Food insecurity is one of the single largest determinants to challenge Nepal from realizing its ambition of graduating to a developing country. In line with the imminent national challenge, this study has tried to delve into the real-time findings from the rural part of the country to understand the crucial determinants of food insecurity. A household (HH) level survey with a sample size of 502 was adjudged using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) method. Semi-structured HH survey was administered to collect the socio-economic status of the respondent. Household Food Insecurity Access scale (HFIAS) was used to assess HHs food insecurity, whereas poverty status was assessed using the multidimensional poverty index (MPI). Finally, to identify the determinants of food security binary logistic regression technique was used. The MPI adjudges the aggregate status as 21%, 30.6% in Bajhang, and 14% for Morang. HFIAS tool unveiled that 47% HH were food secure. The disaggregated figure stands as 46% and 48% of households being food secure in Bajhang and Morang districts, respectively. Among the surveyed households, half of the households expressed food insecurity as the greatest concern and the consequential uncertainty ahead. The assessment further found that the Per Capita Income score (p<.01), access to financial institutions (cooperative) (p<0.01), holding livestock (p<.05), and expenditure on food (p<0.01) have a positive relationship in the case of Bajhang household. On the other hand, wage labor (p<0.01) earning members in the village (only for Morang), MPI poor (p<0.05) HHs and abroad migration (p<0.05) (only for Bajhang), ethnic cast Dalit (for both) (p<.05) had a significant negative relationship on household food security.
{"title":"Understanding the role of key determinants towards realizing food insecurity amongst the rural households: A case from Bajhang and Morang districts of Nepal","authors":"N. Bastakoti, S. Bhattarai","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48472","url":null,"abstract":"Food insecurity is one of the single largest determinants to challenge Nepal from realizing its ambition of graduating to a developing country. In line with the imminent national challenge, this study has tried to delve into the real-time findings from the rural part of the country to understand the crucial determinants of food insecurity. A household (HH) level survey with a sample size of 502 was adjudged using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) method. Semi-structured HH survey was administered to collect the socio-economic status of the respondent. Household Food Insecurity Access scale (HFIAS) was used to assess HHs food insecurity, whereas poverty status was assessed using the multidimensional poverty index (MPI). Finally, to identify the determinants of food security binary logistic regression technique was used. The MPI adjudges the aggregate status as 21%, 30.6% in Bajhang, and 14% for Morang. HFIAS tool unveiled that 47% HH were food secure. The disaggregated figure stands as 46% and 48% of households being food secure in Bajhang and Morang districts, respectively. Among the surveyed households, half of the households expressed food insecurity as the greatest concern and the consequential uncertainty ahead. The assessment further found that the Per Capita Income score (p<.01), access to financial institutions (cooperative) (p<0.01), holding livestock (p<.05), and expenditure on food (p<0.01) have a positive relationship in the case of Bajhang household. On the other hand, wage labor (p<0.01) earning members in the village (only for Morang), MPI poor (p<0.05) HHs and abroad migration (p<0.05) (only for Bajhang), ethnic cast Dalit (for both) (p<.05) had a significant negative relationship on household food security.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"1999 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90441674","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Ghimire, D. B. Nepali Karki, R. Shah, R. Ghimire, S. Malla
Goat (Capra hircus) is important meat animal of the country. Fattening performance of different breeds of goats with common mid hill fodder trees was conducted in Completely Randomized Design with 4×5 factorial arrangements at Goat Research Station, Tanahun. The first factor was breed of goats and second factor was species of fodder trees. The main parameters monitored included dry matter (DM) intake, fattening performance and average daily gain (ADG) of goats with respect to different fodders. Results showed that DM intake by breeds of goats and species of fodder trees were highly significant (p<0.001). Weight gain of different breed of goats and species of fodder trees were significantly different (p<0.01) with Boer cross and Listea monopetala having higher weight. The ADG of Boer cross, Jamunapari cross, Khari and Barbari cross were 70.93g, 59.35g, 53.38g and 45.36g, respectively and highly significant (p<0.01). Likewise, ADG of L. monopetala, was higher than other fodder trees. The interaction effects of breeds of goat and fodder species on ADG were similar up to 8 weeks and later observed significantly different (p<0.01). L. monopetala and Ficus lacor were better fodders in terms of fattening performance of different breeds of male goats. From the experiment of blood serum analysis, phosphorus content of F. lacor was significantly higher (p<0.01). Results of subsequent short term intake rate (STIR) measurement in order to find out the preference of fodders trees revealed that significantly higher (p<0.05) intake was obtained for L. monopetala, followed by F. lacor, Ficus glaberrima, Melia azedarach and mixed fodders (0.45g, 0.39g, 0.38g, 0.34g and 0.33g DM min1 per kg metabolic body size), respectively. The results of this study revealed that Boer crosses were more potential for fattening in terms of weight gain and voluntary intake. Likewise, L. monopetala and F. lacor were found better in fattening the male goats compared to other fodders.
{"title":"Comparative study on fattening performance of different goat breeds supplemented with common fodder trees in mid hills of Nepal","authors":"S. Ghimire, D. B. Nepali Karki, R. Shah, R. Ghimire, S. Malla","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48449","url":null,"abstract":"Goat (Capra hircus) is important meat animal of the country. Fattening performance of different breeds of goats with common mid hill fodder trees was conducted in Completely Randomized Design with 4×5 factorial arrangements at Goat Research Station, Tanahun. The first factor was breed of goats and second factor was species of fodder trees. The main parameters monitored included dry matter (DM) intake, fattening performance and average daily gain (ADG) of goats with respect to different fodders. Results showed that DM intake by breeds of goats and species of fodder trees were highly significant (p<0.001). Weight gain of different breed of goats and species of fodder trees were significantly different (p<0.01) with Boer cross and Listea monopetala having higher weight. The ADG of Boer cross, Jamunapari cross, Khari and Barbari cross were 70.93g, 59.35g, 53.38g and 45.36g, respectively and highly significant (p<0.01). Likewise, ADG of L. monopetala, was higher than other fodder trees. The interaction effects of breeds of goat and fodder species on ADG were similar up to 8 weeks and later observed significantly different (p<0.01). L. monopetala and Ficus lacor were better fodders in terms of fattening performance of different breeds of male goats. From the experiment of blood serum analysis, phosphorus content of F. lacor was significantly higher (p<0.01). Results of subsequent short term intake rate (STIR) measurement in order to find out the preference of fodders trees revealed that significantly higher (p<0.05) intake was obtained for L. monopetala, followed by F. lacor, Ficus glaberrima, Melia azedarach and mixed fodders (0.45g, 0.39g, 0.38g, 0.34g and 0.33g DM min1 per kg metabolic body size), respectively. The results of this study revealed that Boer crosses were more potential for fattening in terms of weight gain and voluntary intake. Likewise, L. monopetala and F. lacor were found better in fattening the male goats compared to other fodders.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"126 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87650029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Adhikari, R. Thapa, S. Joshi, J. Du, Shraddhesh Kumar Tiwari
The Chinese citrus fly, Bactrocera minax (Enderlein) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is an important insect pest of citrus species which causes significant fruit damage in Nepal, India, Bhutan and China. An attempt has been made to review the biological aspects and management measures of this pest compiling published literatures in the national and international journals, proceedings, reports, newsletter and books. This review highlights the findings on the nomenclature, morphology, distribution, biology of the Chinese citrus fly and provides potential prospect of pest management measures, which are useful to the researchers, policy - makers, citrus growers and extension workers.
{"title":"Biology and management of Chinese citrus fly, Bactrocera minax (Enderlein) (Diptera: Tephritidae)","authors":"D. Adhikari, R. Thapa, S. Joshi, J. Du, Shraddhesh Kumar Tiwari","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48432","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v5i1.48432","url":null,"abstract":"The Chinese citrus fly, Bactrocera minax (Enderlein) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is an important insect pest of citrus species which causes significant fruit damage in Nepal, India, Bhutan and China. An attempt has been made to review the biological aspects and management measures of this pest compiling published literatures in the national and international journals, proceedings, reports, newsletter and books. This review highlights the findings on the nomenclature, morphology, distribution, biology of the Chinese citrus fly and provides potential prospect of pest management measures, which are useful to the researchers, policy - makers, citrus growers and extension workers.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"48 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85420661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An experiment was done at Rambagh, Chitwan during March to May 2018 with the objective to evaluate the effect of plant growth regulators on growth, flowering and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus.) cv. Malini. The experiment consisted of nine treatments viz., control (no spray), silver nitrate 250 ppm spray, ethephon 250 ppm spray, gibberellic acid (GA3) 300 ppm spray, napthalene acetic acid (NAA) 50 ppm spray, silver nitrate 500 ppm spray, ethephon 250 ppm spray, gibberellic acid (GA3) 500 ppm spry, and napthalene acetic acid (NAA) 100 ppm spray; each treatment was replicated thrice. Findings revealed that use of plant growth regulators significantly affected growth, flowering and fruit yield of cucumber. The highest plant height was measured for GA3 300 ppm spray whereas lowest plant height was measured for NAA 100 ppm spray. Likewise, GA3 300 ppm spray had produced highest number of lateral branches. On the other hand, highest number of male flower was recorded in control, but highest number of female flower was recorded for ethephon 250 ppm spray whereas it was lowest for control (14.00). The highest and lowest fruit length was recorded if GA3 500 ppm and ethephon 250 ppm were sprayed, respectively. Likewise, the highest fruit numbers per plant was recorded in GA3 300 ppm application whereas the control had the lowest number of fruit produced. The highest fruit yield was produced from the application of GA3 300 ppm (109.7 t/ha) while the lowest fruit yield was recorded in control (40.53 t/ha). The B: C ratio was high in GA3 300 ppm (4.37) application as well. These results indicate the benefit of spraying GA3 300 ppm to have a better performance and fruit yield of cucumber compared to the other treatments with varied concentrations of NAA and GA3.
{"title":"Effect of plant growth regulators on flowering and fruit yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. Malini) in Chitwan, Nepal","authors":"B. Sapkota, M. Dhital, B. Shrestha, K. Tripathi","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47065","url":null,"abstract":"An experiment was done at Rambagh, Chitwan during March to May 2018 with the objective to evaluate the effect of plant growth regulators on growth, flowering and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus.) cv. Malini. The experiment consisted of nine treatments viz., control (no spray), silver nitrate 250 ppm spray, ethephon 250 ppm spray, gibberellic acid (GA3) 300 ppm spray, napthalene acetic acid (NAA) 50 ppm spray, silver nitrate 500 ppm spray, ethephon 250 ppm spray, gibberellic acid (GA3) 500 ppm spry, and napthalene acetic acid (NAA) 100 ppm spray; each treatment was replicated thrice. Findings revealed that use of plant growth regulators significantly affected growth, flowering and fruit yield of cucumber. The highest plant height was measured for GA3 300 ppm spray whereas lowest plant height was measured for NAA 100 ppm spray. Likewise, GA3 300 ppm spray had produced highest number of lateral branches. On the other hand, highest number of male flower was recorded in control, but highest number of female flower was recorded for ethephon 250 ppm spray whereas it was lowest for control (14.00). The highest and lowest fruit length was recorded if GA3 500 ppm and ethephon 250 ppm were sprayed, respectively. Likewise, the highest fruit numbers per plant was recorded in GA3 300 ppm application whereas the control had the lowest number of fruit produced. The highest fruit yield was produced from the application of GA3 300 ppm (109.7 t/ha) while the lowest fruit yield was recorded in control (40.53 t/ha). The B: C ratio was high in GA3 300 ppm (4.37) application as well. These results indicate the benefit of spraying GA3 300 ppm to have a better performance and fruit yield of cucumber compared to the other treatments with varied concentrations of NAA and GA3.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"17 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81562073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nepal is classified as severe localized food insecure country with increasing import dependency ratio in each year. Relevant literatures and available data were reviewed in 2018 to find the trend of food availability and consumption in relation to developing strategies for sustained production and supply in Nepal. The per capita calories uptake is higher (2830 versus 2220 kcal) with higher in rural communities and to the richer families (4000 kcal/person/day). Whereas the protein and edible oil and fat uptake is increasing, but are yet insufficient. The diet is mostly dominated by cereals and the consumption of pulses, fruit, vegetables and animal products were comparatively lower. There is double burden of women under-nutrition (18.2%) and over-nutrition (13.5%). At present, Nepal is self sufficient only on tea, coffee, and poultry eggs. Where the import dependency ratio of fruit (88.1%), oils (83.5%) and pulses (73.4%) were very high and are in increasing trend. However, the self sufficiency ratios of cereals (97.4%), vegetables (65.9%), potato (88.8%), milk (79%), sugar (62.6%) and meat (61%) are still higher. Raising the productivity of cereals by 0.06 t/ha, vegetables 3.49 t/ha, potato/tubers 1.59 t/ha, spices 0.58 t/ ha, milk 0.30 t/head and a considerable increment of meat productivity could make the country self sufficient. Moreover, it is very hard to be self sufficient on fruit, oilseed, and fish because of their small area coverage/herd sizes, low productivity and long gestation period required. It is needed to prioritize the commodities for the allocation of production areas/heard sizes, linking all the development/infrastructure programs and output based investment for improved food production, marketing and consumption to restore national food sufficiency for livelihood support and economic resilience.
{"title":"Food availability and consumption in relation to developing strategies for sustained production and supply in Nepal","authors":"S. Pokhrel","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47024","url":null,"abstract":"Nepal is classified as severe localized food insecure country with increasing import dependency ratio in each year. Relevant literatures and available data were reviewed in 2018 to find the trend of food availability and consumption in relation to developing strategies for sustained production and supply in Nepal. The per capita calories uptake is higher (2830 versus 2220 kcal) with higher in rural communities and to the richer families (4000 kcal/person/day). Whereas the protein and edible oil and fat uptake is increasing, but are yet insufficient. The diet is mostly dominated by cereals and the consumption of pulses, fruit, vegetables and animal products were comparatively lower. There is double burden of women under-nutrition (18.2%) and over-nutrition (13.5%). At present, Nepal is self sufficient only on tea, coffee, and poultry eggs. Where the import dependency ratio of fruit (88.1%), oils (83.5%) and pulses (73.4%) were very high and are in increasing trend. However, the self sufficiency ratios of cereals (97.4%), vegetables (65.9%), potato (88.8%), milk (79%), sugar (62.6%) and meat (61%) are still higher. Raising the productivity of cereals by 0.06 t/ha, vegetables 3.49 t/ha, potato/tubers 1.59 t/ha, spices 0.58 t/ ha, milk 0.30 t/head and a considerable increment of meat productivity could make the country self sufficient. Moreover, it is very hard to be self sufficient on fruit, oilseed, and fish because of their small area coverage/herd sizes, low productivity and long gestation period required. It is needed to prioritize the commodities for the allocation of production areas/heard sizes, linking all the development/infrastructure programs and output based investment for improved food production, marketing and consumption to restore national food sufficiency for livelihood support and economic resilience.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81826056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A study was done to assess the goodness of fit of the regression lines using the data of silkworm larvae (J12 x C12 race) killed by various concentrations of M. anisopliae and LC71 of Metarhizium. anisopliae at different time intervals (hr) applying probit and logit function. The data were transformed before analysis using probit and logit transformations of proportion kill and with and without a logarithmic transformation of predictors. Analysis showed that the LC50 value were 5.969×106, 6.000×106, 7.250 and 7.235 spores mL-1 for probit, logit, log-probit and log-logit, respectively. The LT50 values were 204.247, 204.381, 2.304 and 2.305 hr for probit, logit, log-probit and log-logit, respectively. Significant Chi-square value indicates the necessity of heterogeneity factor for correction of variances under all functions. Residual deviance values were lower at the log-probit (2.826 for concentration and 0.292 for time) and log-logit (2.406 for concentration and 0.440 for time) models with higher p-values (≥ 0.587) compared to probit and logit model. In our study, p-values was higher (p>0.05) with lower residual deviance in log transformed data which indicated that the log-probit and log-logit models could best fit to the mortality data of silkworm larvae when the both concentration and time were as predictors. Results indicated that the log-transformation of predictors would be best for describing the mortality values of insects by concentration of Metarhizium. anisopliae and under different time values. However, it requires more précised complete datasets and good knowledge of statistics of samples values along with the conversion of results of probit and logit analyses back to original units before coming into concrete application of these analytical inferences into practice.
{"title":"Probit and Logit analysis: Multiple observations over time at various concentrations of biopesticide Metarhizium anisopliae strain","authors":"T. Bhusal, M. Pokhrel, R. Thapa","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47026","url":null,"abstract":"A study was done to assess the goodness of fit of the regression lines using the data of silkworm larvae (J12 x C12 race) killed by various concentrations of M. anisopliae and LC71 of Metarhizium. anisopliae at different time intervals (hr) applying probit and logit function. The data were transformed before analysis using probit and logit transformations of proportion kill and with and without a logarithmic transformation of predictors. Analysis showed that the LC50 value were 5.969×106, 6.000×106, 7.250 and 7.235 spores mL-1 for probit, logit, log-probit and log-logit, respectively. The LT50 values were 204.247, 204.381, 2.304 and 2.305 hr for probit, logit, log-probit and log-logit, respectively. Significant Chi-square value indicates the necessity of heterogeneity factor for correction of variances under all functions. Residual deviance values were lower at the log-probit (2.826 for concentration and 0.292 for time) and log-logit (2.406 for concentration and 0.440 for time) models with higher p-values (≥ 0.587) compared to probit and logit model. In our study, p-values was higher (p>0.05) with lower residual deviance in log transformed data which indicated that the log-probit and log-logit models could best fit to the mortality data of silkworm larvae when the both concentration and time were as predictors. Results indicated that the log-transformation of predictors would be best for describing the mortality values of insects by concentration of Metarhizium. anisopliae and under different time values. However, it requires more précised complete datasets and good knowledge of statistics of samples values along with the conversion of results of probit and logit analyses back to original units before coming into concrete application of these analytical inferences into practice.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87806166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Ayeloja, W. Jimoh, M. O. Shittu, B. O. Batatunde
Effect of frozen storage on microbial load of hybrid Heteroclarias, Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus was studied. Fifty samples, each of Heteroclarias, C. gariepinus and O. niloticus with an average weight of 210 + 15g were collected at a commercial fish farm in the study area after which they were processed and frozen at -18°C and microbial analyses were done at 0, 14, 28, 42 and 56 days after frozen storage. Data obtained were logarithmically transformed (log cfu/g) and then subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS 16.0 version. No significant (p>0.05) difference was found for total viable count (TVC), total fungal count (TFC), total coliform count (TCC) and Klebsiella spp. count of the fish species studied during the frozen period. The potential of freezing as a good fish preservation method was established as it inhibited microbial activities thereby elongating fish shelf life. It was concluded that Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus fish species can be kept safe up to 56 days by freezing as the microbial loads did not change significantly during the period. Uncontrolled discharge of effluents into the surrounding water bodies should also be checked to avoid contamination prior to fish harvest.
{"title":"Effect of frozen storage on microbial load of hybrid heteroclarias, Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus","authors":"A. Ayeloja, W. Jimoh, M. O. Shittu, B. O. Batatunde","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47100","url":null,"abstract":"Effect of frozen storage on microbial load of hybrid Heteroclarias, Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus was studied. Fifty samples, each of Heteroclarias, C. gariepinus and O. niloticus with an average weight of 210 + 15g were collected at a commercial fish farm in the study area after which they were processed and frozen at -18°C and microbial analyses were done at 0, 14, 28, 42 and 56 days after frozen storage. Data obtained were logarithmically transformed (log cfu/g) and then subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS 16.0 version. No significant (p>0.05) difference was found for total viable count (TVC), total fungal count (TFC), total coliform count (TCC) and Klebsiella spp. count of the fish species studied during the frozen period. The potential of freezing as a good fish preservation method was established as it inhibited microbial activities thereby elongating fish shelf life. It was concluded that Clarias gariepinus and Oreochromis niloticus fish species can be kept safe up to 56 days by freezing as the microbial loads did not change significantly during the period. Uncontrolled discharge of effluents into the surrounding water bodies should also be checked to avoid contamination prior to fish harvest.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"70 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72562747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An experiment was done to evaluate eleven late season cauliflower varieties at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal during November 2017 to March, 2018. All the tested varieties were introduced from USA, Europe, and India viz. Amazing, Artica, Freedom, Ravella, Titan, Bishop, Casper, Indam 9803, and NS 106 while two varieties; Snowmystique and Snowball 16 were from Nepal. The experiment was set by using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with an arrangement of each treatment replicated for four times. The main objective of this study was to identify the short duration late season varieties of cauliflower to be adapted to high temperature condition during late winter. Parameters considered to evaluate the varieties included- plant height, leaf length, canopy diameter, curd height, curd diameter, yield, along with postharvest parameters, such as Total soluble solid (TSS), Titrable acidity (TA), pH, and Vitamin C content. Similarly, 50% curd initiation and curd maturity of the cauliflower was also measured to find the crop growth period. The highest plant height, leaf length and canopy diameter was mostly produced by Titan, Snow mystique, and NS 106 while the lowest plant height, leaf length and canopy diameter was produced by Snowball 16 and Amazing. Similarly, significantly shorter period for 50% curd initiation of 68 days was observed in NS 106 and shorter period for 50% curd maturation of 78 days was recorded in Freedom compared to the rest of the treatments. Significantly largest curd height and diameter was measured for NS 106. Similarly, significantly higher curd yield of 52.3 t/ha was produced by Bishop, but it was statistically similar (p>0.05) to NS 106 (51.1 t/ha). Likewise, significantly higher TSS of 5.4 ºBrix and Vitamin C content of 55 mg/100 g was produced by Snowball 16 and Bishop, respectively. Thus, the probable varieties that could be considered best for late winter could be Bishop, NS 106, Snowmystique, Artica, Freedom, Titan, and Amazing that may comparatively better adapt to the high temperature condition.
{"title":"Growth, yield and post harvest quality of late season varieties of cauliflower at Rampur, Chitwan","authors":"H. N. Giri","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47066","url":null,"abstract":"An experiment was done to evaluate eleven late season cauliflower varieties at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal during November 2017 to March, 2018. All the tested varieties were introduced from USA, Europe, and India viz. Amazing, Artica, Freedom, Ravella, Titan, Bishop, Casper, Indam 9803, and NS 106 while two varieties; Snowmystique and Snowball 16 were from Nepal. The experiment was set by using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with an arrangement of each treatment replicated for four times. The main objective of this study was to identify the short duration late season varieties of cauliflower to be adapted to high temperature condition during late winter. Parameters considered to evaluate the varieties included- plant height, leaf length, canopy diameter, curd height, curd diameter, yield, along with postharvest parameters, such as Total soluble solid (TSS), Titrable acidity (TA), pH, and Vitamin C content. Similarly, 50% curd initiation and curd maturity of the cauliflower was also measured to find the crop growth period. The highest plant height, leaf length and canopy diameter was mostly produced by Titan, Snow mystique, and NS 106 while the lowest plant height, leaf length and canopy diameter was produced by Snowball 16 and Amazing. Similarly, significantly shorter period for 50% curd initiation of 68 days was observed in NS 106 and shorter period for 50% curd maturation of 78 days was recorded in Freedom compared to the rest of the treatments. Significantly largest curd height and diameter was measured for NS 106. Similarly, significantly higher curd yield of 52.3 t/ha was produced by Bishop, but it was statistically similar (p>0.05) to NS 106 (51.1 t/ha). Likewise, significantly higher TSS of 5.4 ºBrix and Vitamin C content of 55 mg/100 g was produced by Snowball 16 and Bishop, respectively. Thus, the probable varieties that could be considered best for late winter could be Bishop, NS 106, Snowmystique, Artica, Freedom, Titan, and Amazing that may comparatively better adapt to the high temperature condition.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82588829","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nepal has released and registered a total of 623 genetically uniform (mono genotyped) varieties. These varieties were developed by both conventional and classical plant breeding, biotech-assisted plant breeding, and participatory plant breeding methods. However, these varieties have been shown to vary in their yield performance over the years and locations. Smallholder farmers dominate agriculture with 53% of the land-owning households with their land holding size of less than 0.5 ha in Nepal. Farmers are increasingly losing their own saved seeds. There have been impacts of weather variability, often modern crop varieties are not available to suit with these changing conditions. Farmers are looking for crop varieties that can better adapt to these changing conditions, and seeds of which can be saved for the next season planting. Evolutionary Plant Breeding (EPB), which creates and maintains a high degree of genetic diversity (i.e. polymorphic population), is a choice for breeders and farmers for accelerating the development of climate resilient and sustainably high-performance crop varieties. In 2015, the National Gene Bank in Nepal started an EPB program for the local rice variety, Jumli Marshi with the objective of enhancing genetic conservation through creating a dynamic gene pool. An evolutionary population can be compared to a living gene bank, not only in line with bringing greater yield stability, but also greater diversity in aroma, nutritional value and quality. Evolutionary populations have the potential to produce higher yields and perform better than their local or improved counterparts in adverse, or stress conditions. Under stress conditions, evolutionary populations have also been shown to be more resistant to weeds, diseases and pests damage than homogenous crop populations. Based on the source of diversity used in EPB, two different types of populations- Composite Cross population, and Composite Mixtures, population are developed. With the exception of Europe, and only for some crops, existing seed policies do not favor such populations. Therefore, there is a need to revise seed regulations in order to allow the cultivation of a higher degree of genetic diversity.
{"title":"Concept and rationale of evolutionary plant breeding and its status in Nepal","authors":"B. Joshi, D. Ayer, D. Gauchan, D. Jarvis","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47023","url":null,"abstract":"Nepal has released and registered a total of 623 genetically uniform (mono genotyped) varieties. These varieties were developed by both conventional and classical plant breeding, biotech-assisted plant breeding, and participatory plant breeding methods. However, these varieties have been shown to vary in their yield performance over the years and locations. Smallholder farmers dominate agriculture with 53% of the land-owning households with their land holding size of less than 0.5 ha in Nepal. Farmers are increasingly losing their own saved seeds. There have been impacts of weather variability, often modern crop varieties are not available to suit with these changing conditions. Farmers are looking for crop varieties that can better adapt to these changing conditions, and seeds of which can be saved for the next season planting. Evolutionary Plant Breeding (EPB), which creates and maintains a high degree of genetic diversity (i.e. polymorphic population), is a choice for breeders and farmers for accelerating the development of climate resilient and sustainably high-performance crop varieties. In 2015, the National Gene Bank in Nepal started an EPB program for the local rice variety, Jumli Marshi with the objective of enhancing genetic conservation through creating a dynamic gene pool. An evolutionary population can be compared to a living gene bank, not only in line with bringing greater yield stability, but also greater diversity in aroma, nutritional value and quality. Evolutionary populations have the potential to produce higher yields and perform better than their local or improved counterparts in adverse, or stress conditions. Under stress conditions, evolutionary populations have also been shown to be more resistant to weeds, diseases and pests damage than homogenous crop populations. Based on the source of diversity used in EPB, two different types of populations- Composite Cross population, and Composite Mixtures, population are developed. With the exception of Europe, and only for some crops, existing seed policies do not favor such populations. Therefore, there is a need to revise seed regulations in order to allow the cultivation of a higher degree of genetic diversity.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"94 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80817966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The retrospective study was performed to know the trend of recent clinical practices for managing the post-surgical and non-surgical pain in animals. The study included government hospitals, private clinics, organizations working on animal birth control program of Chitwan, Kathmandu, Lalitpur, and Kaski districts of Nepal. Overall, 1,177 and 1,084 animals received analgesics in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Categorically, 81% of cases underwent for soft tissue surgeries, and analgesics were prescribed variably for 1–5 days. However, 5% and 1% were orthopedic and ophthalmic cases that were treated with analgesics for 1–8 days. Remaining, 13% cases that were grouped into miscellaneous type received analgesics for 1–7 days For analgesia, meloxicam was the most preferred non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (98%) followed by tramadol (9%), and lignocaine-HCl (8%). Tramadol (9%) and lignocaine-HCl (8%) were prescribed particularly in severely traumatized cases whereas ketorolac (5%) were used in orthopedic cases. Only 18% veterinary patients received preemptive analgesics. Most of the hospitals, clinics and organizations did not perform pain scoring. Proper pain assessment and their scoring are imperative for prescribing the right analgesic for the effective treatment of pain in animals.
{"title":"Current practices of Nepalese veterinarians for the clinical management of pain in animals","authors":"S. Shrestha, M. Shah","doi":"10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47074","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3126/jafu.v4i1.47074","url":null,"abstract":"The retrospective study was performed to know the trend of recent clinical practices for managing the post-surgical and non-surgical pain in animals. The study included government hospitals, private clinics, organizations working on animal birth control program of Chitwan, Kathmandu, Lalitpur, and Kaski districts of Nepal. Overall, 1,177 and 1,084 animals received analgesics in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Categorically, 81% of cases underwent for soft tissue surgeries, and analgesics were prescribed variably for 1–5 days. However, 5% and 1% were orthopedic and ophthalmic cases that were treated with analgesics for 1–8 days. Remaining, 13% cases that were grouped into miscellaneous type received analgesics for 1–7 days For analgesia, meloxicam was the most preferred non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (98%) followed by tramadol (9%), and lignocaine-HCl (8%). Tramadol (9%) and lignocaine-HCl (8%) were prescribed particularly in severely traumatized cases whereas ketorolac (5%) were used in orthopedic cases. Only 18% veterinary patients received preemptive analgesics. Most of the hospitals, clinics and organizations did not perform pain scoring. Proper pain assessment and their scoring are imperative for prescribing the right analgesic for the effective treatment of pain in animals.","PeriodicalId":15865,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89620822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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