Maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation is very popular in Nepal. Basically, in the rural hills of Nepal such as Okhaldhunga, it dominates any other crop production. This study was done to for a comparative assessment of economics, marketing, and to identify major problems of maize seed and grain production in hilly eastern district of Okhaldhunga during June of 2017. The data were obtained by the interview of 66 purposively selected producers (33 each of maize grain and seed producers) with the use of pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. Both the grain and seed producers were similar in terms of socio-demographic characteristics and marketing accessibilities, but the seed producers were significantly benefited from the trainings, extension services, and credit facilities despite having comparatively small size of land holding (0.14 ha) than the grain producers. The inputs (manures, fertilizers, and the seed) contributed 48% and 50% of the total cost incurred for grain and seed production, respectively whereas the pre-sowing and sowing activities contributed more than 77% of cost in both the cases. In spite of higher cost for seed production, the benefit cost ratio of seed production was higher (1.52) than grain production (1.13). Findings also revealed that only 24% of the total harvest was processed and marketed as seed whereas using optimum quantity (66% middle portion of the cob) for seed production could further increase the income by 23.35%. The major production problems were scarce farm labor followed by lack of infrastructures, while low seasonal price followed by low volume of production ranked the first and second most important marketing related problems. Subsidies on the agri-inputs, timely availability of inputs, and encouragement of the youth towards agri-enterprise via various youth oriented programs can be done to overcome these problems.
{"title":"Comparative economics of maize grain and seed production in Okhaldhunga, Nepal","authors":"P. Dulal, S. Marahatta","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47057","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47057","url":null,"abstract":"Maize (Zea mays L.) cultivation is very popular in Nepal. Basically, in the rural hills of Nepal such as Okhaldhunga, it dominates any other crop production. This study was done to for a comparative assessment of economics, marketing, and to identify major problems of maize seed and grain production in hilly eastern district of Okhaldhunga during June of 2017. The data were obtained by the interview of 66 purposively selected producers (33 each of maize grain and seed producers) with the use of pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. Both the grain and seed producers were similar in terms of socio-demographic characteristics and marketing accessibilities, but the seed producers were significantly benefited from the trainings, extension services, and credit facilities despite having comparatively small size of land holding (0.14 ha) than the grain producers. The inputs (manures, fertilizers, and the seed) contributed 48% and 50% of the total cost incurred for grain and seed production, respectively whereas the pre-sowing and sowing activities contributed more than 77% of cost in both the cases. In spite of higher cost for seed production, the benefit cost ratio of seed production was higher (1.52) than grain production (1.13). Findings also revealed that only 24% of the total harvest was processed and marketed as seed whereas using optimum quantity (66% middle portion of the cob) for seed production could further increase the income by 23.35%. The major production problems were scarce farm labor followed by lack of infrastructures, while low seasonal price followed by low volume of production ranked the first and second most important marketing related problems. Subsidies on the agri-inputs, timely availability of inputs, and encouragement of the youth towards agri-enterprise via various youth oriented programs can be done to overcome these problems.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89029211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
N. Gyawali, D. Devkota, P. Chaudhary, A. Chhetri, N. Devkota
Social capital is the interaction and inter, or intra relationship among family, community, and external groups. There are three types of social capital: bonding, bridging, and linking to enhance flood resilience and make the communities better prepared. Flood resilience is the coping capacity of the community to prepare, respond, and recover from a flood shock, or stressor. A study was done to understand the role of social capital on flood resilience in the two communities i.e. Kudiya and Paklihawa of Susta municipality of Nawalparasi Paschim. Accordingly, household survey, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), and Key Informants Interview (KII) were carried out to collect the qualitative and quantitative data and information. The analysis of the data and information shows that among the three social capitals, bonding and bridging social capitals are quite strong in the communities, but linking social capital is weaker. 94% of the 402 respondents reported to have engagement with other community members, or groups whereas 91% respondents reported that they have stronger community to community coordination, and 67% respondents opined that they do not have access to external resources. The linking social capital needs to be strengthened to enhance flood response capacity of the two communities. It means that local government should work closely with local communities as per their needs and requirement and leverage the funds to the communities.
{"title":"Role of social capital on flood resilience capacity: Evidence analysis from Susta, Nawalparasi Paschim, Nepal","authors":"N. Gyawali, D. Devkota, P. Chaudhary, A. Chhetri, N. Devkota","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47046","url":null,"abstract":"Social capital is the interaction and inter, or intra relationship among family, community, and external groups. There are three types of social capital: bonding, bridging, and linking to enhance flood resilience and make the communities better prepared. Flood resilience is the coping capacity of the community to prepare, respond, and recover from a flood shock, or stressor. A study was done to understand the role of social capital on flood resilience in the two communities i.e. Kudiya and Paklihawa of Susta municipality of Nawalparasi Paschim. Accordingly, household survey, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), and Key Informants Interview (KII) were carried out to collect the qualitative and quantitative data and information. The analysis of the data and information shows that among the three social capitals, bonding and bridging social capitals are quite strong in the communities, but linking social capital is weaker. 94% of the 402 respondents reported to have engagement with other community members, or groups whereas 91% respondents reported that they have stronger community to community coordination, and 67% respondents opined that they do not have access to external resources. The linking social capital needs to be strengthened to enhance flood response capacity of the two communities. It means that local government should work closely with local communities as per their needs and requirement and leverage the funds to the communities.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79947412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Effective weed management practice is important for successful dry direct seeded rice (DDSR) cultivation. Field experiments were conducted during rainy seasons of 2016 and 2017 to assess the effect of herbicides, or herbicides mixture, and seedbeds preparation methods on weed density and grain yield of DDSR. The experiments were done by using two factors factorial strip plot design with four replications. The treatments consisted of nine weed management practices (weed free; weedy check; spraying Pendimethalin; Bispyribac sodium; Ethoxysulfuron; Pendimethalin followed by Bispyribac sodium; Pendimethalin followed by Ethoxysulfuron; Bispyribac sodium tank mix with Ethoxysulfuron, and Pendimethalin followed by Bispyribac sodium tank mix with Ethoxysulfuron) as horizontal factor whereas two seedbed preparation methods (stale, and normal seedbed) were considered as the vertical factor. The data were collected and analyzed using MSTAT-C statistical software. Total density and dry matter of weeds were significantly (p<0.05) lower in weed free treatment followed by Pendimethalin spray and Bispyribac sodium tank mix with Ethoxysulfuron spray at all the growth stages of rice in both the years. Similarly, rice grain yield was significantly higher (p<0.05) in weed free treatment followed by Pendimethalin spray and Bispyribac sodium tank mix with Ethoxysulfuron spray in both the years. Effect of seedbed preparation methods on weed density and dry matter, yield attributes and yield of rice were non-significant. Therefore, Pendimethalin spray followed by Bispyribac sodium tank mix with Ethoxysulfuron spray seems better option for managing weeds in DDSR.
{"title":"Weed density and productivity of dry direct seeded rice in relation to weed management practices and seedbed preparation methods","authors":"P. Shah, S. Sah, K. B. Basnet, M. Paudel","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47053","url":null,"abstract":"Effective weed management practice is important for successful dry direct seeded rice (DDSR) cultivation. Field experiments were conducted during rainy seasons of 2016 and 2017 to assess the effect of herbicides, or herbicides mixture, and seedbeds preparation methods on weed density and grain yield of DDSR. The experiments were done by using two factors factorial strip plot design with four replications. The treatments consisted of nine weed management practices (weed free; weedy check; spraying Pendimethalin; Bispyribac sodium; Ethoxysulfuron; Pendimethalin followed by Bispyribac sodium; Pendimethalin followed by Ethoxysulfuron; Bispyribac sodium tank mix with Ethoxysulfuron, and Pendimethalin followed by Bispyribac sodium tank mix with Ethoxysulfuron) as horizontal factor whereas two seedbed preparation methods (stale, and normal seedbed) were considered as the vertical factor. The data were collected and analyzed using MSTAT-C statistical software. Total density and dry matter of weeds were significantly (p<0.05) lower in weed free treatment followed by Pendimethalin spray and Bispyribac sodium tank mix with Ethoxysulfuron spray at all the growth stages of rice in both the years. Similarly, rice grain yield was significantly higher (p<0.05) in weed free treatment followed by Pendimethalin spray and Bispyribac sodium tank mix with Ethoxysulfuron spray in both the years. Effect of seedbed preparation methods on weed density and dry matter, yield attributes and yield of rice were non-significant. Therefore, Pendimethalin spray followed by Bispyribac sodium tank mix with Ethoxysulfuron spray seems better option for managing weeds in DDSR.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"10 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79958066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Nepal, S. Shrestha, H. K. Manadhar, R. K. Yadav
Wheat spot blotch, caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker has emerged as an important fungal disease for its economic losses in Nepalese wheat production system due state of poor resistance to spot blotch exacerbated by terminal heat stress in popular released wheat varieties. Thus it has engendered a dire need for identification of new robust and improved varieties with spot blotch resistance, suited to different sowing conditions. A field experiment was conducted at premises of Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur to elucidate the field response of twenty wheat genotypes under different sowing conditions (early- 25th November, normal- 10th December, and late- 25th December) to spot blotch by using Split plot design, each treatment with three replicates, during 2017-2018. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant interaction (p<0.01) between the sowing dates and genotypes for the disease progress. A higher yield penalty due to significantly higher disease severity under late-sown wheat cropping was observed due to warmer conditions later in the season. Genotypes viz., NL 1207 (168.5 and 416.77) and BL 4341 (185.97 and 428.8) outrivaled other test genotypes with substantially lower mean area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) values based on flag leaf and penultimate leaf infection, and higher yield (3.23 and 3.02 t/ha), respectively, and thus could be effectively utilized as robust progenitor in spot blotch resistance breeding programs. Our findings revealed that the simultaneous adoption of early sowing and resistant wheat genotypes could be a promising and economic avenue to reduce the disease pressure leading reduced yield penalties.
{"title":"Field response of wheat genotypes to spot blotch under different sowing dates at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal","authors":"S. Nepal, S. Shrestha, H. K. Manadhar, R. K. Yadav","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47050","url":null,"abstract":"Wheat spot blotch, caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoemaker has emerged as an important fungal disease for its economic losses in Nepalese wheat production system due state of poor resistance to spot blotch exacerbated by terminal heat stress in popular released wheat varieties. Thus it has engendered a dire need for identification of new robust and improved varieties with spot blotch resistance, suited to different sowing conditions. A field experiment was conducted at premises of Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur to elucidate the field response of twenty wheat genotypes under different sowing conditions (early- 25th November, normal- 10th December, and late- 25th December) to spot blotch by using Split plot design, each treatment with three replicates, during 2017-2018. The analysis of variance revealed highly significant interaction (p<0.01) between the sowing dates and genotypes for the disease progress. A higher yield penalty due to significantly higher disease severity under late-sown wheat cropping was observed due to warmer conditions later in the season. Genotypes viz., NL 1207 (168.5 and 416.77) and BL 4341 (185.97 and 428.8) outrivaled other test genotypes with substantially lower mean area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) values based on flag leaf and penultimate leaf infection, and higher yield (3.23 and 3.02 t/ha), respectively, and thus could be effectively utilized as robust progenitor in spot blotch resistance breeding programs. Our findings revealed that the simultaneous adoption of early sowing and resistant wheat genotypes could be a promising and economic avenue to reduce the disease pressure leading reduced yield penalties.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90425059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Weed is one of the major constraints for success of dry direct seeded rice (DDSR) technology. The productivity, weed density and weed dry weight of DDSR is influenced by weed management practices. A field experiment was done to evaluate tillage methods and weed management practices on weed dynamics and yield of DDSR using split plot design; each treatment replicated thrice. The treatment consisted of two tillage methods in the main plots, and eight weed management practices in the sub-plots. Gorakhnath-509 was the variety of rice used. Weed flora observed in the experiment comprised of 25 weed species, belonging to 12 families. Among them 12 were broadleaf weed, belonging to 10 families; 8 were grasses, belonging to Poaceae family, and the rest 5 were sedges, belonging to Cyperaceae family. Tillage methods did not influence weed density and weed dry weight in DDSR, but weed management practices reduced weed density and dry weight at all dates of observation compared to weedy check. All the weed management practices significantly improved the grain yield of DDSR in both tillage methods. Treatments with higher grain yield of DDSR were, use of pendimethalin followed by hand weeding (3,742 kg ha-1); pendimethalin followed by bispyribac-Na (3,552 kg ha-1), and pendimethalin followed by tank mixture application of bispyribac-Na and ethoxysulfuron(3,638 kg ha-1), but were statistically similar (p>0.05). Results thus supports the fact that application of popular pre-emergence herbicide- pendimethalin followed by manual weeding, or post-emergence herbicide, such as Bispyribac-Na, or tank mixture of post emergence herbicides bispyribac-Na and Ethoxysulfuron could be the most effective weed management practices in both tillage method of rice cultivation.
杂草是制约旱作直接播种稻技术成功的主要因素之一。稻田生产力、杂草密度和干重受杂草管理措施的影响。采用分块设计，通过田间试验，评价了不同耕作方式和杂草管理方式对旱地旱地杂草动态和产量的影响;每个处理重复三次。主样地采用2种耕作方式，次样地采用8种杂草管理方式。Gorakhnath-509是使用的水稻品种。实验中观察到的杂草区系包括25种杂草，隶属于12科。其中阔叶杂草12种，隶属于10科;禾本科8株，属于禾本科科;莎草类5株，属于莎草科。耕作方式对DDSR的杂草密度和干重没有影响，但与杂草检查相比，杂草管理措施在所有观测日期都降低了杂草密度和干重。在两种耕作方式下，所有杂草管理措施均显著提高了DDSR的产量。单株产量较高的处理为:喷施二甲醚后手除草(3,742 kg hm -1);喷淋后喷淋双嘧菌菌na (3552 kg ha-1)，喷淋后喷淋双嘧菌菌na与乙氧基磺隆(3638 kg ha-1)，但差异有统计学意义(p>0.05)。结果表明，在两种耕作方法中，使用流行的出苗期除草剂二甲甲基灵后人工除草，或出苗期除草剂双嘧菌酯- na，或出苗期除草剂双嘧菌酯- na与乙氧基磺隆混合施用是最有效的杂草管理措施。
{"title":"Weed dynamics and productivity of dry direct seeded rice in relation to tillage and weed management practices","authors":"D. Marasini, S. Sah, S. Marahatta, S. Dhakal","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47054","url":null,"abstract":"Weed is one of the major constraints for success of dry direct seeded rice (DDSR) technology. The productivity, weed density and weed dry weight of DDSR is influenced by weed management practices. A field experiment was done to evaluate tillage methods and weed management practices on weed dynamics and yield of DDSR using split plot design; each treatment replicated thrice. The treatment consisted of two tillage methods in the main plots, and eight weed management practices in the sub-plots. Gorakhnath-509 was the variety of rice used. Weed flora observed in the experiment comprised of 25 weed species, belonging to 12 families. Among them 12 were broadleaf weed, belonging to 10 families; 8 were grasses, belonging to Poaceae family, and the rest 5 were sedges, belonging to Cyperaceae family. Tillage methods did not influence weed density and weed dry weight in DDSR, but weed management practices reduced weed density and dry weight at all dates of observation compared to weedy check. All the weed management practices significantly improved the grain yield of DDSR in both tillage methods. Treatments with higher grain yield of DDSR were, use of pendimethalin followed by hand weeding (3,742 kg ha-1); pendimethalin followed by bispyribac-Na (3,552 kg ha-1), and pendimethalin followed by tank mixture application of bispyribac-Na and ethoxysulfuron(3,638 kg ha-1), but were statistically similar (p>0.05). Results thus supports the fact that application of popular pre-emergence herbicide- pendimethalin followed by manual weeding, or post-emergence herbicide, such as Bispyribac-Na, or tank mixture of post emergence herbicides bispyribac-Na and Ethoxysulfuron could be the most effective weed management practices in both tillage method of rice cultivation.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"47 11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91544322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An assessment was made in 2019 to determine the crude protein (CP) supply situation for the livestock in Nepal. The land resources were assessed by utilizing the land use data generated by ICIMOD in 2010. The Land Resource Mapping Project (LRMP) (1986) remained the main source of data to estimate the CP supplies from these land resources (forests, shrub lands, grasslands, croplands, including weeds, and barren lands), plus kitchen wastes as animal feeds. Crop data of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development (MoALD) (2016/17) were utilized to estimate the CP supply from crop residues and milling by-products and the livestock data to estimate livestock feed requirements. The study findings revealed that there is critical shortage of CP in the livestock feeds across the eco-zones and across the provinces, with an overall deficit of 52.8%. The shortage reached about 60% in Province One and Three. The deficit in other provinces ranged from 37.6% to 52.6%. These deficits are mainly associated with the dependency of livestock production system on crop residues and low quality roughages. It is recommended that the future livestock development strategy focuses at encouraging farmers to replace the use of straws and stovers with improved forage or pasture and tree fodders. Likewise promotion of commercial silage production and development of productive partnerships with the feed millers for adequate production and supply of major imported poultry feed ingredients such as yellow maize and soybean are also important to consider.
{"title":"Protein deficiency – a challenge to livestock productivity enhancement in Nepal","authors":"S. Singh","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47077","url":null,"abstract":"An assessment was made in 2019 to determine the crude protein (CP) supply situation for the livestock in Nepal. The land resources were assessed by utilizing the land use data generated by ICIMOD in 2010. The Land Resource Mapping Project (LRMP) (1986) remained the main source of data to estimate the CP supplies from these land resources (forests, shrub lands, grasslands, croplands, including weeds, and barren lands), plus kitchen wastes as animal feeds. Crop data of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development (MoALD) (2016/17) were utilized to estimate the CP supply from crop residues and milling by-products and the livestock data to estimate livestock feed requirements. The study findings revealed that there is critical shortage of CP in the livestock feeds across the eco-zones and across the provinces, with an overall deficit of 52.8%. The shortage reached about 60% in Province One and Three. The deficit in other provinces ranged from 37.6% to 52.6%. These deficits are mainly associated with the dependency of livestock production system on crop residues and low quality roughages. It is recommended that the future livestock development strategy focuses at encouraging farmers to replace the use of straws and stovers with improved forage or pasture and tree fodders. Likewise promotion of commercial silage production and development of productive partnerships with the feed millers for adequate production and supply of major imported poultry feed ingredients such as yellow maize and soybean are also important to consider.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90199832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The national average yield of maize is less than its potential yield in Nepal mainly due to poor agronomic management and adverse climatic conditions. The effect of no-tillage combined with retention of previous crop residues and varying nitrogen fertilizer levels on barrenness, sterility, and yield of open pollinated (OP), and hybrid maize varieties were analyzed in the Western Terai region of Nepal during 2011 and 2012. The treatments included factorial combinations of two establishment methods, (a) conservation agriculture (CA; i.e., no-till with crop residue retention from previous crops) and (b) conventional practice (i.e., conventional tillage without residue retention); two varieties (OP ‘Rampur Composite’ and hybrid ‘Rajkumar); and four N fertilizer levels [(0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1 (during 2011), and 0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha-1 (during 2012)] arranged in strip plot design to grow maize under rice-mustard-maize cropping system with three replications. Data on sterility, barrenness and yield were analyzed by using R Studio. The effect of barrenness and sterility on the grain yield was negative and significant during both the years. Both barrenness and sterility were higher (by 58.28 and 12.35%, respectively) in 2012 as compared to the 2011, also due to higher temperature and low rainfall. Higher nitrogen uptake under CA resulted the lower barrenness and sterility percentage, and hence the higher grains yield (9%). Barrenness did not effect by varieties (p>0.05), but the sterility (p<0.05) during 2012 whereas hybrid Rajkumar variety had significantly (p<0.05) lower sterility percent than OP Rampur Composite, resulting higher grains yield. The nitrogen uptake was significant and negatively correlated with sterility percentage. Both barrenness and sterility significantly decreased linearly with increasing the nitrogen levels while barrenness was drastically reduced as compared to the sterility. Hybrid Rajkumar had higher nitrogen uptake than OP Rampur Composite resulting lower sterility even under the nitrogen omission. Hybrid Rajkumar was more stable than OP Rampur Composite with low nitrogen application, high temperature and drought resulting- lower barrenness, sterility, and thus the high grain yield.
尼泊尔全国玉米平均产量低于潜在产量，主要原因是农艺管理不善和气候条件不利。研究了2011年和2012年在尼泊尔特莱西部地区，免耕结合保留作物残茬和不同氮肥水平对开放授粉(OP)和杂交玉米品种的贫瘠性、不育性和产量的影响。处理包括两种建立方法的因子组合，(a)保护性农业(CA);即免耕，保留以前作物的作物残茬)和(b)传统做法(即不保留残茬的传统耕作);两个品种(OP ' Rampur Composite '和hybrid ' Rajkumar);4个氮肥水平[0、60、120、180 kg hm -1(2011年)和0、80、160、240 kg hm -1(2012年)]采用条形设计，3个重复种植水稻-芥菜-玉米。利用R Studio对不育性、不育性和产量数据进行分析。在这两个年份中，贫瘠和不育对粮食产量的影响均为负且显著。与2011年相比，2012年的不孕率和不育率均较高(分别为58.28%和12.35%)，这也是由于温度较高和降雨量少。CA处理下氮素吸收量高，不育率低，籽粒产量高(9%)。2012年不育性不受品种影响(p>0.05)，但不育性显著(p<0.05)，杂交品种Rajkumar的不育率显著(p<0.05)低于OP Rampur组合，籽粒产量较高。氮素吸收与不育率呈显著负相关。随着氮素水平的增加，不育性和不育性均显著线性降低，而不育性则比不育性显著降低。即使在不施氮的情况下，拉吉库马尔的氮素吸收量也高于兰普尔组合，因此不育性较低。低施氮、高温干旱、低荒无性、低不育性、高产量的杂交品种Rajkumar比OP Rampur更稳定。
{"title":"Nitrogen levels influence barrenness and sterility of maize varieties under different establishment methods during hot spring in western Terai of Nepal","authors":"S. Marahatta","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47056","url":null,"abstract":"The national average yield of maize is less than its potential yield in Nepal mainly due to poor agronomic management and adverse climatic conditions. The effect of no-tillage combined with retention of previous crop residues and varying nitrogen fertilizer levels on barrenness, sterility, and yield of open pollinated (OP), and hybrid maize varieties were analyzed in the Western Terai region of Nepal during 2011 and 2012. The treatments included factorial combinations of two establishment methods, (a) conservation agriculture (CA; i.e., no-till with crop residue retention from previous crops) and (b) conventional practice (i.e., conventional tillage without residue retention); two varieties (OP ‘Rampur Composite’ and hybrid ‘Rajkumar); and four N fertilizer levels [(0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1 (during 2011), and 0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha-1 (during 2012)] arranged in strip plot design to grow maize under rice-mustard-maize cropping system with three replications. Data on sterility, barrenness and yield were analyzed by using R Studio. The effect of barrenness and sterility on the grain yield was negative and significant during both the years. Both barrenness and sterility were higher (by 58.28 and 12.35%, respectively) in 2012 as compared to the 2011, also due to higher temperature and low rainfall. Higher nitrogen uptake under CA resulted the lower barrenness and sterility percentage, and hence the higher grains yield (9%). Barrenness did not effect by varieties (p>0.05), but the sterility (p<0.05) during 2012 whereas hybrid Rajkumar variety had significantly (p<0.05) lower sterility percent than OP Rampur Composite, resulting higher grains yield. The nitrogen uptake was significant and negatively correlated with sterility percentage. Both barrenness and sterility significantly decreased linearly with increasing the nitrogen levels while barrenness was drastically reduced as compared to the sterility. Hybrid Rajkumar had higher nitrogen uptake than OP Rampur Composite resulting lower sterility even under the nitrogen omission. Hybrid Rajkumar was more stable than OP Rampur Composite with low nitrogen application, high temperature and drought resulting- lower barrenness, sterility, and thus the high grain yield.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75356829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agroforestry is an integrated land use system that can directly enhance agro-biodiversity and contribute to the conservation of landscape biodiversity, and also to the rural livelihoods. Considering this fact, a study was done in Bhimphedi Rural Municipality of Makawanpur district to assess farm tree diversity, carbon stock, and their contribution to the rural livelihood. The inventory for estimating above and below ground biomass of the farm trees was done using stratified random sampling. Forest biomass was analyzed by using standard allometric models to estimate the carbon content. Shannon Wiener Diversity Index was used to assess the farm tree diversity. A total of 66 households were randomly selected for socio-economic survey. Direct field observation, key informant interview, structured questionnaire survey, and group discussions were performed to assess the contribution of farm trees on rural livelihoods. The findings revealed three major agroforestry systems viz: silvi-pasture, home garden, and agri-silviculture systems were under practice in the study area. Silvi-pasture system was found as a good agroforestry system in terms of having higher species richness, tree diversity, and relatively higher amount of carbon stock per unit area (16.66 t/ha), followed by home garden (10.32 t/ha). The findings also revealed that agroforestry systems contributed 24.06% (NRs. 7580 per household/year), and 20.25% (NRs. 5365 per household/year) to the income from agriculture and livestock, respectively. Hence, it has been evident that agroforestry systems can be a potential strategy to conserve biodiversity and to improve the livelihoods of local people with the greater contribution of silvi-pasture system in an integrated tree-livestock dominating farming system of the rural areas in Nepal.
{"title":"Agroforestry systems: Biodiversity, carbon stocks and contribution to rural livelihood","authors":"P. Ghimire, S. Bolakhe","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47071","url":null,"abstract":"Agroforestry is an integrated land use system that can directly enhance agro-biodiversity and contribute to the conservation of landscape biodiversity, and also to the rural livelihoods. Considering this fact, a study was done in Bhimphedi Rural Municipality of Makawanpur district to assess farm tree diversity, carbon stock, and their contribution to the rural livelihood. The inventory for estimating above and below ground biomass of the farm trees was done using stratified random sampling. Forest biomass was analyzed by using standard allometric models to estimate the carbon content. Shannon Wiener Diversity Index was used to assess the farm tree diversity. A total of 66 households were randomly selected for socio-economic survey. Direct field observation, key informant interview, structured questionnaire survey, and group discussions were performed to assess the contribution of farm trees on rural livelihoods. The findings revealed three major agroforestry systems viz: silvi-pasture, home garden, and agri-silviculture systems were under practice in the study area. Silvi-pasture system was found as a good agroforestry system in terms of having higher species richness, tree diversity, and relatively higher amount of carbon stock per unit area (16.66 t/ha), followed by home garden (10.32 t/ha). The findings also revealed that agroforestry systems contributed 24.06% (NRs. 7580 per household/year), and 20.25% (NRs. 5365 per household/year) to the income from agriculture and livestock, respectively. Hence, it has been evident that agroforestry systems can be a potential strategy to conserve biodiversity and to improve the livelihoods of local people with the greater contribution of silvi-pasture system in an integrated tree-livestock dominating farming system of the rural areas in Nepal.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"32 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75428329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Karki, B. Sapkota, P. Bist, K. Bista, J. Dutta, S. Marahatta, B. Shrestha
An experiment was done to evaluate the effect of mulching materials on growth and yield characters of cucumber (var: Malini) under drip irrigation condition during February to May 2018 in Chitwan district, Nepal. The experiment was done by using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Accordingly, four different mulching materials, viz. silver on black polyethylene mulch, black polyethylene mulch, rice straw mulch, and rice husk mulch were used as treatments. Each treatment was replicated four times. Un-mulched plot served as control. Mulching improved growth and yield characters of cucumber. Plant height and number of leaves were significantly higher (p<0.05) if silver on black polyethylene mulch was used. Similarly, highest number of male (69.50) and female (33.50) flowers per plant were recorded in silver on black polyethylene mulch used. Male flowers were minimum (29.80) in rice husk mulch used treatment whereas female flowers were minimum (10.30) in the control treatment. Sex ratio was the highest (3.43) in control and it was lowest (1.81) for rice husk mulch used treatment. Number of fruit per plant was significantly higher (p<0.05) (15.85) in silver on black polyethylene mulch treatment. Likewise, longest fruit length (18.42 cm) was measured in silver on black polyethylene mulch treatment whereas shortest (15.24 cm) length was measured in control. Yield of silver on black polyethylene mulch and black polyethylene mulch was almost three-folds and two-folds to that of the control, respectively. B: C ratio shows the use of silver on black polyethylene mulch and black polyethylene mulch economically more beneficial in cucumber production with highest benefit. Findings of this experiment thus clearly suggest the benefit of using silver on black polyethylene mulch, as well as black polyethylene mulch in cucumber cultivation compared to the other common mulching materials.
{"title":"Mulching materials affect growth and yield characters of cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. Malini) under drip irrigation condition in Chitwan, Nepal","authors":"A. Karki, B. Sapkota, P. Bist, K. Bista, J. Dutta, S. Marahatta, B. Shrestha","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47061","url":null,"abstract":"An experiment was done to evaluate the effect of mulching materials on growth and yield characters of cucumber (var: Malini) under drip irrigation condition during February to May 2018 in Chitwan district, Nepal. The experiment was done by using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Accordingly, four different mulching materials, viz. silver on black polyethylene mulch, black polyethylene mulch, rice straw mulch, and rice husk mulch were used as treatments. Each treatment was replicated four times. Un-mulched plot served as control. Mulching improved growth and yield characters of cucumber. Plant height and number of leaves were significantly higher (p<0.05) if silver on black polyethylene mulch was used. Similarly, highest number of male (69.50) and female (33.50) flowers per plant were recorded in silver on black polyethylene mulch used. Male flowers were minimum (29.80) in rice husk mulch used treatment whereas female flowers were minimum (10.30) in the control treatment. Sex ratio was the highest (3.43) in control and it was lowest (1.81) for rice husk mulch used treatment. Number of fruit per plant was significantly higher (p<0.05) (15.85) in silver on black polyethylene mulch treatment. Likewise, longest fruit length (18.42 cm) was measured in silver on black polyethylene mulch treatment whereas shortest (15.24 cm) length was measured in control. Yield of silver on black polyethylene mulch and black polyethylene mulch was almost three-folds and two-folds to that of the control, respectively. B: C ratio shows the use of silver on black polyethylene mulch and black polyethylene mulch economically more beneficial in cucumber production with highest benefit. Findings of this experiment thus clearly suggest the benefit of using silver on black polyethylene mulch, as well as black polyethylene mulch in cucumber cultivation compared to the other common mulching materials.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"67 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79633145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
H. N. Giri, M. Sharma, R. Thapa, K. R. Pande, B. Khatri
Cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae nepalensis) is an important pest of cabbage, cauliflower, and many other crucifers. Pesticide use is a popular method of pest management in small and large-scale vegetable farming in Nepal. These practices are directly linked to human health, biodiversity, and the environment. There are various categories of pesticides available in market, some are toxic, and some are ‘soft’ in nature. Chemical action of pesticides to the insect pest has been recommended by efficacy testing. Accordingly this research was done to evaluate the effectiveness of ‘soft’ chemicals against cabbage butterfly management. Cauliflower cultivar ‘Snow Mystique’ was used for the field experiment established at Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur Chitwan during November 2017 to March 2018. Six common pesticides such as Mahashakti (Bt. based), Neemix (Azadirachtin based), Spinosad (bacteria based), Liquid manure (mixture of botanical, cow urine and other ingredients), Superkiller-10 (Cypermethrin based), and control (no use) were used in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), each with four replication. The study findings revealed that the highest number of larval populations of cabbage butterfly as well as damaged plants, leaves, curds, and holes were recorded in control plot, and the lowest larval population and damages were recorded in Cypermethrin and Spinosad treated plots. On the other hand, curd height was significantly higher (13.9 cm) in liquid manure treated plot that was similar with Spinosad treated plots. There was no significant difference in curd diameter (23.1 cm) and biological yield (79.6 t/ha) in Spinosad and Cypermethrin treated plots. It is thus suggested that biological pesticide, such as Spinosad are superior in controlling pests of cauliflower than other tested pesticides. These pesticides along with other soft pesticide are potentially safer for vegetable production. This information is important to develop IPM protocol for cabbage butterfly management in crucifers.
{"title":"Efficacy testing of ‘soft’ pesticides for cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae nepalensis Doubleday) in cauliflower at Rampur, Chitwan","authors":"H. N. Giri, M. Sharma, R. Thapa, K. R. Pande, B. Khatri","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47068","url":null,"abstract":"Cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae nepalensis) is an important pest of cabbage, cauliflower, and many other crucifers. Pesticide use is a popular method of pest management in small and large-scale vegetable farming in Nepal. These practices are directly linked to human health, biodiversity, and the environment. There are various categories of pesticides available in market, some are toxic, and some are ‘soft’ in nature. Chemical action of pesticides to the insect pest has been recommended by efficacy testing. Accordingly this research was done to evaluate the effectiveness of ‘soft’ chemicals against cabbage butterfly management. Cauliflower cultivar ‘Snow Mystique’ was used for the field experiment established at Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU), Rampur Chitwan during November 2017 to March 2018. Six common pesticides such as Mahashakti (Bt. based), Neemix (Azadirachtin based), Spinosad (bacteria based), Liquid manure (mixture of botanical, cow urine and other ingredients), Superkiller-10 (Cypermethrin based), and control (no use) were used in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), each with four replication. The study findings revealed that the highest number of larval populations of cabbage butterfly as well as damaged plants, leaves, curds, and holes were recorded in control plot, and the lowest larval population and damages were recorded in Cypermethrin and Spinosad treated plots. On the other hand, curd height was significantly higher (13.9 cm) in liquid manure treated plot that was similar with Spinosad treated plots. There was no significant difference in curd diameter (23.1 cm) and biological yield (79.6 t/ha) in Spinosad and Cypermethrin treated plots. It is thus suggested that biological pesticide, such as Spinosad are superior in controlling pests of cauliflower than other tested pesticides. These pesticides along with other soft pesticide are potentially safer for vegetable production. This information is important to develop IPM protocol for cabbage butterfly management in crucifers.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"49 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83108492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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