Intracellular gene delivery alters the expression of a gene and corrects a defective gene that may be the cause of a disease or a disorder. Nonviral gene delivery is more appropriate than viral-mediated due to their low cytotoxicity and immunogenicity. Amongst these, polycationic nanoparticles i.e. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) were used most successfully. The PEGylation of such cationic polymer reduces its cytotoxicity. Different molecular weight poly (ethylene glycol) was used for the PEGylation of such cationic nanoparticles which have an individual effect. For this purpose, the PEG is esterified, which was then reacted with a cationic polymer. Four different molecular weights of PEG were used. The size of nanoparticles so formed depends upon the molecular weight of PEG. So formed nanoparticles were dialyzed, lyophilized, and then characterized by IR and TEM. The nanoparticles so formed are directly affected by the different molecular weights of PEG. Higher the molecular weights of PEG smaller size of nanoparticles so formed but only up to a limited extent. The decreasing order of nanoparticles as an increment of molecular weight of PEG was found as a -0.85 coefficient of correlation. The smaller-sized nanoparticles have higher transfection efficiency than larger-sized nanoparticles. So, the higher the molecular weight of PEG higher will be the transfection efficiency.
{"title":"Synthesis of nanoparticles of Poly (ethyleneimine) and their characterization by transmission electron microscopy, thin layer chromatography, and infrared spectroscopy","authors":"R. Bashyal","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48477","url":null,"abstract":"Intracellular gene delivery alters the expression of a gene and corrects a defective gene that may be the cause of a disease or a disorder. Nonviral gene delivery is more appropriate than viral-mediated due to their low cytotoxicity and immunogenicity. Amongst these, polycationic nanoparticles i.e. Polyethyleneimine (PEI) were used most successfully. The PEGylation of such cationic polymer reduces its cytotoxicity. Different molecular weight poly (ethylene glycol) was used for the PEGylation of such cationic nanoparticles which have an individual effect. For this purpose, the PEG is esterified, which was then reacted with a cationic polymer. Four different molecular weights of PEG were used. The size of nanoparticles so formed depends upon the molecular weight of PEG. So formed nanoparticles were dialyzed, lyophilized, and then characterized by IR and TEM. The nanoparticles so formed are directly affected by the different molecular weights of PEG. Higher the molecular weights of PEG smaller size of nanoparticles so formed but only up to a limited extent. The decreasing order of nanoparticles as an increment of molecular weight of PEG was found as a -0.85 coefficient of correlation. The smaller-sized nanoparticles have higher transfection efficiency than larger-sized nanoparticles. So, the higher the molecular weight of PEG higher will be the transfection efficiency.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"33 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75803477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nepalese coffee industry has passed a long way of production, processing and marketing. Coffee as a high value crop with floor price helped farmers to sustain their production. This study reviews the historic approaches of floor price fixation system and its trend using secondary data of National Tea and Coffee Development Board (NTCDB). The floor prices were averaged and converted into Green Bean Equivalent (GBE) units and analysed in different time zones. It was found that the floor price fixation system has been changing over years. The floor price was roughly based on transportation cost in earlier years. Grading-based price fixation of fresh cherry came into practice during 2002/03-2005/06. Eventually, more precise and practicable floor price measures were introduced for different quality grades, which was practiced for almost a decade from 2006/07 to 2014/15. Starting from 2015/16, previous approach was slightly modified based on organic certification which is still in practice. Moreover, it was found that the price of raw coffee has increased notably over years. While the price index of raw coffee in 1994/95 was merely 26.37, it has increased by more than nine times to 243.12 in 2021/22. Since higher priced raw coffee will not make it competitive in the global market, the floor price should be adjusted based on international market trend, considering macroeconomic parameters as well.
{"title":"Analysis of floor price trend of raw coffee in Nepal","authors":"G. Luitel, B. Acharya","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48435","url":null,"abstract":"Nepalese coffee industry has passed a long way of production, processing and marketing. Coffee as a high value crop with floor price helped farmers to sustain their production. This study reviews the historic approaches of floor price fixation system and its trend using secondary data of National Tea and Coffee Development Board (NTCDB). The floor prices were averaged and converted into Green Bean Equivalent (GBE) units and analysed in different time zones. It was found that the floor price fixation system has been changing over years. The floor price was roughly based on transportation cost in earlier years. Grading-based price fixation of fresh cherry came into practice during 2002/03-2005/06. Eventually, more precise and practicable floor price measures were introduced for different quality grades, which was practiced for almost a decade from 2006/07 to 2014/15. Starting from 2015/16, previous approach was slightly modified based on organic certification which is still in practice. Moreover, it was found that the price of raw coffee has increased notably over years. While the price index of raw coffee in 1994/95 was merely 26.37, it has increased by more than nine times to 243.12 in 2021/22. Since higher priced raw coffee will not make it competitive in the global market, the floor price should be adjusted based on international market trend, considering macroeconomic parameters as well.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79536059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
People have utilized indigenous and underutilized crops available in the marginal land for their food. However, little is known about the contribution of these crops to food security. To assess the contribution of these crops to food security of local people, a survey was done with 107 respondents selected from community forest users of the eastern Chitwan of Nepal in 2020. The findings revealed that fiddle head fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris L.), air potato (Dioscorea bulbifera L.), stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.), and white yam (Dioscorea alata L.) were consumed mostly compared to other indigenous and underutilized crops. Community forest was a major source of underutilized crops followed by marginal land. Though air potato was available only for four months, its contribution to food security was higher than the other crops. Indigenous crops were found gradually disappearing due to producers' poor access to land to cultivate, misuse of land, and ineffective implementation of the Land Use Act. Further, local people’s engagement on off-farm employment had increased marginal land fallow. The study found that the prices of indigenous and underutilized crops offer income-generating opportunities. Thus, a marginal land use plan considering indigenous and underutilized crops is needed for both food security and income of local people.
{"title":"Contribution of marginal land and indigenous crops on food security: A case of eastern Chitwan, Nepal","authors":"R. Timilsina, G. Ojha, P. B. Nepali, U. Tiwari","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48463","url":null,"abstract":"People have utilized indigenous and underutilized crops available in the marginal land for their food. However, little is known about the contribution of these crops to food security. To assess the contribution of these crops to food security of local people, a survey was done with 107 respondents selected from community forest users of the eastern Chitwan of Nepal in 2020. The findings revealed that fiddle head fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris L.), air potato (Dioscorea bulbifera L.), stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.), and white yam (Dioscorea alata L.) were consumed mostly compared to other indigenous and underutilized crops. Community forest was a major source of underutilized crops followed by marginal land. Though air potato was available only for four months, its contribution to food security was higher than the other crops. Indigenous crops were found gradually disappearing due to producers' poor access to land to cultivate, misuse of land, and ineffective implementation of the Land Use Act. Further, local people’s engagement on off-farm employment had increased marginal land fallow. The study found that the prices of indigenous and underutilized crops offer income-generating opportunities. Thus, a marginal land use plan considering indigenous and underutilized crops is needed for both food security and income of local people.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88310910","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Adhikari, S. Shrestha, H. Manandhar, S. Marahatta
Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. is one of the most important plant pathogens commonly causing root rot, stem rot, wilt and foot rot in various crop species. A wide range of host, profuse mycelial growth, and ability to produce persistent sclerotia makes them difficult to control. Biological control using Trichoderma could provide a sustainable tool for the management of diseases caused by S. rolfsii. One hundred four Trichoderma isolates were evaluated against S. rolfsii in vitro by dual culture. Of them, 30 Trichoderma isolates found effective were selected to study parasitization of sclerotia of S. rolfsii in vitro. Similarly, four Trichoderma isolates found effective in vitro were used to study their ability to parasitize sclerotia of the pathogen in soil. Trichoderma isolates varied significantly (p<0.001) for both the inhibition percentage and biocontrol index. However, they showed a differential effect as Trichoderma isolate T73, Forest soil had highest inhibition (96.96%), while Trichoderma isolate T49, Bhaktapur showed the highest bio-control index (99) against S. rolfsii. Trichoderma isolates T49, Bhaktapur and T87, Forest soil showed promising results in controlling S. rolfsii in vitro. Both isolates were also able to parasitize and reduce the germination of sclerotia in the soil. The present study demonstrated that selected Trichoderma had potential in controlling Sclerotium rolfsii.
{"title":"Effect of Trichoderma isolates on Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.","authors":"P. Adhikari, S. Shrestha, H. Manandhar, S. Marahatta","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48478","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48478","url":null,"abstract":"Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. is one of the most important plant pathogens commonly causing root rot, stem rot, wilt and foot rot in various crop species. A wide range of host, profuse mycelial growth, and ability to produce persistent sclerotia makes them difficult to control. Biological control using Trichoderma could provide a sustainable tool for the management of diseases caused by S. rolfsii. One hundred four Trichoderma isolates were evaluated against S. rolfsii in vitro by dual culture. Of them, 30 Trichoderma isolates found effective were selected to study parasitization of sclerotia of S. rolfsii in vitro. Similarly, four Trichoderma isolates found effective in vitro were used to study their ability to parasitize sclerotia of the pathogen in soil. Trichoderma isolates varied significantly (p<0.001) for both the inhibition percentage and biocontrol index. However, they showed a differential effect as Trichoderma isolate T73, Forest soil had highest inhibition (96.96%), while Trichoderma isolate T49, Bhaktapur showed the highest bio-control index (99) against S. rolfsii. Trichoderma isolates T49, Bhaktapur and T87, Forest soil showed promising results in controlling S. rolfsii in vitro. Both isolates were also able to parasitize and reduce the germination of sclerotia in the soil. The present study demonstrated that selected Trichoderma had potential in controlling Sclerotium rolfsii.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86206301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Climate change is one of the critical challenges in the field of agriculture and drought is one among the important effects of global climate change affecting summer vegetables in central Nepal. A research was conducted in central Nepal to seek out factors affecting adaptation strategies against drought among summer vegetables growers. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data from 300 households adjoining Trishuli Narayani River corridor equally divided among three districts namely Chitwan, Dhading and Nuwakot. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistic and logit model. Irrigation canal, choosing appropriate crop varieties, mulching, adjusting planting time and using organic manure were identified important adaptation strategies for drought within the study areas. Distance of vegetable farm from river, knowledge of climate change with the respondents, training provided to farmers on vegetable farming, access to cooperative was seen significantly affecting farmers to settle on those adaptation strategies against drought. Adopting different practices against drought found to be correlated with topography or agro climatic regions as well. Nuwakot and Dhading with high altitude got less chance of using organic manure and mulching practice in comparison with Chitwan but its opposite with other adaptation practices like adjusting planting times, changing crop varieties and using irrigation canal. Policy makers and extension workers should focus more on knowledge input based on topography or agroclimatic regions as well about climate change adaptation practices among the farmers, hence providing more trainings on vegetable farming, increasing the access to cooperatives and other organizations could ultimately help to strengthen vegetable growers to adopt those adaptation practices.
{"title":"Factors affecting adoption of major adaptation strategies against drought among summer vegetables growers in central Nepal","authors":"A. Subedi, D. Dangol, S. Dhakal, U. Tiwari","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48470","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48470","url":null,"abstract":"Climate change is one of the critical challenges in the field of agriculture and drought is one among the important effects of global climate change affecting summer vegetables in central Nepal. A research was conducted in central Nepal to seek out factors affecting adaptation strategies against drought among summer vegetables growers. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect primary data from 300 households adjoining Trishuli Narayani River corridor equally divided among three districts namely Chitwan, Dhading and Nuwakot. Data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistic and logit model. Irrigation canal, choosing appropriate crop varieties, mulching, adjusting planting time and using organic manure were identified important adaptation strategies for drought within the study areas. Distance of vegetable farm from river, knowledge of climate change with the respondents, training provided to farmers on vegetable farming, access to cooperative was seen significantly affecting farmers to settle on those adaptation strategies against drought. Adopting different practices against drought found to be correlated with topography or agro climatic regions as well. Nuwakot and Dhading with high altitude got less chance of using organic manure and mulching practice in comparison with Chitwan but its opposite with other adaptation practices like adjusting planting times, changing crop varieties and using irrigation canal. Policy makers and extension workers should focus more on knowledge input based on topography or agroclimatic regions as well about climate change adaptation practices among the farmers, hence providing more trainings on vegetable farming, increasing the access to cooperatives and other organizations could ultimately help to strengthen vegetable growers to adopt those adaptation practices.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"BC-29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84947337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The field experiment was conducted to know the yield performance of cucumber var. Bhaktapur Local with the application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in the farmers’ field of Lamjung, Nepal during September to November, 2013. Five treatments (Four PGRs; NAA @10 ppm, GA3 @ 50ppm, GA3 @100ppm, MH@ 60ppm and distilled water as control) were replicated six times under walk-in plastic tunnel. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design. The first 30 flowers of each plant were used for the observation. PGRs were sprayed in 2-4 true leaf stage of seedling, 20 days after first spray and 10 days after second spray. The research revealed that NAA @ 10 ppm had higher effect in sex expression, fruit set and yield than rest of the treatments. GA3 @ 100 ppm had significantly higher number of male flowers and more vine growth than other treatments. Branch per plant was obtained as the highest with MH @60 ppm followed by NAA @10 ppm. The marketable fruit yield was significant with NAA @10 ppm followed by MH@ 60 ppm, GA3 @50 ppm, GA3 @100 ppm than control. It is concluded that thermo-sensitive variety of cucumber Bhaktapur Local can be grown with the use of plant growth regulators particularly, NAA@ 10 ppm, under walk-in plastic tunnels during the autumn-winter season in the mid hills of Nepal. The research further indicated that cucumber can be a profitable and a potential agriculture enterprise for the area.
{"title":"Response of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. Cv. Bhaktapur local) to the application of plant growth regulators in plastic tunnel","authors":"K. Dahal, K. Dahal","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48445","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48445","url":null,"abstract":"The field experiment was conducted to know the yield performance of cucumber var. Bhaktapur Local with the application of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in the farmers’ field of Lamjung, Nepal during September to November, 2013. Five treatments (Four PGRs; NAA @10 ppm, GA3 @ 50ppm, GA3 @100ppm, MH@ 60ppm and distilled water as control) were replicated six times under walk-in plastic tunnel. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design. The first 30 flowers of each plant were used for the observation. PGRs were sprayed in 2-4 true leaf stage of seedling, 20 days after first spray and 10 days after second spray. The research revealed that NAA @ 10 ppm had higher effect in sex expression, fruit set and yield than rest of the treatments. GA3 @ 100 ppm had significantly higher number of male flowers and more vine growth than other treatments. Branch per plant was obtained as the highest with MH @60 ppm followed by NAA @10 ppm. The marketable fruit yield was significant with NAA @10 ppm followed by MH@ 60 ppm, GA3 @50 ppm, GA3 @100 ppm than control. It is concluded that thermo-sensitive variety of cucumber Bhaktapur Local can be grown with the use of plant growth regulators particularly, NAA@ 10 ppm, under walk-in plastic tunnels during the autumn-winter season in the mid hills of Nepal. The research further indicated that cucumber can be a profitable and a potential agriculture enterprise for the area.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90807236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Bhattarai, J. Poudel, M. Kolakshyapati, M. Sharma, N. Gorkhali, A. Sigdel, S. Upadhayaya, S. Sapkota
Goat produces 20.36% of meat, ranking in second position after buffalo meat production in Nepal and contributes 4% in agriculture GDP. Making out the influence of non-genetic factors on the phenotypic expression of reproductive and litter traits of goat is important to develop selection/evaluation criteria with healthier precision. Khari, Jamunapari and Sirohi crosses were considered for the comparative study of their reproductive and litter traits. Data obtained from the study of different reproductive and litter traits were firstly entered into the computer via excel package programs. The data were analyzed by Mixed Model Least-square and Maximum Likelihood Computer Program PC-2statistical package developed by Walter R. Harvey and the means were compared by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Results revealed that the pooled means for AFC, AFK, PPE, GL, and KI were 344.31, 493.69, 173.42, 148.93, 319.58 days respectively. Similarly, pooled means for LSB, LWB, LSW, and LWW were 1.43, 5.16 kg, 1.37 and 28 kg respectively. Production system and breed were important nongenetic factor affecting reproductive traits significantly whereas parity is the most important non genetic factor affecting litter traits of goat. Almost all of the reproductive traits (except PPE) were observed better under the grazing system in Khari breed. Winter kidding goat had better PPE. Likewise, all the litter traits were significantly better in later parities with almost similar performance in all the breeds. To summarize, Khari was explored as a high potential goat regarding its reproductive traits with a massive scope of improvement in its litter weight trait through effective selection measures within the population.
山羊生产20.36%的肉类，在尼泊尔排名第二，仅次于水牛肉产量，占农业GDP的4%。了解非遗传因素对山羊繁殖性状和产仔性状表型表达的影响，对于制定更健康准确的选择/评价标准具有重要意义。以Khari、Jamunapari和Sirohi三个杂交品种为研究对象，对其生殖性状和产仔性状进行了比较研究。首先通过excel软件包程序将不同繁殖和产仔性状的研究数据输入计算机。采用Walter R. Harvey开发的混合模型最小二乘和最大似然计算机程序pc -2统计软件包对数据进行分析，采用Duncan多元极差检验(DMRT)比较均数。结果显示，AFC、AFK、PPE、GL和KI的合并平均时间分别为344.31、493.69、173.42、148.93和319.58天。同样，LSB、LWB、LSW和LWW的汇总平均值分别为1.43、5.16 kg、1.37和28 kg。生产制度和品种是影响山羊繁殖性状的重要非遗传因素，胎次是影响产仔性状的最重要非遗传因素。在放牧制度下，哈里品种除PPE外，几乎所有生殖性状均优于放牧制度。冬天开玩笑的山羊最好有个人防护装备。同样，所有产仔性状在后期胎次中都显著更好，所有品种的产仔性能几乎相同。综上所述，通过种群内有效的选择措施，哈里山羊在繁殖性状方面具有很高的潜力，其窝重性状有很大的改善范围。
{"title":"Evaluation of reproductive performance and litter traits of Khari, Jamunapari and Sirohi crossbred goats in Surkhet district of Karnali province, Nepal","authors":"N. Bhattarai, J. Poudel, M. Kolakshyapati, M. Sharma, N. Gorkhali, A. Sigdel, S. Upadhayaya, S. Sapkota","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48444","url":null,"abstract":"Goat produces 20.36% of meat, ranking in second position after buffalo meat production in Nepal and contributes 4% in agriculture GDP. Making out the influence of non-genetic factors on the phenotypic expression of reproductive and litter traits of goat is important to develop selection/evaluation criteria with healthier precision. Khari, Jamunapari and Sirohi crosses were considered for the comparative study of their reproductive and litter traits. Data obtained from the study of different reproductive and litter traits were firstly entered into the computer via excel package programs. The data were analyzed by Mixed Model Least-square and Maximum Likelihood Computer Program PC-2statistical package developed by Walter R. Harvey and the means were compared by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Results revealed that the pooled means for AFC, AFK, PPE, GL, and KI were 344.31, 493.69, 173.42, 148.93, 319.58 days respectively. Similarly, pooled means for LSB, LWB, LSW, and LWW were 1.43, 5.16 kg, 1.37 and 28 kg respectively. Production system and breed were important nongenetic factor affecting reproductive traits significantly whereas parity is the most important non genetic factor affecting litter traits of goat. Almost all of the reproductive traits (except PPE) were observed better under the grazing system in Khari breed. Winter kidding goat had better PPE. Likewise, all the litter traits were significantly better in later parities with almost similar performance in all the breeds. To summarize, Khari was explored as a high potential goat regarding its reproductive traits with a massive scope of improvement in its litter weight trait through effective selection measures within the population.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"76 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86310921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Daraudi river basin and sub-basins consisted of numerous fertile tars, phants and upland (24173 ha) supplying foods in settlements and neighboring cities. Agriculture in this area is no more attractive because of small size land/farm holdings (0.25ha/HH), subsistence farming, high production cost, higher agricultural risks, low productivity and low income. The aim of this research was to investigate the way of economic resilience by means of commercial agriculture, agricultural risk reduction, implementation of agriculture engineering and linking farm activities to services. Relevant literatures were reviewed, field verification and interactions were made in different rural municipalities/municipalities in the year 2021. The study found that the maize and millet in upland and rice-based cropping system in irrigated land are common in water shed and basin area. Cattle (35,709), buffalo (27,921), goat (82,358), sheep (6,806), pigs (5,430) and chicken (1,92,584) are major livestock kept. The area is in balance only on cereals (17,864 mt) and spices (735.3 mt/year) and deficit in all other foods. Land fallow (27.0%) is increasing because of youth out migration (0.72 persons/HH/year). The respondents demanded establishment of larger farm sizes (82.2%) from land pulling, farmers/entrepreneurs organizations development (54.4%), identification of profitable and competitive value chain for commercial production (74.4%), promote agriculture engineering activities (94.4%), minimization of agricultural and environmental risks (57.8%) and creation of local off farm employment (56.7%). They also suggested to have a commercial farm operation guideline (46.7%), linking all farm operation to services (55.6%, linking neighboring small producers with commercial farm for services (52.2%) and establishing a strong collaboration among all stakeholders in an integrated approach (42.2% respondents). It is recommended to address the demand of the respondents for restoring the competitive and commercial agriculture in river basin of Daraudi river. Similar recommendation may apply to other river basins in Nepal.
{"title":"Restoring competitive and commercial agriculture in river basin of Nepal, focus in Daraudi river, Gorkha","authors":"S. Pokhrel","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48473","url":null,"abstract":"Daraudi river basin and sub-basins consisted of numerous fertile tars, phants and upland (24173 ha) supplying foods in settlements and neighboring cities. Agriculture in this area is no more attractive because of small size land/farm holdings (0.25ha/HH), subsistence farming, high production cost, higher agricultural risks, low productivity and low income. The aim of this research was to investigate the way of economic resilience by means of commercial agriculture, agricultural risk reduction, implementation of agriculture engineering and linking farm activities to services. Relevant literatures were reviewed, field verification and interactions were made in different rural municipalities/municipalities in the year 2021. The study found that the maize and millet in upland and rice-based cropping system in irrigated land are common in water shed and basin area. Cattle (35,709), buffalo (27,921), goat (82,358), sheep (6,806), pigs (5,430) and chicken (1,92,584) are major livestock kept. The area is in balance only on cereals (17,864 mt) and spices (735.3 mt/year) and deficit in all other foods. Land fallow (27.0%) is increasing because of youth out migration (0.72 persons/HH/year). The respondents demanded establishment of larger farm sizes (82.2%) from land pulling, farmers/entrepreneurs organizations development (54.4%), identification of profitable and competitive value chain for commercial production (74.4%), promote agriculture engineering activities (94.4%), minimization of agricultural and environmental risks (57.8%) and creation of local off farm employment (56.7%). They also suggested to have a commercial farm operation guideline (46.7%), linking all farm operation to services (55.6%, linking neighboring small producers with commercial farm for services (52.2%) and establishing a strong collaboration among all stakeholders in an integrated approach (42.2% respondents). It is recommended to address the demand of the respondents for restoring the competitive and commercial agriculture in river basin of Daraudi river. Similar recommendation may apply to other river basins in Nepal.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86137551","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rice seed production is an emerging agricultural enterprise to increase the income of farmers in Kailali. However, adoption of seed production technology is very limited in spite of its potential, which results in the poor supply of quality seed for its multiplication. Thus, this paper examines the influencing factors affecting farmers’ decision to adopt the foundation rice seed production in Kailali, Nepal. In total 158 households, 116 certified, and 42 foundation seed producers were selected using a stratified random sampling technique. The primary data were collected from September to November 2021. T-test, chi-square, and binary logistic model were applied for data analysis using SPSS. The result revealed that land size, experience, gender of household head, access to credit, training, extension contact, and type of family are statistically significant between two categories. Besides, the empirical result of logistic regression analysis indicated that out of twelve, six explanatory variables such as age, experience, training, extension contact, education, and type of family had significantly influence on adoption decision. Therefore, it is concluded the rice seed training programs and increasing the extension services would be beneficial to motivate the farmers for the production of foundation rice seed production.
{"title":"Determinants for adoption of foundation rice seed production: Evidence from Kailali district of Nepal","authors":"J. Dhungana","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48442","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48442","url":null,"abstract":"Rice seed production is an emerging agricultural enterprise to increase the income of farmers in Kailali. However, adoption of seed production technology is very limited in spite of its potential, which results in the poor supply of quality seed for its multiplication. Thus, this paper examines the influencing factors affecting farmers’ decision to adopt the foundation rice seed production in Kailali, Nepal. In total 158 households, 116 certified, and 42 foundation seed producers were selected using a stratified random sampling technique. The primary data were collected from September to November 2021. T-test, chi-square, and binary logistic model were applied for data analysis using SPSS. The result revealed that land size, experience, gender of household head, access to credit, training, extension contact, and type of family are statistically significant between two categories. Besides, the empirical result of logistic regression analysis indicated that out of twelve, six explanatory variables such as age, experience, training, extension contact, education, and type of family had significantly influence on adoption decision. Therefore, it is concluded the rice seed training programs and increasing the extension services would be beneficial to motivate the farmers for the production of foundation rice seed production.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84927314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to assess the growth and yield of different fish species during dry period, an experiment was conducted in the Aquaculture Farm of Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan from 1 April to 10 July, 2021. The experiment included three treatments: T1 (Carp polyculture), T2 (Common carp Cyprinus carpio monoculture) and T3 (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus monoculture), each with three replications. Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix 7%), Bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis 20%), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella 13%), Rohu (Labeo rohita 30%), Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala 10%) and Common carp (20%) were stocked at densities of 1,400, 4,000, 2,600, 4,000, 6,000 and 2,000 fish/ha, respectively. Stocking density of Common carp and Nile tilapia was 20,000 fish/ha. Fish were fed with sinking pellet (28% crude protein) at the rate of 3% of body weight. Gross and net fish yield was significantly higher in T3 (89.89±0.67 t/ha/yr,16±0.25 t/ha/ yr) than in T2 (4.88±0.38 t/ha/yr, 4.05±0.35 t/ha/yr) due to higher (p<0.05) survival in T3 (72.5±11.3 %) than in T2 (40.6±4.5 %). Gross margin was significantly higher in T3 (1,257,482±186,600 NRs./ha/yr) than in T2 (434,250±124,753 NRs./ha/yr). Based on higher survival, yield and gross margin, Nile tilapia monoculture is suitable for dry season.
{"title":"Growth performance of different fish species during dry period in Chitwan, Nepal","authors":"P. Neupane, S. Rai, H. Kafle, R. Ranjan","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48462","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48462","url":null,"abstract":"In order to assess the growth and yield of different fish species during dry period, an experiment was conducted in the Aquaculture Farm of Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan from 1 April to 10 July, 2021. The experiment included three treatments: T1 (Carp polyculture), T2 (Common carp Cyprinus carpio monoculture) and T3 (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus monoculture), each with three replications. Silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix 7%), Bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis 20%), Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella 13%), Rohu (Labeo rohita 30%), Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala 10%) and Common carp (20%) were stocked at densities of 1,400, 4,000, 2,600, 4,000, 6,000 and 2,000 fish/ha, respectively. Stocking density of Common carp and Nile tilapia was 20,000 fish/ha. Fish were fed with sinking pellet (28% crude protein) at the rate of 3% of body weight. Gross and net fish yield was significantly higher in T3 (89.89±0.67 t/ha/yr,16±0.25 t/ha/ yr) than in T2 (4.88±0.38 t/ha/yr, 4.05±0.35 t/ha/yr) due to higher (p<0.05) survival in T3 (72.5±11.3 %) than in T2 (40.6±4.5 %). Gross margin was significantly higher in T3 (1,257,482±186,600 NRs./ha/yr) than in T2 (434,250±124,753 NRs./ha/yr). Based on higher survival, yield and gross margin, Nile tilapia monoculture is suitable for dry season.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"80 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82988187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：