R. Mandal, S. Rai, M. Shrestha, D. K. Jha, N. Pandit
Algal red bloom in carp ponds has been a serious concern to farmers due its scum covering the entire pond surface area during the day and disappearing in the evening. Thus it is important to examine the effects of sunlight on dynamics of red bloom algae in ponds. An experiment was done with the use of three treatments, i) non-red bloom pond with sunlight, ii), red bloom pond with sunlight, and iii) red bloom pond without sunlight; each treatment was replicated thrice. Density of Euglenophyceae was assessed from two different water depths (10 cm and 50 cm) at three different times: morning, afternoon, and evening. Results showed that Euglena sanguinea Ehrenberg, 1832 was dominant among euglenophytes and it showed vertical and temporal migration with sunlight intensity. Density of E. sanguinea was significantly higher (p<0.05) at 10 cm and lower (p<0.05) at 50 cm in the afternoon. Preventing sunlight to the red bloom pond decreased density of Euglenophyceae and E. sanguinea by 69% and 80%, respectively. Maximum red bloom was observed during 12.00 to 13.00 hours, when light intensity was highest (1928 Lux to 1988 Lux). Appearance and disappearance of red bloom in the pond was due to vertical migration of E. sanguinea with sunlight intensity.
{"title":"Effects of sunlight on the abundance of Euglenophyceae in earthen ponds","authors":"R. Mandal, S. Rai, M. Shrestha, D. K. Jha, N. Pandit","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47101","url":null,"abstract":"Algal red bloom in carp ponds has been a serious concern to farmers due its scum covering the entire pond surface area during the day and disappearing in the evening. Thus it is important to examine the effects of sunlight on dynamics of red bloom algae in ponds. An experiment was done with the use of three treatments, i) non-red bloom pond with sunlight, ii), red bloom pond with sunlight, and iii) red bloom pond without sunlight; each treatment was replicated thrice. Density of Euglenophyceae was assessed from two different water depths (10 cm and 50 cm) at three different times: morning, afternoon, and evening. Results showed that Euglena sanguinea Ehrenberg, 1832 was dominant among euglenophytes and it showed vertical and temporal migration with sunlight intensity. Density of E. sanguinea was significantly higher (p<0.05) at 10 cm and lower (p<0.05) at 50 cm in the afternoon. Preventing sunlight to the red bloom pond decreased density of Euglenophyceae and E. sanguinea by 69% and 80%, respectively. Maximum red bloom was observed during 12.00 to 13.00 hours, when light intensity was highest (1928 Lux to 1988 Lux). Appearance and disappearance of red bloom in the pond was due to vertical migration of E. sanguinea with sunlight intensity.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81496485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Adhikari, S. Thapaliya, S. Singh, M. Sah, N. Paudyal
Inflammation, orchestrated in a series of cardinal signs is a pathophysiological condition that occurs during various clinical presentations. Periploca calophylla is a herbal plant which is used traditionally as an anti-inflammatory agent for a myriad of malaises in Nepalese countryside. The scientific research on the anti-inflammatory property of this plant is scanty, and if available elsewhere, its properties are not proven scientifically, except sporadic empirical evidence reported by the traditional faith healers. The main objective of this research was to establish a proof of concept on the anti-inflammatory property of P. calophylla based on the results obtained from a scientific experiment. Accordingly, Adult albino mice animal model was used for in vivo assessment of its property. Three different doses of 80% methanolic extract of the vine of P. calophylla (1.5 mg/ kg, 2 mg/kg, and 2.5 mg/kg) were administered intra-peritoneally to the animals of the test groups. Indomethacin (25 mg/ kg) and distilled water (3 mL/kg) were used as positive and negative controls, via the same route of administration. The anti-inflammatory property was evaluated by the Carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema model test, fresh egg albumin induced paw oedema test, formalin-induced paw oedema test, and haematology. Extract of P. calophylla (1.5 mg/kg) significantly (p<0.01) inhibited inflammatory responses in all the evaluated tests in the animal model. The data obtained from this study indicated that the phyto-extract of P. calophylla possessed a significant amount of anti-inflammatory property. This justifies the empirical and traditional use of this plant as an anti-inflammatory agent. Isolation of the particular compound related to this property needs further experimentation and scientific investigation.
{"title":"Anti-inflammatory properties of methanolic extract of \"sikari laharo\" (Periploca calophylla)","authors":"J. Adhikari, S. Thapaliya, S. Singh, M. Sah, N. Paudyal","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47075","url":null,"abstract":"Inflammation, orchestrated in a series of cardinal signs is a pathophysiological condition that occurs during various clinical presentations. Periploca calophylla is a herbal plant which is used traditionally as an anti-inflammatory agent for a myriad of malaises in Nepalese countryside. The scientific research on the anti-inflammatory property of this plant is scanty, and if available elsewhere, its properties are not proven scientifically, except sporadic empirical evidence reported by the traditional faith healers. The main objective of this research was to establish a proof of concept on the anti-inflammatory property of P. calophylla based on the results obtained from a scientific experiment. Accordingly, Adult albino mice animal model was used for in vivo assessment of its property. Three different doses of 80% methanolic extract of the vine of P. calophylla (1.5 mg/ kg, 2 mg/kg, and 2.5 mg/kg) were administered intra-peritoneally to the animals of the test groups. Indomethacin (25 mg/ kg) and distilled water (3 mL/kg) were used as positive and negative controls, via the same route of administration. The anti-inflammatory property was evaluated by the Carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema model test, fresh egg albumin induced paw oedema test, formalin-induced paw oedema test, and haematology. Extract of P. calophylla (1.5 mg/kg) significantly (p<0.01) inhibited inflammatory responses in all the evaluated tests in the animal model. The data obtained from this study indicated that the phyto-extract of P. calophylla possessed a significant amount of anti-inflammatory property. This justifies the empirical and traditional use of this plant as an anti-inflammatory agent. Isolation of the particular compound related to this property needs further experimentation and scientific investigation.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"1006 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77616140","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Land suitability analysis is a pre-requisite in achieving optimum utilization of the available land resources. The main objective of this study was to develop a suitability map for lokta based on topographic, soil, land-use, land cover, and climatic factors of production using a Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) & GIS approach. The study was carried out in Suspa Community Forest of Dolakha district. Biophysical variables of soil, climate, topography, and land use land cover (LULC) and water availability were considered as variable influencing for the study suitability classes. For MCE, Pairwise Comparison Matrix was applied and the suitable areas for lokta crop were generated and graduated. Finally, the land cover map was overlaid with the suitability map to identify variances between the present land cover. The crop-land evaluation results of this study showed that out of total 625 hectare area, 9% was under highly suitable, 22% were moderately suitable, 36% of the land was marginally suitable, and 33% were currently and permanently also not suitable. Also the suitable classes were overlaid over present land use and land class. It was found that 100% of the highly suitable land was under forest land of land use and hardwood of land cover. Thus findings of this research provided information at local level that could be useful in determining suitability status of desired species.
{"title":"GIS based approach in land suitability analysis of Lokta (Daphnee bholua)","authors":"S. Tripathi, H. Adhikari, S. Ghimire","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47072","url":null,"abstract":"Land suitability analysis is a pre-requisite in achieving optimum utilization of the available land resources. The main objective of this study was to develop a suitability map for lokta based on topographic, soil, land-use, land cover, and climatic factors of production using a Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) & GIS approach. The study was carried out in Suspa Community Forest of Dolakha district. Biophysical variables of soil, climate, topography, and land use land cover (LULC) and water availability were considered as variable influencing for the study suitability classes. For MCE, Pairwise Comparison Matrix was applied and the suitable areas for lokta crop were generated and graduated. Finally, the land cover map was overlaid with the suitability map to identify variances between the present land cover. The crop-land evaluation results of this study showed that out of total 625 hectare area, 9% was under highly suitable, 22% were moderately suitable, 36% of the land was marginally suitable, and 33% were currently and permanently also not suitable. Also the suitable classes were overlaid over present land use and land class. It was found that 100% of the highly suitable land was under forest land of land use and hardwood of land cover. Thus findings of this research provided information at local level that could be useful in determining suitability status of desired species.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87039133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Teosinte (Euchlaena mexicana) is one of the most popular summer growing cereal fodder, rich in energy, dry matter (DM) and other nutrients, yet productivity of this fodder in Nepal has not been achieved as expected due to several important factors including cultivation management and sowing dates. An experiment was done during April to August 2018 at Directorate of Agricultural Research, NARC, Province-5, Khajura, Banke by using Split Plot design with the objective to identify the appropriate sowing dates in relation to possible combination of local fodder legumes with teosinte. It was expected that best possible combination of fodder legumes with teosinte would increase both herbage mass as well as quality aspects through increased productivity. Accordingly main plot treatments were sowing dates (April 18, May 3, and May 18) and sub-plot treatments were set as combination of fodder cowpea, lablab bean, and rice bean, each with teosinte, and sowing of teosinte as sole crop. Findings revealed that plant height, leaf length, tiller density of teosinte, and number of branches and trifoliate leaves of fodder legumes had contributed significantly to the cumulative herbage mass. Significantly highest green herbage and dry herbage mass (p<0.001) was obtained if these fodder species were sown in April 18 as compared to other dates of sowing. The combination of teosinte and cowpea had yielded significantly higher herbage mass (p<0.001) compared to others fodder species combinations. Preliminary findings of this research thus indicate the possibility of promoting mixed cultivation of teosinte with fodder cowpea in order to increase both herbage mass and quality.
{"title":"Maximizing fodder yield of teosinte (Euchlaena mexicana) through sowing dates and mixed fodder cropping management","authors":"B. Khanal, N. Devkota, M. R. Tiwari, N. Gorkhali","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47097","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47097","url":null,"abstract":"Teosinte (Euchlaena mexicana) is one of the most popular summer growing cereal fodder, rich in energy, dry matter (DM) and other nutrients, yet productivity of this fodder in Nepal has not been achieved as expected due to several important factors including cultivation management and sowing dates. An experiment was done during April to August 2018 at Directorate of Agricultural Research, NARC, Province-5, Khajura, Banke by using Split Plot design with the objective to identify the appropriate sowing dates in relation to possible combination of local fodder legumes with teosinte. It was expected that best possible combination of fodder legumes with teosinte would increase both herbage mass as well as quality aspects through increased productivity. Accordingly main plot treatments were sowing dates (April 18, May 3, and May 18) and sub-plot treatments were set as combination of fodder cowpea, lablab bean, and rice bean, each with teosinte, and sowing of teosinte as sole crop. Findings revealed that plant height, leaf length, tiller density of teosinte, and number of branches and trifoliate leaves of fodder legumes had contributed significantly to the cumulative herbage mass. Significantly highest green herbage and dry herbage mass (p<0.001) was obtained if these fodder species were sown in April 18 as compared to other dates of sowing. The combination of teosinte and cowpea had yielded significantly higher herbage mass (p<0.001) compared to others fodder species combinations. Preliminary findings of this research thus indicate the possibility of promoting mixed cultivation of teosinte with fodder cowpea in order to increase both herbage mass and quality.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75764825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) is exportable high value sub-sector of Nepal producing to sell in targeted international markets. This research was done to examine value chain analysis of large cardamom from governance and trade aspects, focusing on value chain map, export scenario, and technology upgrading in eastern Himalayan road corridor (EHRC) of Nepal. Farm level information was collected from Taplejung, Jhapa and Morang districts using set of questionnaire (n=300). Focus Group Discussion, Key Informant Interview and Rapid Market Appraisal were done with enablers and traders. About 32% samples household were commercial farmers having one or more than one hectare cardamom cultivation land. About 27% households used improved dryer for curing and drying whereas majority used (72%) traditional dryer. The cost of production of one kg cardamom was estimated NRs. 656, and farmers received NRs. 344 profit margin from one kg of large cardamom sold at farm. Due to global price fluctuation, price of large cardamom has been declined drastically, although farmers are still in profit with B/C ratio of more than 1.4. The findings revealed that value chain development of large cardamom is not well structural at function, actors and enablers level whereas village/district level collectors, regional and national traders with their association and exporters were performing better marketing instead of governance of small scale producers. About 90% large cardamom was exported to India. Nepalese traders have a poor capacity and governance to export product in other counties than India due to high entry barrier to global market. There is a potential of forming global value chain development alliance, focusing to financing and upgrading strategy that would be pivotal for large cardamom intervention strategy in improving value chain function.
{"title":"Value chain analysis of large cardamom in eastern Himalayan road corridor of Nepal: Trade and governance","authors":"R. Kattel, P. Regmi, M. Sharma, Y. B. Thapa","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47025","url":null,"abstract":"Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) is exportable high value sub-sector of Nepal producing to sell in targeted international markets. This research was done to examine value chain analysis of large cardamom from governance and trade aspects, focusing on value chain map, export scenario, and technology upgrading in eastern Himalayan road corridor (EHRC) of Nepal. Farm level information was collected from Taplejung, Jhapa and Morang districts using set of questionnaire (n=300). Focus Group Discussion, Key Informant Interview and Rapid Market Appraisal were done with enablers and traders. About 32% samples household were commercial farmers having one or more than one hectare cardamom cultivation land. About 27% households used improved dryer for curing and drying whereas majority used (72%) traditional dryer. The cost of production of one kg cardamom was estimated NRs. 656, and farmers received NRs. 344 profit margin from one kg of large cardamom sold at farm. Due to global price fluctuation, price of large cardamom has been declined drastically, although farmers are still in profit with B/C ratio of more than 1.4. The findings revealed that value chain development of large cardamom is not well structural at function, actors and enablers level whereas village/district level collectors, regional and national traders with their association and exporters were performing better marketing instead of governance of small scale producers. About 90% large cardamom was exported to India. Nepalese traders have a poor capacity and governance to export product in other counties than India due to high entry barrier to global market. There is a potential of forming global value chain development alliance, focusing to financing and upgrading strategy that would be pivotal for large cardamom intervention strategy in improving value chain function.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74297639","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Low and unbalanced fertilizer application rate are the major factors contributing to the poor yield of wheat in Nepal. The Site Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) provides the field specific recommendations in a cost effective and precise manner. A field experiment was done at National Wheat Research Program (NWRP), Bhairahawa, Rupandehi, Nepal during 2019- 20 to evaluate the site specific nutrient management approaches in order to enhance wheat productivity. The SSNM dose was determined at NWRP by using omission plot techniques. The calculated SSNM dose (148:65:71 N: P2O5:K2O kg ha-1), was compared with SSNM + Zn + B, (148:65:71:5:1 N: P2O5:K2O Zn : B kg ha-1), Research recommended dose (RRD, 150:50:50 N: P2O5:K2O kg ha-1); National recommended dose (NRD, 100:50:25 N: P2O5:K2O kg ha-1), Nutrients expert dose (NED,110:50:73 N: P2O5:K2O kg ha-1), and farmers dose (FD, 80: 40:15 N: P2O5:K2O kg ha-1) in a RCB design with four replications. The data on growth, yield attributes and yield were collected and analyzed using Genstat Statistical package. Results showed that research recommended dose (RRD) along with SSNM dose and SSNM +Zn +B were statistically similar (p>0.05), but these treatments were comparatively superior over rest of the treatments for yield attributes and yield. Hence it can be concluded that wheat yield can be improved through adoption of SSNM and RRD of fertilizers at Bhairahawa condition.
氮肥施用量低且不均衡是造成尼泊尔小麦产量不佳的主要因素。现场特定养分管理(SSNM)以具有成本效益和精确的方式提供现场特定建议。2019- 2020年，在尼泊尔鲁潘德希Bhairahawa国家小麦研究计划(NWRP)进行了一项田间试验，以评估特定场地的营养管理方法，以提高小麦产量。采用遗漏图技术在NWRP测定SSNM剂量。将SSNM计算剂量(148:65:71 N: P2O5:K2O kg ha-1)与SSNM + Zn + B (148:65:71:5:1 N: P2O5:K2O Zn: B kg ha-1)、研究推荐剂量(RRD, 150:50:50 N: P2O5:K2O kg ha-1)进行比较;国家推荐剂量(NRD, 100:50:25 N: P2O5:K2O kg ha-1)、营养专家剂量(NED,110:50:73 N: P2O5:K2O kg ha-1)和农民剂量(FD, 80: 40:15 N: P2O5:K2O kg ha-1)采用RCB设计，共4个重复。利用Genstat统计软件包收集生长、产量属性和产量数据并进行分析。结果表明，研究推荐剂量(RRD)与SSNM剂量、SSNM +Zn +B处理在产量属性和产量上均明显优于其他处理(p>0.05)。因此，在Bhairahawa条件下，采用SSNM和化肥RRD可以提高小麦产量。
{"title":"Assessment of site specific nutrient management on the productivity of wheat at Bhairahawa, Nepal","authors":"M. Yadav, S. Sah, A. Regmi, S. Marahatta","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47049","url":null,"abstract":"Low and unbalanced fertilizer application rate are the major factors contributing to the poor yield of wheat in Nepal. The Site Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) provides the field specific recommendations in a cost effective and precise manner. A field experiment was done at National Wheat Research Program (NWRP), Bhairahawa, Rupandehi, Nepal during 2019- 20 to evaluate the site specific nutrient management approaches in order to enhance wheat productivity. The SSNM dose was determined at NWRP by using omission plot techniques. The calculated SSNM dose (148:65:71 N: P2O5:K2O kg ha-1), was compared with SSNM + Zn + B, (148:65:71:5:1 N: P2O5:K2O Zn : B kg ha-1), Research recommended dose (RRD, 150:50:50 N: P2O5:K2O kg ha-1); National recommended dose (NRD, 100:50:25 N: P2O5:K2O kg ha-1), Nutrients expert dose (NED,110:50:73 N: P2O5:K2O kg ha-1), and farmers dose (FD, 80: 40:15 N: P2O5:K2O kg ha-1) in a RCB design with four replications. The data on growth, yield attributes and yield were collected and analyzed using Genstat Statistical package. Results showed that research recommended dose (RRD) along with SSNM dose and SSNM +Zn +B were statistically similar (p>0.05), but these treatments were comparatively superior over rest of the treatments for yield attributes and yield. Hence it can be concluded that wheat yield can be improved through adoption of SSNM and RRD of fertilizers at Bhairahawa condition.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85170284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
B. Oli, B. Khanal, C. P. Shrivastav, S. Lamichhane, R. Ojha
This study was done at Lothar-Pampha Watershed, located in the Chure hill of eastern Chitwan, inside the boundary of Rapti Municipality covering 121.83 km2 (12183.12 ha). The main objective of the study was to estimate the spatial distribution and the extent of soil erosion in the watershed using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) tool. Annual average soil loss was estimated by using the Revised Universal Loss Equation (RUSLE), RSdata using GIS platform, taking spatial variation of each factors. Data on Rainfall erosivity (R), Soil erodibility (K), slope length and steepness (LS), cover crops (C) and soil conservation practices (P) were calculated from laboratory analysis and also retrieved from Landsat image. Soil sample were taken to determine the K factor from the 71 different areas inside the research boundary of Rapti Municipality. Rainfall data of 21 years from 21 different nearby stations were taken from the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Nepal (DHM). The soil erosion was categorized into seven classes as, extremely severe (>190 t ha-1 year-1), very severe (100-190 t ha-1 year-1), severe (50-100 t ha-1 year-1), high (10-50 t ha-1 year-1), moderate (5-10 t ha-1 year-1), slightly (2-5 t ha-1 year-1), and very slightly (0-2 t ha-1 year-1) that occurred in 0.0043 %, 0.0862 %, 0.98 %, 29.71 %,18.34 %, 13.54 %, and 37.31 % of total area of Lothar-Pampha watershed, respectively. The total soil erosion estimated from the forest area (70.11 %) was 89537.29 t year-1 whereas from grasslands area (0.25 %) it was estimated as 81.03 t year-1, and from the agricultural land (18.10 %) it was 1529.52 t year-1. The maximum erosion rate (275.36 t ha-1 year-1) was estimated in the forest area followed by grasslands (22.19 t ha-1 year-1). Average soil erosion rate in settlement area was estimated as 0.27 t ha-1 year. Likewise, 8.87 % of total erosion was estimated from the agricultural land. Forested land is seemingly contributing to more soil erosion than agricultural land due to steep land topography, poor conservation program, deforestation, and unscientific forest management practices which seek for scientific forest management plan including soil conservation measures such as grass waterways, terracing, contouring, strip-cropping in Lothar-Pampha watershed of the Chure range.
这项研究是在位于Chitwan东部Chure山的Lothar-Pampha流域进行的，该流域位于Rapti市边界内，占地121.83平方公里(12183.12公顷)。研究的主要目的是利用地理信息系统(GIS)和遥感(RS)工具估算流域土壤侵蚀的空间分布和程度。利用修正通用损失量方程(RUSLE)和RSdata，利用GIS平台估算年平均土壤流失量，取各因子的空间变异性。降雨侵蚀力(R)、土壤可蚀性(K)、坡长和陡度(LS)、覆盖作物(C)和土壤保持措施(P)的数据由实验室分析计算得出，并从Landsat图像中检索。在Rapti市研究边界内的71个不同区域采集土壤样品以确定K因子。尼泊尔水文和气象部(DHM) 21年附近21个不同站点的降水数据。土壤侵蚀程度分为极严重(>190 t ha-1年-1)、极严重(100-190 t ha-1年-1)、严重(50-100 t ha-1年-1)、严重(10-50 t ha-1年-1)、中度(5-10 t ha-1年-1)、轻微(2-5 t ha-1年-1)、极轻微(0-2 t ha-1年-1)7个等级，分别发生在总面积的0.0043%、0.0862%、0.98%、29.71%、18.34%、13.54%和37.31%。林地(70.11%)土壤侵蚀总量为89537.29 t -1，草地(0.25%)土壤侵蚀总量为81.03 t -1，农田(18.10%)土壤侵蚀总量为1529.52 t -1。森林侵蚀速率最大(275.36 t ha-1 -1)，草原次之(22.19 t ha-1 -1)。沉降区平均土壤侵蚀速率为0.27 t ha-1年。同样，农田侵蚀占总侵蚀量的8.87%。在Chure山脉的Lothar-Pampha流域，由于地形陡峭、保护措施不力、森林砍伐和不科学的森林管理实践，寻求科学的森林管理计划，包括草地水道、梯田、等高线、带状种植等土壤保持措施，林地似乎比农田造成了更多的土壤侵蚀。
{"title":"Forest land prone to more soil erosion than cultivated land in the Chure hill of eastern Chitwan, Nepal","authors":"B. Oli, B. Khanal, C. P. Shrivastav, S. Lamichhane, R. Ojha","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47070","url":null,"abstract":"This study was done at Lothar-Pampha Watershed, located in the Chure hill of eastern Chitwan, inside the boundary of Rapti Municipality covering 121.83 km2 (12183.12 ha). The main objective of the study was to estimate the spatial distribution and the extent of soil erosion in the watershed using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) tool. Annual average soil loss was estimated by using the Revised Universal Loss Equation (RUSLE), RSdata using GIS platform, taking spatial variation of each factors. Data on Rainfall erosivity (R), Soil erodibility (K), slope length and steepness (LS), cover crops (C) and soil conservation practices (P) were calculated from laboratory analysis and also retrieved from Landsat image. Soil sample were taken to determine the K factor from the 71 different areas inside the research boundary of Rapti Municipality. Rainfall data of 21 years from 21 different nearby stations were taken from the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Nepal (DHM). The soil erosion was categorized into seven classes as, extremely severe (>190 t ha-1 year-1), very severe (100-190 t ha-1 year-1), severe (50-100 t ha-1 year-1), high (10-50 t ha-1 year-1), moderate (5-10 t ha-1 year-1), slightly (2-5 t ha-1 year-1), and very slightly (0-2 t ha-1 year-1) that occurred in 0.0043 %, 0.0862 %, 0.98 %, 29.71 %,18.34 %, 13.54 %, and 37.31 % of total area of Lothar-Pampha watershed, respectively. The total soil erosion estimated from the forest area (70.11 %) was 89537.29 t year-1 whereas from grasslands area (0.25 %) it was estimated as 81.03 t year-1, and from the agricultural land (18.10 %) it was 1529.52 t year-1. The maximum erosion rate (275.36 t ha-1 year-1) was estimated in the forest area followed by grasslands (22.19 t ha-1 year-1). Average soil erosion rate in settlement area was estimated as 0.27 t ha-1 year. Likewise, 8.87 % of total erosion was estimated from the agricultural land. Forested land is seemingly contributing to more soil erosion than agricultural land due to steep land topography, poor conservation program, deforestation, and unscientific forest management practices which seek for scientific forest management plan including soil conservation measures such as grass waterways, terracing, contouring, strip-cropping in Lothar-Pampha watershed of the Chure range.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"53 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85370154","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mixed cultivation of fodder maize (Zea mays) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is popular due to their fast-growing, high biomass yielding, high palatable, and mutualistic growing behavior. Evaluation of status of chemical composition of these mixed stands grown with different seed rates of maize, but with a fixed stand of cowpea would suggest the best period of forage harvesting and also the appropriate seed rate. Accordingly an experiment was done by following standard agronomic practices to grow maize-cowpea at Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU) Rampur, Nepal during May to September 2016. The experiment was done by using randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of 4 treatments, T1 (40kg/ ha maize seed), T2 (50kg/ha maize seed), T3 (30kg/ha maize seed) and T4 (40kg/ha maize seed + weeding) along with 20 kg/ha of cowpea seed for each treatment, and 5 replications, under a similar rate of chemical fertilizer. Samples were tested for proximate analysis at Animal Nutrition laboratory of AFU. A highly significant result was obtained among different treatments for crude fibre, crude protein, and ash content while ether extract content was statistically similar among the treatments in both the harvests. Maximum ash (10.94%) and crude fibre (31.24%) content were obtained in T1 on maize stem, and higher crude protein (CP) (28.09%) content was obtained in T3 on cowpea that was similar with T2 on cowpea for CP content at 45 days after sowing. At 75 days after sowing, higher crude fibre (CF) (35.87%) content was obtained for treatment T4 on maize stem. Research results suggested that harvesting of maize is suitable at 45 days after sowing (DAS) if higher ash and crude fibre requirement for balanced feed is expected to meet by using 40 kg seed rate of maize/ha whereas harvesting of cowpea at 75 DAS would be more appropriate if highest crude protein content is expected to harvest, but it would be possible to attain at the cost of higher crude fiber content. Nevertheless results clearly indicated that inclusion of fodder cowpea as a legume component in a fodder stand, such as maize could be helpful for a persistent nutritive value during later stage of harvesting.
{"title":"Different seed rates of forage maize with a fixed stand of cowpea affects proximate composition of both species","authors":"S. Barsila","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47095","url":null,"abstract":"Mixed cultivation of fodder maize (Zea mays) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is popular due to their fast-growing, high biomass yielding, high palatable, and mutualistic growing behavior. Evaluation of status of chemical composition of these mixed stands grown with different seed rates of maize, but with a fixed stand of cowpea would suggest the best period of forage harvesting and also the appropriate seed rate. Accordingly an experiment was done by following standard agronomic practices to grow maize-cowpea at Agriculture and Forestry University (AFU) Rampur, Nepal during May to September 2016. The experiment was done by using randomized complete block design (RCBD) consisting of 4 treatments, T1 (40kg/ ha maize seed), T2 (50kg/ha maize seed), T3 (30kg/ha maize seed) and T4 (40kg/ha maize seed + weeding) along with 20 kg/ha of cowpea seed for each treatment, and 5 replications, under a similar rate of chemical fertilizer. Samples were tested for proximate analysis at Animal Nutrition laboratory of AFU. A highly significant result was obtained among different treatments for crude fibre, crude protein, and ash content while ether extract content was statistically similar among the treatments in both the harvests. Maximum ash (10.94%) and crude fibre (31.24%) content were obtained in T1 on maize stem, and higher crude protein (CP) (28.09%) content was obtained in T3 on cowpea that was similar with T2 on cowpea for CP content at 45 days after sowing. At 75 days after sowing, higher crude fibre (CF) (35.87%) content was obtained for treatment T4 on maize stem. Research results suggested that harvesting of maize is suitable at 45 days after sowing (DAS) if higher ash and crude fibre requirement for balanced feed is expected to meet by using 40 kg seed rate of maize/ha whereas harvesting of cowpea at 75 DAS would be more appropriate if highest crude protein content is expected to harvest, but it would be possible to attain at the cost of higher crude fiber content. Nevertheless results clearly indicated that inclusion of fodder cowpea as a legume component in a fodder stand, such as maize could be helpful for a persistent nutritive value during later stage of harvesting.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83032282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was done to analyze the value chain of cucumber in Arghakhanchi district during 2018. Four major cucumber producing areas, such as- Ghoche khola, Bhagwati, Baghi and Jagata were purposively selected. The value chain analysis was done with the objective to calculate benefit cost ratio in cucumber enterprise, draw the value chain map, assess the factors of production, and find out the major constraints in cucumber cultivation. A total of 64 cucumber growers and ten traders were selected using simple random sampling technique. Majority of respondents (95%) had cultivated Bhaktapur Local variety while only thirty percent of respondents cultivated hybrids. The benefit cost ratio was also higher in case of Bhaktapur Local (3.18) followed by hybrids (2.44). The most dominating marketing channel involved flow of products from farmers to retailers and then to consumers. The highest farm gate price was seen in farmers to producers’ channel. The regression estimate showed that the input variables such as- organic manure, fertilizers, materials, labor, plant protection materials had significant effects on production of cucumber. The findings showed that the major problems associated with cucumber production was diseases and insects pests attack while the major problem related to cucumber marketing was middlemen-taking higher margin. The findings also pointed out the absence of wholesalers in the value chain which somehow affected to the less production of cucumber and minimized the export opportunity.
{"title":"Value chain analysis of cucumber in Arghakhanchi, Nepal","authors":"R. Khanal, S. Dhakal","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47102","url":null,"abstract":"This study was done to analyze the value chain of cucumber in Arghakhanchi district during 2018. Four major cucumber producing areas, such as- Ghoche khola, Bhagwati, Baghi and Jagata were purposively selected. The value chain analysis was done with the objective to calculate benefit cost ratio in cucumber enterprise, draw the value chain map, assess the factors of production, and find out the major constraints in cucumber cultivation. A total of 64 cucumber growers and ten traders were selected using simple random sampling technique. Majority of respondents (95%) had cultivated Bhaktapur Local variety while only thirty percent of respondents cultivated hybrids. The benefit cost ratio was also higher in case of Bhaktapur Local (3.18) followed by hybrids (2.44). The most dominating marketing channel involved flow of products from farmers to retailers and then to consumers. The highest farm gate price was seen in farmers to producers’ channel. The regression estimate showed that the input variables such as- organic manure, fertilizers, materials, labor, plant protection materials had significant effects on production of cucumber. The findings showed that the major problems associated with cucumber production was diseases and insects pests attack while the major problem related to cucumber marketing was middlemen-taking higher margin. The findings also pointed out the absence of wholesalers in the value chain which somehow affected to the less production of cucumber and minimized the export opportunity.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85055264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Bhattarai, S. Maharjan, I. P. Gautam, S. Subedi, S. Pokhrel
An experiment was done at Horticulture Research Division, Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), Khumaltar, Nepal under polyhouse condition to access different traits of six capsicum genotypes: HRDCAP-001, HRDCAP-003, HRDCAP-004, HRDCAP-005, HRDCAP-006, and California Wonder (check variety) with the objective to evaluate yield and quality. The experiment was done by using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications for each treatment. All the collected data were analyzed by using Gentstat statistical software package. Results revealed that tested genotypes were significantly different (p<0.05) in terms of traits characteristics considered for the study. Accordingly, California Wonder was the best for fruit length (86.11 mm), fruit width (70.45 mm), and fruit weight (126.12 g) while HRDCAP-001 was superior in pericarp thickness (6.44 mm), fruit yield (2.46 kg per plant; 68.3 t/ha) and shelf life (6.80 days). California Wonder had lowest physiological weight loss at different days after harvest. This study recognizes HRDCAP-001 to be a promising genotype. Hence, there is a possibility to release this genotype as a variety for commercial cultivation, however, a multi location trial prior to its release is deemed necessary. Furthermore, all evaluated genotypes through this research could be utilized for capsicum breeding in Nepal.
本试验在尼泊尔农业研究委员会园艺研究处(NARC)的综合栽培条件下，对6个辣椒基因型HRDCAP-001、HRDCAP-003、HRDCAP-004、HRDCAP-005、HRDCAP-006和加州奇观(对照品种)的不同性状进行了研究，目的是评价产量和品质。试验采用随机完全区组设计(RCBD)，每个处理4个重复。所有收集的数据采用Gentstat统计软件包进行分析。结果显示，在本研究考虑的性状特征方面，所测基因型差异显著(p<0.05)。结果表明，加州Wonder在果长(86.11 mm)、果宽(70.45 mm)和果重(126.12 g)方面表现最佳，HRDCAP-001在果皮厚度(6.44 mm)和产量(2.46 kg /株)方面表现最佳;68.3吨/公顷)和保质期(6.80天)。“加州奇迹”在收获后不同天数的生理减重最低。本研究认为HRDCAP-001是一种很有前景的基因型。因此，有可能将该基因型作为商业种植品种发布，然而，在其发布之前进行多地点试验被认为是必要的。此外，通过本研究评估的所有基因型均可用于尼泊尔辣椒育种。
{"title":"Evaluation of capsicum (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes for variety improvement","authors":"D. Bhattarai, S. Maharjan, I. P. Gautam, S. Subedi, S. Pokhrel","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47059","url":null,"abstract":"An experiment was done at Horticulture Research Division, Nepal Agricultural Research Council (NARC), Khumaltar, Nepal under polyhouse condition to access different traits of six capsicum genotypes: HRDCAP-001, HRDCAP-003, HRDCAP-004, HRDCAP-005, HRDCAP-006, and California Wonder (check variety) with the objective to evaluate yield and quality. The experiment was done by using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications for each treatment. All the collected data were analyzed by using Gentstat statistical software package. Results revealed that tested genotypes were significantly different (p<0.05) in terms of traits characteristics considered for the study. Accordingly, California Wonder was the best for fruit length (86.11 mm), fruit width (70.45 mm), and fruit weight (126.12 g) while HRDCAP-001 was superior in pericarp thickness (6.44 mm), fruit yield (2.46 kg per plant; 68.3 t/ha) and shelf life (6.80 days). California Wonder had lowest physiological weight loss at different days after harvest. This study recognizes HRDCAP-001 to be a promising genotype. Hence, there is a possibility to release this genotype as a variety for commercial cultivation, however, a multi location trial prior to its release is deemed necessary. Furthermore, all evaluated genotypes through this research could be utilized for capsicum breeding in Nepal.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75737016","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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