-generating programs that are conservation-friendly.
{"title":"Effectiveness of crop and livestock protection methods against wildlife damage: A case from Chitwan National Park, Nepal","authors":"S. Ghimire, D. Devkota, S. Dhakal, B. Upreti","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48461","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48461","url":null,"abstract":"Human-wildlife conflict is a major issue for policymakers and conservationists due to economic loss to the communities living in the close territory of the park, affecting their livelihoods and wellbeing. This study aims at identifying and quantifying wildlife-induced damages on crops and livestock and methods used by communities for crop and livestock protection. A total of 434 households living in the vicinity of the park from the ten forest user groups around the Chitwan national parks and buffer zone were randomly sampled and interviewed with the use of semi-structured questionnaires in the year 2021. Findings revealed a total of 87.86% of rice-growing households reported the damage of rice whereas 90.32% and 87.68% of households reported the damage to wheat and maize, respectively. The annual loss of 78 kg of rice per household (NRs. 1776 at prevailing market rates) was reported along with the loss of wheat (86 Kg-worth of NRs. 2,523) and maize (96 Kg-worth of NRs. 2,019) per household. About 59% of households had lost at least a livestock species and poultry in last year, and that varied well across the sectors. Twelve different methods and techniques were identified by communities that were used regularly to prevent crop damage and livestock loss with the majority of people using certain methods and techniques against crop damage and livestock loss. A total of 425 (97.93%) were reported that they used at least one method and technique to prevent crop damage and livestock loss. Among all these methods, crop guarding, shouting, use of natural fences, guarding by dogs, and throwing stones were the most effective and safest practices/techniques, but the use of a single means and approach was found ineffective. This suggests the need for developing site-specific management techniques to minimize crop damage and livestock loss in the National Park vicinity and adjoining protected areas. Apart from the different mitigating means, construction, and maintaining permanent fences on the border of the national parks, there should be the provision of conservation education to communities bordering protected areas to practice sustainable agriculture and income-generating programs that are conservation-friendly. that may include, for example, provision of conservation educations along with income-generating programs that are conservation-friendly.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73858787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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