Pub Date : 2023-11-15DOI: 10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.5.1
V.S. Savenko
The logical foundations of different interpretations of the fundamental “hydrosphere” concept, widely used in the Earth sciences, are discussed. Five principal interpretations of the hydrosphere notion were identified: the World Ocean; the World Ocean and all surface land waters; all surface and ground waters on the Earth; all surface and ground waters, as well as waters of the atmosphere, including atmospheric moisture; all forms of water present on the planet. Based on the concept of the phase-shell structure of the Earth, it is logically most reasonable to define the hydrosphere as a shell of the Earth, which embraces all water bodies located between the atmosphere and the lithosphere (the World Ocean, lakes, rivers, swamps, temporary and permanent snow and ice cover). The hydrosphere does not include water vapor in the atmosphere and groundwater, which are components of other geospheres, i.e. the atmosphere and the lithosphere, respectively.
{"title":"ON THE LOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF DIFFERENT INTERPRETATIONS OF THE “HYDROSPHERE” CONCEPT","authors":"V.S. Savenko","doi":"10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.5.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.5.1","url":null,"abstract":"The logical foundations of different interpretations of the fundamental “hydrosphere” concept, widely used in the Earth sciences, are discussed. Five principal interpretations of the hydrosphere notion were identified: the World Ocean; the World Ocean and all surface land waters; all surface and ground waters on the Earth; all surface and ground waters, as well as waters of the atmosphere, including atmospheric moisture; all forms of water present on the planet. Based on the concept of the phase-shell structure of the Earth, it is logically most reasonable to define the hydrosphere as a shell of the Earth, which embraces all water bodies located between the atmosphere and the lithosphere (the World Ocean, lakes, rivers, swamps, temporary and permanent snow and ice cover). The hydrosphere does not include water vapor in the atmosphere and groundwater, which are components of other geospheres, i.e. the atmosphere and the lithosphere, respectively.","PeriodicalId":158808,"journal":{"name":"Lomonosov Geography Journal","volume":"42 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139273060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-18DOI: 10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.6
V.S. TIKUNOV, A.N. PANIN, V.R. GAIDUKOV
The study of socio-economic development is an ever-relevant topic. Significant opportunities for the implementation of the topic are provided by the use of atlas information systems (AIS). The paper describes the basic concept of creating a specialized AIS for monitoring, calculating and mapping integral indices of socioeconomic development. A step-by-step process of forming a multilevel system of socio-economic development indices and their calculation is described. Using the example of modeling and mapping of the integral index of socio-demographic development, an approximate description of the system’s functionality is given, as well as a brief geographical description of the results obtained. The issues of developing a universal system of indices and indicators of socio-economic development at the national and regional levels are also considered. The combination of cartographic, geoinformation and statistical approaches implemented within the framework of the AIS concept allows not only creating ample opportunities for visualization and design of cartographic images, but also using the system to analyze and forecast the socio-economic development of a territory according to various parameters, and forming a set of recommendations for decision-making in this sphere.
{"title":"ATLAS INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR PRODUCING INTEGRAL INDICES OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF TERRITORIES","authors":"V.S. TIKUNOV, A.N. PANIN, V.R. GAIDUKOV","doi":"10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.6","url":null,"abstract":"The study of socio-economic development is an ever-relevant topic. Significant opportunities for the implementation of the topic are provided by the use of atlas information systems (AIS). The paper describes the basic concept of creating a specialized AIS for monitoring, calculating and mapping integral indices of socioeconomic development. A step-by-step process of forming a multilevel system of socio-economic development indices and their calculation is described. Using the example of modeling and mapping of the integral index of socio-demographic development, an approximate description of the system’s functionality is given, as well as a brief geographical description of the results obtained. The issues of developing a universal system of indices and indicators of socio-economic development at the national and regional levels are also considered. The combination of cartographic, geoinformation and statistical approaches implemented within the framework of the AIS concept allows not only creating ample opportunities for visualization and design of cartographic images, but also using the system to analyze and forecast the socio-economic development of a territory according to various parameters, and forming a set of recommendations for decision-making in this sphere.","PeriodicalId":158808,"journal":{"name":"Lomonosov Geography Journal","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135149702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-18DOI: 10.55959/10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.4
KH.B. KUULAR
The paper presents the recent response of dark coniferous forest and cedar undergrowth in the forests of the Western Tannu-Ola Range to the observed climate change in the region. According to the nearby Chadan meteorological station, the anomaly of the average annual air temperature was 1,6 ± 0,8°С, the anomaly of the growing season was 1,0 ± 0,7°С. Key study areas are located in the Tyva Republic within 50°55′-51°15′N and 91°30’-92°20’E, which corresponds to three altitudinal levels: the lower belt of the middle mountains (1100-1300 m a.s.l.) bordering the steppe and covered with larch forests with birch; the middle belt of the middle mountains (1300-1800 m a.s.l.) covered with larch and cedar forests; larch and cedar forests of the upper belt of the middle mountains (1800-2120 m a.s.l.). In the course of field work, the increment of the top shoot of cedar sapling (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) was measured, as well as its height, age and total number. Correlations between the increment, air temperature and relative humidity were quantitatively determined using data from the Chadan weather station for a number of years. The results indicate a positive correlation with humidity in the lower zone of the middle mountains and with air temperature in the upper zone of the middle mountains. Higher amounts of cedar sapling in the lower zone of the middle mountains and in the upper zone of the middle mountains confirm the shift of dark coniferous forests down and up the ridge under the regional climate warming. Space images of Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI show the increasing values of NDVI and NDWI vegetation indices. According to satellite images, an increase in the area of dark coniferous forests over the past decades was calculated for the territory of key areas; however, the reliability of these data was not evaluated statistically. The work needs to be continued in the field.
{"title":"THE STATE AND DYNAMICS OF THE BORDERS OF CEDAR FORESTS AT THE WESTERN TANNU-OLA RANGE IN THE TYVA REPUBLIC","authors":"KH.B. KUULAR","doi":"10.55959/10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55959/10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.4","url":null,"abstract":"The paper presents the recent response of dark coniferous forest and cedar undergrowth in the forests of the Western Tannu-Ola Range to the observed climate change in the region. According to the nearby Chadan meteorological station, the anomaly of the average annual air temperature was 1,6 ± 0,8°С, the anomaly of the growing season was 1,0 ± 0,7°С. Key study areas are located in the Tyva Republic within 50°55′-51°15′N and 91°30’-92°20’E, which corresponds to three altitudinal levels: the lower belt of the middle mountains (1100-1300 m a.s.l.) bordering the steppe and covered with larch forests with birch; the middle belt of the middle mountains (1300-1800 m a.s.l.) covered with larch and cedar forests; larch and cedar forests of the upper belt of the middle mountains (1800-2120 m a.s.l.). In the course of field work, the increment of the top shoot of cedar sapling (Pinus sibirica Du Tour) was measured, as well as its height, age and total number. Correlations between the increment, air temperature and relative humidity were quantitatively determined using data from the Chadan weather station for a number of years. The results indicate a positive correlation with humidity in the lower zone of the middle mountains and with air temperature in the upper zone of the middle mountains. Higher amounts of cedar sapling in the lower zone of the middle mountains and in the upper zone of the middle mountains confirm the shift of dark coniferous forests down and up the ridge under the regional climate warming. Space images of Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI show the increasing values of NDVI and NDWI vegetation indices. According to satellite images, an increase in the area of dark coniferous forests over the past decades was calculated for the territory of key areas; however, the reliability of these data was not evaluated statistically. The work needs to be continued in the field.","PeriodicalId":158808,"journal":{"name":"Lomonosov Geography Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135151285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-18DOI: 10.55959/10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.12
A.A. SMIRNOVA, D.V. VINOGRADOV
The article analyses the changes caused by the Soviet plans to transform the countryside, considering a specific example of a settlement in the Tver (former Kalinin) region. In the 1970s the studied village of the Verkhnyaya Troitsa was classified as a “viable” one; it was also included in a small number of villages chosen as “experimental and demonstrative”. Among the reasons for the close attention by the Soviet authorities was the fact that the village was a birthplace of M.I. Kalinin - the famous Soviet political figure. On the basis of statistical data, local history materials and our own field studies, a “portrait” of the Verkhnyaya Troitsa village was compiled for each of the four identified stages, i. e. pre-revolutionary, pre-war, late Soviet and modern. The dualistic consequences of the projects implemented during the Soviet period are shown. On the one hand, an ordinary village has become a large rural center; on the other hand, the remaining industrial and social facilities do not meet modern needs.
{"title":"SOVIET PLAN FOR THE REFORMATION OF RURAL AREAS ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE VERKHNYAYA TROITSA VILLAGE, TVER REGION","authors":"A.A. SMIRNOVA, D.V. VINOGRADOV","doi":"10.55959/10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55959/10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.12","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyses the changes caused by the Soviet plans to transform the countryside, considering a specific example of a settlement in the Tver (former Kalinin) region. In the 1970s the studied village of the Verkhnyaya Troitsa was classified as a “viable” one; it was also included in a small number of villages chosen as “experimental and demonstrative”. Among the reasons for the close attention by the Soviet authorities was the fact that the village was a birthplace of M.I. Kalinin - the famous Soviet political figure. On the basis of statistical data, local history materials and our own field studies, a “portrait” of the Verkhnyaya Troitsa village was compiled for each of the four identified stages, i. e. pre-revolutionary, pre-war, late Soviet and modern. The dualistic consequences of the projects implemented during the Soviet period are shown. On the one hand, an ordinary village has become a large rural center; on the other hand, the remaining industrial and social facilities do not meet modern needs.","PeriodicalId":158808,"journal":{"name":"Lomonosov Geography Journal","volume":"175 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135207939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-18DOI: 10.55959/10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.13
M.I. VOROBIEV, A.I. ALEKSEEV
During the 2000-2010-s many rural schools faced the optimization process in Russia. In this context, the Tambov Region is of exceptional interest due to the highest rates of rural schools reorganization in 2001-2019. The aim of the study is to assess at a qualitative level the pros and cons of optimizing the educational infrastructure considering the example of the Uvarovsky district, typical for the Tambov region. Based on the field data collected in July 2022, the following positive consequences of optimization could be identified: the largest villages strengthen their position in the hierarchy of rural social services; the normative distance for transporting children (30 km) contributes to the preservation of small schools and their staff in remote villages. The problem of the staff shortage in rural schools could be solved using mixed full-time - distance learning format with the involvement of teachers from cities or large rural settlements, since during the COVID-19 pandemic, children mastered the curriculum in such format without reducing the quality of education. The main negative consequences are as follows: the rate of depopulation of small villages increases with the closure of branch schools; small schools located less than 30 km away from a larger school will be closed, and the daily commuting will have a negative impact on academic performance and general well-being of pupils. The discrepancy between registered and actual residents (including children) results in incorrect decisions at the regional level regarding the preservation of social infrastructure facilities, therefore updating information on those actually living in villages gains the utmost importance. The results of field data analysis for the Uvarovsky district of the Tambov region could be useful for further study of optimization processes in other moderately populated regions of Russia.
{"title":"“OPTIMIZATION” OF THE RURAL SCHOOL NETWORK: PROS AND CONS (CASE STUDY OF THE UVAROVSKY DISTRICT, TAMBOV OBLAST)","authors":"M.I. VOROBIEV, A.I. ALEKSEEV","doi":"10.55959/10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55959/10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.13","url":null,"abstract":"During the 2000-2010-s many rural schools faced the optimization process in Russia. In this context, the Tambov Region is of exceptional interest due to the highest rates of rural schools reorganization in 2001-2019. The aim of the study is to assess at a qualitative level the pros and cons of optimizing the educational infrastructure considering the example of the Uvarovsky district, typical for the Tambov region. Based on the field data collected in July 2022, the following positive consequences of optimization could be identified: the largest villages strengthen their position in the hierarchy of rural social services; the normative distance for transporting children (30 km) contributes to the preservation of small schools and their staff in remote villages. The problem of the staff shortage in rural schools could be solved using mixed full-time - distance learning format with the involvement of teachers from cities or large rural settlements, since during the COVID-19 pandemic, children mastered the curriculum in such format without reducing the quality of education. The main negative consequences are as follows: the rate of depopulation of small villages increases with the closure of branch schools; small schools located less than 30 km away from a larger school will be closed, and the daily commuting will have a negative impact on academic performance and general well-being of pupils. The discrepancy between registered and actual residents (including children) results in incorrect decisions at the regional level regarding the preservation of social infrastructure facilities, therefore updating information on those actually living in villages gains the utmost importance. The results of field data analysis for the Uvarovsky district of the Tambov region could be useful for further study of optimization processes in other moderately populated regions of Russia.","PeriodicalId":158808,"journal":{"name":"Lomonosov Geography Journal","volume":"270 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135208096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-18DOI: 10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.5
E.E. TALDENKOVA, YA.S. OVSEPYAN, O.V. RUDENKO, A.YU. STEPANOVA, H.A. BAUCH
Detailed multiproxy (lithology, micropaleontology, palynology) study of a 455 cm thick marine sediment sequence overlying the Moscovian till exposed in Bychye-2 section on the Pyoza River allowed for reconstructing past environmental changes during the Boreal transgression. Stratigraphic subdivision is based on the succession of local palynological zones that were correlated with previously established regional zones. The latter are constrained on the basis of correlation with the West European palynological zones. Marine sediments of Bychye-2 section accumulated from the end of the Moscovian glacial (>131 ka BP) until ca. 119,5 ka BP. Five ecological zones were established in the section in accordance with the upward trends in the changes in lithology and variability in the taxonomic composition of fossil assemblages of benthic foraminifers and ostracods and associations of marine dinocysts and freshwater green microalgae. Taken together, they are indicative of the progressive shallowing of the basin under the improving climatic conditions, which primarily influenced the degree of sea-ice cover extent. Three successive phases in the evolution of the Boreal transgression have been identified: 1) a seasonally sea-ice covered relatively deep freshened basin of the initial phases of flooding (455-360 cm, >131-130,5 ka BP); 2) a deep basin of the maximum phase of flooding with less extensive sea-ice cover (360-290 cm, 130,5-130,25 ka BP); 3) a shallow basin with reduced seasonal sea-ice cover (290-0 cm, 130,25-119,5 ka BP). The flooding of the territory with cold Arctic waters was rapid, as evidenced by the composition of microfossil assemblages represented by river-proximal Arctic species in combination with the species that prefer water depths of at least 40-50 m. The regression in the region started about 130 ka BP, which indicates that the glacioisostatic rebound of the territory was ahead of the global eustatic sea level rise. The most warm-water and taxonomically diverse assemblages of foraminifers and ostracods, containing species typical of the Baltic Sea, were recorded during the regressive stage, especially in the time interval of ~128-124 ka BP. This probably gives evidence for a rather long-lasting connection of the White and Baltic seas.
对Pyoza河Bychye-2段暴露的覆盖在莫斯科丘上的455 cm厚的海洋沉积物序列进行了详细的多指标(岩性、微古生物学、孢粉学)研究，重建了北方海侵期间的环境变化。地层细分是基于与先前建立的区域带相关联的局部孢粉带的演替。后者是根据与西欧孢粉带的对比而受到限制的。Bychye-2剖面海相沉积物从莫斯科冰期末期(> 131ka BP)至约119.5 ka BP积累。根据底栖有孔虫和介形虫化石组合的岩性变化和分类组成的变异趋势以及海洋藻囊和淡水绿色微藻的组合，在剖面上划分了5个生态区。综合来看，这是气候条件改善下盆地逐渐变浅的标志，主要影响海冰覆盖程度。确定了北纬海侵演化的三个连续阶段:1)汛期初期(455 ~ 360 cm， >131 ~ 130, 5ka BP)的季节性海冰覆盖相对较深的淡水盆地;2)大洪水期深盆地，海冰覆盖范围较小(360 ~ 290 cm, 130、5 ~ 130、25 ka BP);3)季节性海冰覆盖减少的浅海盆地(290 ~ 0 cm, 130、25 ~ 119、5 ka BP)。从微化石组合的组成可以证明，北极寒冷水域的洪水是迅速的，这些微化石组合以河流-近北极物种为代表，结合了喜欢至少40-50米水深的物种。该区域的回归开始于130 ka BP左右，表明该区域的冰川均衡反弹早于全球海平面上升。有孔虫和介形类在海退时期(~128 ~ 124 ka BP)记录了最丰富的温水群落和分类多样性，其中包括波罗的海的典型物种。这可能为白海和波罗的海的长期联系提供了证据。
{"title":"ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES DURING THE BOREAL TRANSGRESSION IN THE NORTH-EASTERN WHITE SEA REGION (DETAILED CASE STUDY OF BYCHYE-2 SEDIMENT SECTION)","authors":"E.E. TALDENKOVA, YA.S. OVSEPYAN, O.V. RUDENKO, A.YU. STEPANOVA, H.A. BAUCH","doi":"10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.5","url":null,"abstract":"Detailed multiproxy (lithology, micropaleontology, palynology) study of a 455 cm thick marine sediment sequence overlying the Moscovian till exposed in Bychye-2 section on the Pyoza River allowed for reconstructing past environmental changes during the Boreal transgression. Stratigraphic subdivision is based on the succession of local palynological zones that were correlated with previously established regional zones. The latter are constrained on the basis of correlation with the West European palynological zones. Marine sediments of Bychye-2 section accumulated from the end of the Moscovian glacial (>131 ka BP) until ca. 119,5 ka BP. Five ecological zones were established in the section in accordance with the upward trends in the changes in lithology and variability in the taxonomic composition of fossil assemblages of benthic foraminifers and ostracods and associations of marine dinocysts and freshwater green microalgae. Taken together, they are indicative of the progressive shallowing of the basin under the improving climatic conditions, which primarily influenced the degree of sea-ice cover extent. Three successive phases in the evolution of the Boreal transgression have been identified: 1) a seasonally sea-ice covered relatively deep freshened basin of the initial phases of flooding (455-360 cm, >131-130,5 ka BP); 2) a deep basin of the maximum phase of flooding with less extensive sea-ice cover (360-290 cm, 130,5-130,25 ka BP); 3) a shallow basin with reduced seasonal sea-ice cover (290-0 cm, 130,25-119,5 ka BP). The flooding of the territory with cold Arctic waters was rapid, as evidenced by the composition of microfossil assemblages represented by river-proximal Arctic species in combination with the species that prefer water depths of at least 40-50 m. The regression in the region started about 130 ka BP, which indicates that the glacioisostatic rebound of the territory was ahead of the global eustatic sea level rise. The most warm-water and taxonomically diverse assemblages of foraminifers and ostracods, containing species typical of the Baltic Sea, were recorded during the regressive stage, especially in the time interval of ~128-124 ka BP. This probably gives evidence for a rather long-lasting connection of the White and Baltic seas.","PeriodicalId":158808,"journal":{"name":"Lomonosov Geography Journal","volume":"73 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135110207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-18DOI: 10.55959/10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.9
A.S. MANAENKOV, P.M. PODGAETSKAYA, V.S. POPOV
The system of shelterbelt forests is a long-lasting ecological framework of an agrarian territory. Their main function is to prevent the degradation of arable soils, improve the microclimate of fields, and preserve the stability and biological diversity of landscape. However, the presence of forest belts complicates field cultivation, and along their borders zones (strips) of depression in crop development could formed, reducing the productivity of lands. This impedes field-protective afforestation, and, consequently, the solution of the problem of reliable protection of land resources. The aim of the work is to establish the causes and regularities of formation of depressive zones in agrocenoses, and to determine the possibility and methods of suppressing their development. The research has been conducted for 8 years in the experimental-production system of 30 to 53-year old 2 to 4-row forest belts of Betula pendula ROTH, Pinus silvestris L., Ulmus laevis PALL. and other species on the automorphic chestnut soil of the Kulunda steppe (the Altai territory) by the generally accepted methods. It was found that the depressive zone in agrocenoses is the least wide for relatively sparse forest belts of birch and pine, and also for forest belts with marginal rows of xerophytic shrubs (3-7 m in total on windward and leeward sides), and the largest (up to 25-30 m) for elm and poplar (Populus laurifolia LEDEB.), i. e. for plantations of hydrophylous tall species with dense crowns. It is 1-3 m wider on the leeward side of forest belts, where more snow is deposited in winter and soil moisture is better in spring. The increase in height and density of stands, influencing the length and intensity of day-time soil shading, stimulates the expansion of the zone. Crop depression is more pronounced in wet years. The increased amount of atmospheric precipitation during the cold season, as well as at the beginning of the growing season and during the reaping season till the onset of stable cold weather also contributes to it. The development of depressive zones is suppressed by abundant precipitation during the period of active growth of field crops. Thus, the formation of depressive zone in agrocenoses of shelterbelt forests depends on many factors. Under arid conditions, the most effective factors are the need for soil moisture and moisture availability for the stand. The most active expansion of the tree root system in the field and the suppression of crops occur in wet years and during the periods with high soil moisture in the absence or weakened competition of field crops. To reduce damage to their productivity, it is necessary to implement a set of coordinated organizational, silvicultural and agrotechnological measures aimed at increasing moisture availability and limiting the expansion of tree root system of forest belts in the field.
{"title":"IMPACT OF FOREST SHELTER BELTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPRING WHEAT IN THE NEAR-EDGE ZONE OF CROPS","authors":"A.S. MANAENKOV, P.M. PODGAETSKAYA, V.S. POPOV","doi":"10.55959/10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55959/10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.9","url":null,"abstract":"The system of shelterbelt forests is a long-lasting ecological framework of an agrarian territory. Their main function is to prevent the degradation of arable soils, improve the microclimate of fields, and preserve the stability and biological diversity of landscape. However, the presence of forest belts complicates field cultivation, and along their borders zones (strips) of depression in crop development could formed, reducing the productivity of lands. This impedes field-protective afforestation, and, consequently, the solution of the problem of reliable protection of land resources. The aim of the work is to establish the causes and regularities of formation of depressive zones in agrocenoses, and to determine the possibility and methods of suppressing their development. The research has been conducted for 8 years in the experimental-production system of 30 to 53-year old 2 to 4-row forest belts of Betula pendula ROTH, Pinus silvestris L., Ulmus laevis PALL. and other species on the automorphic chestnut soil of the Kulunda steppe (the Altai territory) by the generally accepted methods. It was found that the depressive zone in agrocenoses is the least wide for relatively sparse forest belts of birch and pine, and also for forest belts with marginal rows of xerophytic shrubs (3-7 m in total on windward and leeward sides), and the largest (up to 25-30 m) for elm and poplar (Populus laurifolia LEDEB.), i. e. for plantations of hydrophylous tall species with dense crowns. It is 1-3 m wider on the leeward side of forest belts, where more snow is deposited in winter and soil moisture is better in spring. The increase in height and density of stands, influencing the length and intensity of day-time soil shading, stimulates the expansion of the zone. Crop depression is more pronounced in wet years. The increased amount of atmospheric precipitation during the cold season, as well as at the beginning of the growing season and during the reaping season till the onset of stable cold weather also contributes to it. The development of depressive zones is suppressed by abundant precipitation during the period of active growth of field crops. Thus, the formation of depressive zone in agrocenoses of shelterbelt forests depends on many factors. Under arid conditions, the most effective factors are the need for soil moisture and moisture availability for the stand. The most active expansion of the tree root system in the field and the suppression of crops occur in wet years and during the periods with high soil moisture in the absence or weakened competition of field crops. To reduce damage to their productivity, it is necessary to implement a set of coordinated organizational, silvicultural and agrotechnological measures aimed at increasing moisture availability and limiting the expansion of tree root system of forest belts in the field.","PeriodicalId":158808,"journal":{"name":"Lomonosov Geography Journal","volume":"36 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135207518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-18DOI: 10.55959/10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.1
V.L. BABURIN, M.D. GORYACHKO, K.V. DEMIDOVA, M.A. MAKUSHIN
The article deals with the problems of industrial territorial organization in the world and Russia under the “core - periphery” concept. The study is currently important because of the lack of systematic works considering the position of countries and regions in the “core - periphery” structure and the need to elaborate a typology of regions for the purposes of industrial policy. The object of the study is the countries of the world and the regions of Russia, and the subject is the level of their industrial development. The purpose of the study is to suggest a typology of the countries of the world and the regions of Russia in the core-periphery structure of industrial space basing on the qualitative and quantitative methodology. The novelty of the study is the application of an evolutionary and multi-scale approach to the analysis of the distribution of industrial potential across the countries of the world and the subjects of the Russian Federation. The research methodology assumes a qualitative and quantitative procedure for differentiating countries and regions of Russia by industrial productivity, its share in GDP/GRP, the evolutionary stage of development (duration of the industrialization cycle) and geographical location. The main task is to check the operability of the “core - periphery” model in relation to the cycles of industrialization for the end-to-end typology of the countries of the world and the regions of Russia. Special emphasis is placed on the study of differences in industrial productivity under the influence of such geographical factors as the level of industrialization, the resource capacity of production, the scale and branch structure of industry. While analyzing industry at the country level, the emphasis is on the duration of the period of industrialization, the per capita volume of industrial production and the share of industry in GDP. Labor productivity was calculated for the regions of Russia, and the level of innovation activity was also considered. The position of a country or a region in the “core - periphery” system depends on the branch of specialization, the “age” of industry and the industrial policy of the state: the countries and regions that modernize existing funds faster or create new industries preserve their core position. Old industrial countries and regions are shifting into sub-periphery and periphery. The sub-periphery also includes industrial and agricultural regions with a high share of agriculture and small resource regions of Siberia and the Far East. The composition of the periphery is stable and includes the underdeveloped republics of the Caucasus and southern Siberia. The current results made it possible to compare the typology of countries and regions in the “core - periphery” system, while the final results could be used to adjust Russia’s industrial policy.
{"title":"CORE-PERIPHERAL MODEL OF INDUSTRIAL LOCALIZATION: WORLD AND RUSSIA","authors":"V.L. BABURIN, M.D. GORYACHKO, K.V. DEMIDOVA, M.A. MAKUSHIN","doi":"10.55959/10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55959/10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.1","url":null,"abstract":"The article deals with the problems of industrial territorial organization in the world and Russia under the “core - periphery” concept. The study is currently important because of the lack of systematic works considering the position of countries and regions in the “core - periphery” structure and the need to elaborate a typology of regions for the purposes of industrial policy. The object of the study is the countries of the world and the regions of Russia, and the subject is the level of their industrial development. The purpose of the study is to suggest a typology of the countries of the world and the regions of Russia in the core-periphery structure of industrial space basing on the qualitative and quantitative methodology. The novelty of the study is the application of an evolutionary and multi-scale approach to the analysis of the distribution of industrial potential across the countries of the world and the subjects of the Russian Federation. The research methodology assumes a qualitative and quantitative procedure for differentiating countries and regions of Russia by industrial productivity, its share in GDP/GRP, the evolutionary stage of development (duration of the industrialization cycle) and geographical location. The main task is to check the operability of the “core - periphery” model in relation to the cycles of industrialization for the end-to-end typology of the countries of the world and the regions of Russia. Special emphasis is placed on the study of differences in industrial productivity under the influence of such geographical factors as the level of industrialization, the resource capacity of production, the scale and branch structure of industry. While analyzing industry at the country level, the emphasis is on the duration of the period of industrialization, the per capita volume of industrial production and the share of industry in GDP. Labor productivity was calculated for the regions of Russia, and the level of innovation activity was also considered. The position of a country or a region in the “core - periphery” system depends on the branch of specialization, the “age” of industry and the industrial policy of the state: the countries and regions that modernize existing funds faster or create new industries preserve their core position. Old industrial countries and regions are shifting into sub-periphery and periphery. The sub-periphery also includes industrial and agricultural regions with a high share of agriculture and small resource regions of Siberia and the Far East. The composition of the periphery is stable and includes the underdeveloped republics of the Caucasus and southern Siberia. The current results made it possible to compare the typology of countries and regions in the “core - periphery” system, while the final results could be used to adjust Russia’s industrial policy.","PeriodicalId":158808,"journal":{"name":"Lomonosov Geography Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135153242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-18DOI: 10.55959/10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.10
G.A. KAZHUKALO, E.A. EREMENKO, F.A. ROMANENKO
The scale of anthropogenic terrain transformation within the Norilsk industrial region was quantified and a classification of its consequences has been elaborated. The work is based on the results of 2021 expeditionary geomorphologic studies, interpretation and analysis of remote sensing materials and digital elevation models. It has been established that the total area of direct terrain transformation during the territory development was about 122,4 km2, and that of indirect transformation - 23,6 km2. The volume of anthropogenic landforms is at least 1,8 billion m3; accumulative forms account for 93% of the area and 72,6% of the volume of direct landform transformations. The types of anthropogenic landforms were identified, it was found that the largest area is occupied by embankments for industrial development and tailings, and the largest volume is characteristic of slope dumps. Indirect terrain transformation is mainly activation of gravitational processes, linear erosion, suffusion, thermokarst, heaving and deflation. The mass displacement of slope dumps by landslides or stone glaciers are the most dangerous for infrastructure facilities. Separate areas of indirect transformations are mainly limited to the lacustrine-alluvial lowlands and the bottoms of river valleys. Among them, the largest area (up to 20 km2) is occupied by segments of river valleys affected by spills of oil products and tailings. It has been established that the accumulation of pollutants in river valleys of the Norilsk industrial region occurs within the internal deltas and ice glades where the longitudinal slope decreases. Three stages of anthropogenic development of the territory are distinguished (I - 1920-1953; II - 1953-1986; III - 1986-2021); the most significant increment in the area of anthropogenic terrain occurred from 1953 to 1986. The average rate of anthropogenic terrain area increment over the past 36 years amounted to 0,81 km2/year. The highest rates of area growth are characteristic of the Kayerkan and Talnakh regions, which is associated with ongoing mining.
{"title":"ANTHROPOGENIC TRANSFORMATION OF TERRAIN IN THE NORILSK INDUSTRIAL DISTRICT","authors":"G.A. KAZHUKALO, E.A. EREMENKO, F.A. ROMANENKO","doi":"10.55959/10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55959/10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.10","url":null,"abstract":"The scale of anthropogenic terrain transformation within the Norilsk industrial region was quantified and a classification of its consequences has been elaborated. The work is based on the results of 2021 expeditionary geomorphologic studies, interpretation and analysis of remote sensing materials and digital elevation models. It has been established that the total area of direct terrain transformation during the territory development was about 122,4 km2, and that of indirect transformation - 23,6 km2. The volume of anthropogenic landforms is at least 1,8 billion m3; accumulative forms account for 93% of the area and 72,6% of the volume of direct landform transformations. The types of anthropogenic landforms were identified, it was found that the largest area is occupied by embankments for industrial development and tailings, and the largest volume is characteristic of slope dumps. Indirect terrain transformation is mainly activation of gravitational processes, linear erosion, suffusion, thermokarst, heaving and deflation. The mass displacement of slope dumps by landslides or stone glaciers are the most dangerous for infrastructure facilities. Separate areas of indirect transformations are mainly limited to the lacustrine-alluvial lowlands and the bottoms of river valleys. Among them, the largest area (up to 20 km2) is occupied by segments of river valleys affected by spills of oil products and tailings. It has been established that the accumulation of pollutants in river valleys of the Norilsk industrial region occurs within the internal deltas and ice glades where the longitudinal slope decreases. Three stages of anthropogenic development of the territory are distinguished (I - 1920-1953; II - 1953-1986; III - 1986-2021); the most significant increment in the area of anthropogenic terrain occurred from 1953 to 1986. The average rate of anthropogenic terrain area increment over the past 36 years amounted to 0,81 km2/year. The highest rates of area growth are characteristic of the Kayerkan and Talnakh regions, which is associated with ongoing mining.","PeriodicalId":158808,"journal":{"name":"Lomonosov Geography Journal","volume":"192 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135207793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-18DOI: 10.55959/10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.11
L.R. IMANGULOV
At the beginning of the 20th century the Mordovian villages in the Fedorovsky district of the Bashkortostan Republic were characterized by the maximum growth rates and population density among settlements with another ethnic structure of the population. During the 20th century, the average population of Mordovian villages in the district decreased by 79%, and many of the settlements disappeared. High rates of depopulation of Mordovian villages within zone with favorable agro-climatic conditions have no analogues among villages with another ethnic structure of the population. The article provides a geographical analysis of a rapid growth of the Mordvins ethnic area in the 18-19th centuries and its reduction in the 20th century. Specific features of the development of Mordovian villages influenced by natural conditions (attraction to water sources and forest areas), the “periphery of settlement”, the peculiarities of the economic structure (gardening) and dominant psychological universals (closeness, individualism, etc.) are discussed. The evolution of factors driving the transformation of Mordovian villages at different stages of its development is described. The main factors of the “Mordovian village crisis” in the 20th-21st centuries - migration, institutional, economic and ethno-cultural, are identified. To demonstrate the scope of settlement transformation, a modern schematic map of the Alyoshkino (typical Mordovian) village has been compiled showing inhabited and inoccupied homesteads, abandoned and developed territories. Based on the results of in-depth interviews and characteristics of the population, the main groups of residents of the modern Mordovian village are identified: “old people”, “young families”, “new kulaks (farmers)” and “urban cottagers”.
{"title":"TRANSFORMATION OF MORDOVIAN VILLAGES IN BASHKIRIA: GEOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS","authors":"L.R. IMANGULOV","doi":"10.55959/10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55959/10.55959/msu0579-9414.5.78.4.11","url":null,"abstract":"At the beginning of the 20th century the Mordovian villages in the Fedorovsky district of the Bashkortostan Republic were characterized by the maximum growth rates and population density among settlements with another ethnic structure of the population. During the 20th century, the average population of Mordovian villages in the district decreased by 79%, and many of the settlements disappeared. High rates of depopulation of Mordovian villages within zone with favorable agro-climatic conditions have no analogues among villages with another ethnic structure of the population. The article provides a geographical analysis of a rapid growth of the Mordvins ethnic area in the 18-19th centuries and its reduction in the 20th century. Specific features of the development of Mordovian villages influenced by natural conditions (attraction to water sources and forest areas), the “periphery of settlement”, the peculiarities of the economic structure (gardening) and dominant psychological universals (closeness, individualism, etc.) are discussed. The evolution of factors driving the transformation of Mordovian villages at different stages of its development is described. The main factors of the “Mordovian village crisis” in the 20th-21st centuries - migration, institutional, economic and ethno-cultural, are identified. To demonstrate the scope of settlement transformation, a modern schematic map of the Alyoshkino (typical Mordovian) village has been compiled showing inhabited and inoccupied homesteads, abandoned and developed territories. Based on the results of in-depth interviews and characteristics of the population, the main groups of residents of the modern Mordovian village are identified: “old people”, “young families”, “new kulaks (farmers)” and “urban cottagers”.","PeriodicalId":158808,"journal":{"name":"Lomonosov Geography Journal","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135207239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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