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Colletotrichum Species Associated with Apple Bitter Rot and Glomerella Leaf Spot: A Comprehensive Overview. 与苹果苦腐病和褐斑病有关的 Colletotrichum 菌种:全面概述。
IF 4.2 2区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.3390/jof10090660
Vojislav Trkulja, Bojana Čojić, Nenad Trkulja, Andrija Tomić, Slavica Matić, Jela Ikanović, Tatjana Popović Milovanović

Species of the genus Colletotrichum are among the most important plant pathogens globally, as they are capable of infecting many hosts-apple (Malus spp.) and other fruit and woody plant species-but also vegetable crops, cereals, legumes, and other annual and perennial herbaceous plants. The apple (Malus spp.) is attacked by various species from the genus Colletotrichum, whereby 27 different species from this genus have been described as the causative agents of apple bitter rot (ABR) and 15 as the cause of Glomerella leaf spot (GLS). These species generally belong to one of three species complexes: Colletotrichum acutatum, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Colletotrichum boninense. The largest number of apple pathogens of the genus Colletotrichum belong to the species complex C. acutatum and C. gloeosporioides. However, further data on these species and the interactions between the species complexes of the genus Colletotrichum that cause these two apple diseases is needed for the development of effective control measures, thus ensuring successful and profitable apple cultivation. To contribute to this endeavor, a comprehensive review of the causative agents of ABR and GLS from the genus Colletotrichum is provided. In addition to presenting the species' current names, distribution, economic significance, and the symptoms they cause in apple, their development cycle, epidemiology, and molecular detection strategies are described, with a particular emphasis on control measures.

Colletotrichum 属物种是全球最重要的植物病原体之一,因为它们能够感染许多寄主--苹果(Malus spp.)苹果(Malus spp.)受到 Colletotrichum 属不同种类的侵袭,该属有 27 个不同种类被描述为苹果苦腐病(ABR)的病原体,15 个种类被描述为 Glomerella 叶斑病(GLS)的病原体。这些菌种通常属于三个菌种群之一:Colletotrichum acutatum、Colletotrichum gloeosporioides 和 Colletotrichum boninense。数量最多的苹果病原体属于 C. acutatum 和 C. gloeosporioides 这两个复合种。然而,要想制定有效的控制措施,从而确保苹果种植的成功和盈利,还需要有关这些物种以及引起这两种苹果病害的 Colletotrichum 属物种群之间相互作用的更多数据。为了促进这项工作,本文全面综述了 Colletotrichum 属中引起 ABR 和 GLS 的病原菌。除了介绍这些病菌的现名、分布、经济意义及其在苹果中引起的症状外,还介绍了它们的发展周期、流行病学和分子检测策略,并特别强调了控制措施。
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引用次数: 0
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis (ABPA) in the Era of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) Modulators 囊性纤维化跨膜传导调节器(CFTR)调节剂时代的过敏性支气管肺曲霉病(ABPA)
IF 4.7 2区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.3390/jof10090656
Paulami Chatterjee, Carson Tyler Moss, Sarah Omar, Ekroop Dhillon, Carlos Daniel Hernandez Borges, Alan C. Tang, David A. Stevens, Joe L. Hsu
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a hypersensitivity disease caused by Aspergillus fumigatus (Af), prevalent in persons with cystic fibrosis (CF) or asthma. In ABPA, Af proteases drive a T-helper cell-2 (Th2)-mediated allergic immune response leading to inflammation that contributes to permanent lung damage. Corticosteroids and antifungals are the mainstays of therapies for ABPA. However, their long-term use has negative sequelae. The treatment of patients with CF (pwCF) has been revolutionized by the efficacy of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator therapy. Pharmacological improvement in CFTR function with highly effective elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor (ETI) provides unprecedented improvements in lung function and other clinical outcomes of pwCF. The mechanism behind the improvement in patient outcomes is a continued topic of investigation as our understanding of the role of CFTR function evolves. As ETI therapy gains traction in CF management, understanding its potential impact on ABPA, especially on the allergic immune response pathways and Af infection becomes increasingly crucial for optimizing patient outcomes. This literature review aims to examine the extent of these findings and expand our understanding of the already published research focusing on the intersection between ABPA therapeutic approaches in CF and the rapid impact of the evolving CFTR modulator landscape. While our literature search yielded limited reports specifically focusing on the role of CFTR modulator therapy on CF-ABPA, findings from epidemiologic and retrospective studies suggest the potential for CFTR modulator therapies to positively influence pulmonary outcomes by addressing the underlying pathophysiology of CF-ABPA, especially by decreasing inflammatory response and Af colonization. Thus, this review highlights the promising scope of CFTR modulator therapy in decreasing the overall prevalence and incidence of CF-ABPA.
过敏性支气管肺曲霉菌病(ABPA)是由烟曲霉菌(Af)引起的超敏性疾病,在囊性纤维化(CF)或哮喘患者中很常见。在 ABPA 中,Af 蛋白酶驱动 T 辅助细胞-2(Th2)介导的过敏性免疫反应,导致炎症,造成永久性肺损伤。皮质类固醇和抗真菌药物是治疗 ABPA 的主要药物。然而,长期使用这些药物会产生负面后遗症。囊性纤维化跨膜传导调节剂(CFTR)调节剂疗法的疗效彻底改变了对 CF 患者(pwCF)的治疗。高效的 elexacaftor/tezacaftor/ivacaftor(ETI)通过药理学改善了 CFTR 功能,使肺功能和 pwCF 的其他临床疗效得到了前所未有的改善。随着我们对 CFTR 功能作用的认识不断加深,患者预后改善背后的机制仍是一个研究课题。随着 ETI疗法在CF治疗中逐渐受到重视,了解其对ABPA的潜在影响,尤其是对过敏性免疫反应途径和Af感染的影响,对于优化患者预后变得越来越重要。本文献综述旨在研究这些发现的程度,并扩展我们对已发表研究的理解,这些研究侧重于 CF ABPA 治疗方法与不断发展的 CFTR 调节剂的快速影响之间的交叉点。虽然我们的文献检索结果显示,专门关注 CFTR 调节剂疗法对 CF-ABPA 的作用的报告有限,但流行病学和回顾性研究的结果表明,CFTR 调节剂疗法有可能通过解决 CF-ABPA 的潜在病理生理学问题,特别是通过减少炎症反应和 Af 定殖,对肺部结果产生积极影响。因此,本综述强调了 CFTR 调节剂疗法在降低 CF-ABPA 总患病率和发病率方面的前景。
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引用次数: 0
Diversity and Distribution of Fungal Infections in Rwanda: High Risk and Gaps in Knowledge, Policy, and Interventions 卢旺达真菌感染的多样性和分布:高风险以及知识、政策和干预措施方面的差距
IF 4.7 2区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.3390/jof10090658
Claude Mambo Muvunyi, Jean Claude Semuto Ngabonziza, Masaisa Florence, Isabelle Mukagatare, Marc Twagirumukiza, Ayman Ahmed, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig
Fungal infections (FIs) are spreading globally, raising a significant public health concern. However, its documentation remains sparse in Africa, particularly in Rwanda. This report provides a comprehensive review of FIs in Rwanda based on a systematic review of reports published between 1972 and 2022. The findings reveal a rich diversity of fungal pathogens, including Blastomyces, Candida, Cryptococcus, Histoplasma, Microsporum, Pneumocystis, Rhinosporidium, and Trichophyton caused human infections. Candida infections predominantly affect the vagina mucosa, while Histoplasma duboisi was linked to disseminated infections. Other pathogens, such as Blastomyces dermatitidis and Rhinosporidium seeberi, were associated with cerebellar and nasal mucosa infections, respectively. The widespread observation of soilborne fungi affecting bean crops highlights the pathogens’ threat to agricultural productivity, food security, and socioeconomic stability, as well as potential health impacts on humans, animals, and the environment. Of particular importance is that there is no information about FIs among animals in the country. Moreover, the analysis underscores significant limitations in the detection, reporting, and healthcare services related to FIs in the country, indicating gaps in diagnostic capacity and surveillance systems. This is underscored by the predominant use of traditional diagnostic techniques, including culture, cytology, and histopathology in the absence of integrating more sensitive and specific molecular tools in investigating FIs. Developing the diagnostic capacities and national surveillance systems are urgently needed to improve the health of crops, animals, and humans, as well as food security and socioeconomic stability in Rwanda. Also, it is important to indicate severe gaps in the evidence to inform policymaking, guide strategic planning, and improve healthcare and public health services, underscoring the urgent need to build national capacity in fungal diagnosis, surveillance, and research. Raising awareness among the public, scientific community, healthcare providers, and policymakers remains crucial. Furthermore, this report reveals the threats of FIs on public health and food insecurity in Rwanda. A multisectoral one health strategy is essential in research and intervention to determine and reduce the health and safety impacts of fungal pathogens on humans, animals, and the environment.
真菌感染(FIs)正在全球蔓延,引发了重大的公共卫生问题。然而,在非洲,特别是在卢旺达,有关真菌感染的文献仍然很少。本报告在对 1972 年至 2022 年间发表的报告进行系统回顾的基础上,全面回顾了卢旺达的真菌感染情况。研究结果揭示了真菌病原体的丰富多样性,其中包括布氏菌、念珠菌、隐球菌、组织胞浆菌、小孢子菌、肺孢子菌、鼻孢子菌和毛癣菌引起的人类感染。念珠菌感染主要影响阴道粘膜,而杜氏组织胞浆菌则与播散性感染有关。其他病原体,如皮炎高分枝梭菌(Blastomyces dermatitidis)和鼻孢子虫(Rhinosporidium seeberi)分别与小脑和鼻粘膜感染有关。土壤真菌对豆类作物的广泛影响凸显了病原体对农业生产力、粮食安全和社会经济稳定的威胁,以及对人类、动物和环境的潜在健康影响。尤为重要的是,目前还没有关于该国动物感染 FIs 的信息。此外,分析还强调了该国在与禽流感有关的检测、报告和医疗保健服务方面存在的重大局限性,表明诊断能力和监测系统存在差距。这突出表现在,在调查禽流感时,主要使用传统诊断技术,包括培养、细胞学和组织病理学,而没有整合更灵敏、更特异的分子工具。卢旺达急需发展诊断能力和国家监测系统,以改善作物、动物和人类的健康状况,提高粮食安全和社会经济稳定性。此外,重要的是要指出在为决策提供信息、指导战略规划以及改善医疗保健和公共卫生服务方面存在的严重证据差距,这就强调了建设国家真菌诊断、监测和研究能力的迫切性。提高公众、科学界、医疗服务提供者和决策者的认识仍然至关重要。此外,本报告还揭示了真菌感染对卢旺达公共卫生和粮食不安全的威胁。为了确定并减少真菌病原体对人类、动物和环境造成的健康和安全影响,在研究和干预方面必须采取多部门的统一健康战略。
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引用次数: 0
Correction: Seo et al. A Timeline of Biosynthetic Gene Cluster Discovery in Aspergillus fumigatus: From Characterization to Future Perspectives. J. Fungi 2024, 10, 266 更正:Seo 等人.烟曲霉生物合成基因簇发现时间表:从表征到未来展望.J. Fungi 2024, 10, 266
IF 4.7 2区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.3390/jof10090657
Hye-Won Seo, Natalia S. Wassano, Mira Syahfriena Amir Rawa, Grant R. Nickles, André Damasio, Nancy P. Keller
In the original publication [...]
在最初的出版物中 [...]
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引用次数: 0
Five New Species of Wood-Decaying Brown-Rot Fungi within Postiaceae (Polyporales, Basidiomycota) from Xinjiang, Northwest China 中国西北新疆后生菌科(多孔菌目,担子菌纲)木材腐朽褐根真菌的五个新种
IF 4.7 2区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-17 DOI: 10.3390/jof10090655
Tai-Min Xu, Dong-Mei Wu, Neng Gao, Long Zeng, Yi-Hua Xu, Xiang-Ping Fan, Yi-Fei Sun, Bao-Kai Cui
Brown-rot fungi are an important group of wood-decaying fungi, but there has been limited research on the species diversity of brown-rot fungi in Xinjiang, China. During an investigation of brown-rot fungi in Xinjiang, from July 2018 to July 2023, five new species belonging to the family Postiaceae were discovered based on morphological and molecular evidence. Amaropostia altaiensis is characterized by a conchate pileus, circular pores (5–8 per mm), and growing on Populus. Amaropostia tianshanensis is characterized by a flabelliform-to-conchate pileus, angular pores (5–6 per mm), and growing on Picfea. Cyanosporus latisporus is characterized by a hirsute and dark greyish blue pileal surface with fresh, larger pores (3–6 per mm) and broad basidiospores (4.3–5.9 × 1.4–2 µm). Cyanosporus tianshanensis is characterized by a smooth and white-to-cream pileal surface with fresh, smaller pores (6–9 per mm). Osteina altaiensis is characterized by a light mouse-grey-to-honey-yellow pileal surface, smaller pores (4–6 per mm), and slightly wide basidiospores (5–6 × 1.7–2.2 µm). Each of these five new species form independent lineages in phylogenetic analyses based on the seven gene loci (ITS + nLSU + nSSU + mtSSU + TEF1 + RPB1 + RPB2). This research enriches the diversity of brown-rot fungi species, while also demonstrating the substantial discovery potential and research value of brown-rot fungi in Xinjiang.
褐腐真菌是一类重要的木材腐朽真菌,但目前对中国新疆褐腐真菌物种多样性的研究十分有限。在2018年7月至2023年7月对新疆褐腐真菌的调查中,根据形态学和分子证据发现了属于后生菌科的5个新种。阿尔泰褐腐菌(Amaropostia altaiensis)的特征是绒毛呈海螺状,圆孔(每毫米5-8个),生长在杨树上。Amaropostia tianshanensis 的特征为扇形到壳状的绒毛、角状气孔(每毫米 5-6 个),生长在白杨树上。latisporus 青孢子菌的特征是绒毛表面多毛,呈深灰蓝色,有新鲜、较大的气孔(每毫米 3-6 个)和宽大的基生孢子(4.3-5.9 × 1.4-2 微米)。天山蓝孢子菌的特点是绒毛表面光滑,呈白色至乳白色,有新鲜的较小气孔(每毫米 6-9 个)。阿尔泰蓝孢子菌(Osteina altaiensis)的特点是绒毛表面呈浅鼠灰色至蜂蜜黄色,气孔较小(每毫米 4-6 个),基部孢子稍宽(5-6 × 1.7-2.2 µm)。在基于七个基因位点(ITS + nLSU + nSSU + mtSSU + TEF1 + RPB1 + RPB2)的系统发育分析中,这五个新物种各自形成独立的系。这项研究丰富了褐腐真菌物种的多样性,同时也表明新疆褐腐真菌具有巨大的发现潜力和研究价值。
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引用次数: 0
Central Nervous System Fungal Diseases in Children with Malignancies: A 16-Year Study from the Infection Working Group of the Hellenic Society of Pediatric Hematology Oncology 恶性肿瘤患儿的中枢神经系统真菌病:希腊小儿血液肿瘤学会感染工作组的 16 年研究
IF 4.7 2区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-14 DOI: 10.3390/jof10090654
Loizos Petrikkos, Maria Kourti, Kondylia Antoniadi, Tatiana-Sultana Tziola, Angeliki-Eleni Sfetsiori, Vasiliki Antari, Sofia Savoukidou, Georgia Avgerinou, Maria Filippidou, Eugenia Papakonstantinou, Sophia Polychronopoulou, Emmanuel Hatzipantelis, Dimitrios Doganis, Antonios Kattamis, Vassilios Papadakis, Emmanuel Roilides, Athanasios Tragiannidis
We analyzed data on pediatric invasive fungal diseases of the central nervous system (CNS-IFDs) reported by five of a total of eight Pediatric Hematology-Oncology Departments in Greece for 16 years (2007–2022). A total of twelve patients (11 boys, median age: 9.5 years, range: 2–16) were reported suffering from CNS-IFDs. The underlying malignancy was acute lymphoblastic leukemia in 9/12 and acute myeloid leukemia, Ewing sarcoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma in one each. Eleven patients presented with CNS-related symptoms (i.e., seizures, headache, cerebral palsy, ataxia, hallucination, seizures, blurred vision, amaurosis). All patients had pathological MRI findings. Multifocal fungal disease was observed in 6/12 patients. Nine proven and three probable CNS-IFD cases were diagnosed. Causative pathogens in proven cases were Aspergillus spp. and Candida albicans (n = 2 each), Mucor spp., Rhizopus arrhizus, Absidia spp., Fusarium oxysporum and Cryptococcus neoformans (n = 1 each). Causative pathogens in probable cases were Aspergillus spp. (n = 2) and Candida spp. (n = 1). All patients received appropriate antifungal therapy (median duration: 69.5 days, range 19–364). Two patients underwent additional surgical treatment. Six patients were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit due to complications. Three patients (25%) died, two due to IFD and one due to an underlying disease. Early recognition and prompt intervention of CNS-IFDs may rescue the patients and improve overall survival.
我们分析了希腊八家儿科血液肿瘤科中五家在 16 年内(2007-2022 年)报告的小儿中枢神经系统侵袭性真菌病(CNS-IFD)的数据。据报告,共有12名中枢神经系统综合征患者(11名男孩,中位年龄:9.5岁,范围:2-16岁)。9/12例患者的基础恶性肿瘤为急性淋巴细胞白血病,急性髓细胞白血病、尤文肉瘤和横纹肌肉瘤各1例。11名患者出现中枢神经系统相关症状(即癫痫发作、头痛、脑瘫、共济失调、幻觉、抽搐、视力模糊、眼花)。所有患者均有磁共振成像病理检查结果。6/12例患者出现多灶性真菌病。确诊的中枢神经系统-IFD病例有9例,3例为疑似病例。确诊病例的致病菌为曲霉菌属和白色念珠菌属(各 2 例)、粘孢子菌属、根瘤菌属、吸虫属、氧孢镰刀菌属和新生隐球菌属(各 1 例)。疑似病例的致病菌为曲霉菌属(2 例)和念珠菌属(1 例)。所有患者都接受了适当的抗真菌治疗(中位时间:69.5 天,范围 19-364)。两名患者接受了额外的手术治疗。六名患者因并发症入住重症监护室。三名患者(25%)死亡,其中两名死于 IFD,一名死于潜在疾病。中枢神经系统-IFD的早期识别和及时干预可挽救患者并提高总体存活率。
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引用次数: 0
Epigenetic Regulation of Fungal Secondary Metabolism 真菌次级代谢的表观遗传调控
IF 4.7 2区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.3390/jof10090648
Yufei Zhang, Wenbin Yu, Yi Lu, Yichuan Wu, Zhiwei Ouyang, Yayi Tu, Bin He
Secondary metabolism is one of the important mechanisms by which fungi adapt to their living environment and promote survival and reproduction. Recent studies have shown that epigenetic regulation, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs, plays key roles in fungal secondary metabolism and affect fungal growth, survival, and pathogenicity. This review describes recent advances in the study of epigenetic regulation of fungal secondary metabolism. We discuss the way in which epigenetic markers respond to environmental changes and stimulate the production of biologically active compounds by fungi, and the feasibility of these new findings applied to develop new antifungal strategies and optimize secondary metabolism. In addition, we have deliberated on possible future directions of research in this field. A deeper understanding of epigenetic regulatory networks is a key focus for future research.
次生代谢是真菌适应生存环境、促进生存和繁殖的重要机制之一。最近的研究表明,DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰和非编码RNA等表观遗传调控在真菌次生代谢中起着关键作用,影响着真菌的生长、存活和致病性。本综述介绍了真菌次生代谢表观遗传调控研究的最新进展。我们讨论了表观遗传标记如何对环境变化做出反应并刺激真菌产生具有生物活性的化合物,以及将这些新发现应用于开发新的抗真菌策略和优化次生代谢的可行性。此外,我们还讨论了这一领域未来可能的研究方向。深入了解表观遗传调控网络是未来研究的重点。
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引用次数: 0
The Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase Promoter Driving the Expression of FADX Enables Highly Efficient Production of Punicic Acid in Rhodotorula toruloides Cultivated on Glucose and Crude Glycerol 质膜 H+-ATP 酶启动子驱动 FADX 的表达,使以葡萄糖和粗甘油为培养基的红豆杉能高效生产出布丁酸
IF 4.7 2区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.3390/jof10090649
Daniela Krajciova, Roman Holic
Punicic acid (PuA) is a conjugated fatty acid with a wide range of nutraceutical properties naturally present in pomegranate seed oil. To meet the rising demand for pomegranate seed oil, a single-cell oil enriched in PuA provides a sustainable biomass-derived alternative. This study describes the production of a PuA-enriched single-cell oil through the engineering of the red yeast Rhodotorula toruloides grown in glucose and a low-cost substrate, crude glycerol. The gene for Punica granatum fatty acid conjugase, PgFADX, was randomly integrated into the genome of R. toruloides without disrupting the carotenoid synthesis. In shake flask studies, the effects of three promoters (PPGI1, PNAR1, and PPMA1) on PuA production were evaluated. PuA titers of 105.77 mg/L and 72.81 mg/L were obtained from engineered cells expressing PgFADX from the PPMA1 promoter cultivated for 72 h in glucose and for 168 h in crude glycerol, respectively. Furthermore, the detailed lipid analysis revealed a high enrichment PuA in the triacylglycerol lipid structures, even without substantial modifications to the metabolic pathways. This report demonstrates the high potential of R. toruloides in the upcycling of a low-cost substrate, crude glycerol, into a value-added product such as PuA. The findings support the feasibility of using engineered R. toruloides for sustainable production of PuA-enriched single-cell oil.
石榴酸(PuA)是一种共轭脂肪酸,具有广泛的营养保健特性,天然存在于石榴籽油中。为满足对石榴籽油日益增长的需求,富含 PuA 的单细胞油提供了一种可持续的生物质替代品。本研究介绍了通过对在葡萄糖和低成本底物(粗甘油)中生长的红酵母 Rhodotorula toruloides 进行工程改造,生产富含 PuA 的单细胞油。在不破坏类胡萝卜素合成的情况下,将 Punica granatum 脂肪酸结合酶的基因 PgFADX 随机整合到 Toruloides 的基因组中。在摇瓶研究中,评估了三种启动子(PPGI1、PNAR1 和 PPMA1)对 PuA 产量的影响。通过 PPMA1 启动子表达 PgFADX 的工程细胞在葡萄糖中培养 72 小时和在粗甘油中培养 168 小时后,PuA 滴度分别达到 105.77 mg/L 和 72.81 mg/L。此外,详细的脂质分析表明,即使没有对代谢途径进行实质性修改,三酰甘油脂质结构中也富含大量的 PuA。本报告证明了 R. toruloides 在将低成本底物--粗甘油--转化为高附加值产品(如 PuA)方面的巨大潜力。这些研究结果支持了利用工程化 R. toruloides 可持续生产富含 PuA 的单细胞油的可行性。
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引用次数: 0
Comparative Genomic Analyses of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Pathotypes with Different Virulence Levels and Lifestyles 具有不同毒力水平和生活方式的 Colletotrichum lindemuthianum 病型的基因组比较分析
IF 4.7 2区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.3390/jof10090651
Ma. Irene Morelos-Martínez, Horacio Cano-Camacho, Karla Morelia Díaz-Tapia, June Simpson, Everardo López-Romero, María Guadalupe Zavala-Páramo
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is the most frequent pathogenic fungus of the common bean Phaseolus vulgaris. This filamentous fungus employs a hemibiotrophic nutrition/infection strategy, which is characteristic of many Colletotrichum species. Due to host–pathogen coevolution, C. lindemuthianum includes pathotypes with a diversity of virulence against differential common bean varieties. In this study, we performed comparative genomic analyses on three pathotypes with different virulence levels and a non-pathogenic pathotype, isolated from different geographical areas in Mexico. Our results revealed large genomes with high transposable element contents that have undergone expansions, generating intraspecific diversity. All the pathotypes exhibited a similar number of clusters of orthologous genes (COGs) and Gene Ontology (GO) terms. TFomes contain families that are typical in fungal genomes; however, they show different contents between pathotypes, mainly in transcription factors with the fungal-specific TF and Zn2Cys6 domains. Peptidase families mainly contain abundant serine peptidases, metallopeptidases, and cysteine peptidases. In the secretomes, the number of genes differed between the pathotypes, with a high percentage of candidate effectors. Both the virulence gene and CAZyme gene content for each pathotype was abundant and diverse, and the latter was enriched in hemicellulolytic enzymes. We provide new insights into the nature of intraspecific diversity among C. lindemuthianum pathotypes and the origin of their ability to rapidly adapt to genetic changes in its host and environmental conditions.
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum 是普通豆科植物 Phaseolus vulgaris 最常见的致病真菌。这种丝状真菌采用半生物营养/感染策略,这是许多 Colletotrichum 种类的特征。由于宿主与病原菌的共同进化,C. lindemuthianum 对不同的普通豆品种具有不同的毒力。在这项研究中,我们对从墨西哥不同地区分离出来的三种毒力不同的病原型和一种非致病性病原型进行了基因组比较分析。我们的研究结果表明,这些病原型的基因组较大,转座元件含量高,而且经历了扩增,从而产生了种内多样性。所有病原型都表现出相似数量的同源基因簇(COG)和基因本体(GO)术语。转录因子基因组(TFomes)包含真菌基因组中的典型家族,但不同病原型的家族内容不同,主要是具有真菌特异性 TF 和 Zn2Cys6 结构域的转录因子。肽酶家族主要包含丰富的丝氨酸肽酶、金属肽酶和半胱氨酸肽酶。在分泌组中,不同病型的基因数量不同,候选效应物的比例较高。每种病原体的毒力基因和CAZyme基因含量丰富且多样,后者富含半纤维素分解酶。我们对 C. lindemuthianum 病原体种内多样性的性质及其快速适应宿主和环境条件遗传变化的能力的起源有了新的认识。
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Characterization and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum truncatum Causing Hylocereus undatus Anthracnose through the Changes of Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes and Components in Fruits 通过果实中细胞壁降解酶和成分的变化鉴定 Colletotrichum truncatum 导致 Hylocereus undatus 炭疽病的特征和致病性
IF 4.7 2区 生物学 Q2 MICROBIOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-13 DOI: 10.3390/jof10090652
Shuwu Zhang, Yun Liu, Jia Liu, Enchen Li, Bingliang Xu
Anthracnose is one of the destructive diseases of pitaya that seriously affects the plant growth and fruit quality and causes significant yield and economic losses worldwide. However, information regarding the species of pathogens that cause anthracnose in pitaya (Hylocereus undatus) fruits in Gansu Province, China, and its pathogenic mechanism is unknown. Thus, the purposes of our present study were to identify the species of pathogens causing H. undatus fruits anthracnose based on the morphological and molecular characteristics and determine its pathogenic mechanism by physiological and biochemical methods. In our present study, forty-six isolates were isolated from the collected samples of diseased H. undatus fruits and classified as three types (named as H-1, H-2, and H-3), according to the colony and conidium morphological characteristics. The isolation frequencies of H-1, H-2, and H-3 types were 63.04%, 21.74%, and 15.22%, respectively. The representative single-spore isolate of HLGTJ-1 in H-1 type has significant pathogenicity, and finally we identified Colletotrichum truncatum as the pathogen based on the morphological characteristics as well as multi-locus sequence analysis. Moreover, the H. undatus fruits inoculated with C. truncatum had a significantly increased activity of cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) cellulase (Cx), β-glucosidase (β-Glu), polygalacturonase (PG), and pectin methylgalacturonase (PMG), while having a decreased level of cell wall components of original pectin and cellulose in comparison to control. The average increased activities of Cx, β-Glu, PG, and PMG were 30.73%, 40.40%, 51.55%, and 32.23% from day 0 to 6 after inoculation, respectively. In contrast, the average decreased contents of original pectin and cellulose were 1.82% and 16.47%, respectively, whereas the average increased soluble pectin content was 38.31% in comparison to control. Our results indicate that C. truncatum infection increased the activities of CWDEs in H. undatus fruits to disassemble their cell wall components, finally leading to the fruits’ decay and deterioration. Thus, our findings will provide significant evidence in the controlling of pitaya anthracnose in the future.
炭疽病是番木瓜的毁灭性病害之一,严重影响植株生长和果实品质,在全球范围内造成巨大的产量和经济损失。然而,有关导致中国甘肃省番木瓜(Hylocereus undatus)果实炭疽病的病原体种类及其致病机理的信息尚不清楚。因此,我们本研究的目的是根据病原菌的形态和分子特征鉴定引起番荔枝果实炭疽病的病原菌种类,并通过生理生化方法确定其致病机理。本研究从采集到的病株中分离出 46 株病原菌,并根据菌落和分生孢子的形态特征将其分为三种类型(分别命名为 H-1、H-2 和 H-3)。H-1、H-2 和 H-3 型的分离率分别为 63.04%、21.74% 和 15.22%。H-1 型中具有代表性的单孢分离株 HLGTJ-1 具有显著的致病性,根据形态特征和多焦点序列分析,最终确定病原为 Colletotrichum truncatum。此外,与对照组相比,接种了 C. truncatum 的 H. undatus 果实的细胞壁降解酶(CWDEs)纤维素酶(Cx)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-Glu)、聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和果胶甲基半乳糖醛酸酶(PMG)的活性显著增加,而细胞壁成分中原果胶和纤维素的含量则有所下降。从接种后第 0 天到第 6 天,Cx、β-Glu、PG 和 PMG 的平均活性分别增加了 30.73%、40.40%、51.55% 和 32.23%。与对照组相比,原始果胶和纤维素的平均含量分别减少了 1.82% 和 16.47%,而可溶性果胶的平均含量则增加了 38.31%。我们的研究结果表明,C. truncatum 感染增加了 H. undatus 果实中的 CWDEs 分解细胞壁成分的活性,最终导致果实腐烂变质。因此,我们的研究结果将为今后控制番木瓜炭疽病提供重要依据。
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Journal of Fungi
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