Pub Date : 2025-01-24DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2025.01.005
Minjeong Kim , Su Hwan Kim , Juewon Kim , Eun-Ju Jin , Shibo Wei , Yunju Jo , Chang-Myung Oh , Ki-Tae Ha , Jong-Hwa Roh , Wan-Gi Kim , Donghyun Cho , Young Jin Choi , Su Myung Jung , Dongryeol Ryu
{"title":"Corrigendum to “Ginsenoside-Re-rich ethanol extract of Panax ginseng berry enhances healthspan extension via mitostasis and NAD metabolism” [J Ginseng Res Volume 49, Issue 1, January 2025, Pages 92–102]","authors":"Minjeong Kim , Su Hwan Kim , Juewon Kim , Eun-Ju Jin , Shibo Wei , Yunju Jo , Chang-Myung Oh , Ki-Tae Ha , Jong-Hwa Roh , Wan-Gi Kim , Donghyun Cho , Young Jin Choi , Su Myung Jung , Dongryeol Ryu","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2025.01.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2025.01.005","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"49 2","pages":"Page 224"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2025.01.002
Qi-Rui Hu , Xin-Yi Zhong , Hua Feng , Xu-Chu Li , Zhi-Hong Zhang , Yao Pan , Ting Luo , Ze-Yuan Deng , Fang Chen
Background
The cancer treatments that target tumor associated angiogenesis (TAA) induced by vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) have become valued. Ginsenoside Rh2 has been proved to inhibit TAA through VEGFA. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Moreover, the octyl ester derivative of Rh2 (Rh2-O) exhibited better inhibitory effects than Rh2 on liver cancer in our previous researches, which indicated that Rh2-O might also exert inhibitory effects on TAA.
Purpose
To explore the inhibitory effects of Rh2 and Rh2-O on TAA and to investigate the underlying mechanisms.
Method
The inhibitory effects of Rh2 and Rh2-O on TAA were evaluated by conditioned medium, co-culture, and tumor-bearing mice. The network pharmacology was used to explore the possible targets, which were subsequently verified by specific agonists or inhibitors.
Results
Rh2 and Rh2-O could efficiently inhibit TAA in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Moreover, the enhancement on phosphorylation of PI3K and STAT3 could reverse the inhibitory effects of Rh2 and Rh2-O on TAA while N-acetylcysteine could improve the effects (P < 0.05).
Conclusion
Rh2 and Rh2-O could inhibit TAA via inhibiting the VEGFA, which was mediated by PI3K/STAT3 and PI3K/HIF-1α pathway. Meanwhile the generation of ROS could be a foe for Rh2 and Rh2-O to inhibit TAA.
{"title":"The molecular mechanism of ginsenoside Rh2 and its octyl ester derivative on anti-angiogenesis in cancer treatment: The battle between PI3K and ROS","authors":"Qi-Rui Hu , Xin-Yi Zhong , Hua Feng , Xu-Chu Li , Zhi-Hong Zhang , Yao Pan , Ting Luo , Ze-Yuan Deng , Fang Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2025.01.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2025.01.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>The cancer treatments that target tumor associated angiogenesis (TAA) induced by vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) have become valued. Ginsenoside Rh2 has been proved to inhibit TAA through VEGFA. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Moreover, the octyl ester derivative of Rh2 (Rh2-O) exhibited better inhibitory effects than Rh2 on liver cancer in our previous researches, which indicated that Rh2-O might also exert inhibitory effects on TAA.</div></div><div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To explore the inhibitory effects of Rh2 and Rh2-O on TAA and to investigate the underlying mechanisms.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>The inhibitory effects of Rh2 and Rh2-O on TAA were evaluated by conditioned medium, co-culture, and tumor-bearing mice. The network pharmacology was used to explore the possible targets, which were subsequently verified by specific agonists or inhibitors.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Rh2 and Rh2-O could efficiently inhibit TAA in a dose-dependent manner (<em>P</em> < 0.05). Moreover, the enhancement on phosphorylation of PI3K and STAT3 could reverse the inhibitory effects of Rh2 and Rh2-O on TAA while N-acetylcysteine could improve the effects (<em>P</em> < 0.05).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Rh2 and Rh2-O could inhibit TAA via inhibiting the VEGFA, which was mediated by PI3K/STAT3 and PI3K/HIF-1α pathway. Meanwhile the generation of ROS could be a foe for Rh2 and Rh2-O to inhibit TAA.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"49 2","pages":"Pages 208-222"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445790","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2025.01.001
Honglin Xu , Mingjie Pang , Changlei Hu , Tong Xu , Guanghong Chen , Guoyong Zhang , Xin Han , Yue Hua , Yuting Wu , Jiayi Zhang , Yiming Bi , Bin Liu , Yingchun Zhou
Background
Myocardial fibrosis and inflammation induce adverse cardiac remodeling post-myocardial infarction (MI). Panax ginseng (P. ginseng) is beneficial for diverse cardiovascular diseases. However, the therapeutic effect and molecular mechanism underlying cardiac remodeling are largely unclear.
Methods
A MI mouse model was constructed through permanent left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used for stimulating cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) or RAW264.7 macrophages to construct the collagen synthesis and inflammation model in vitro. The cardiac structure and function were detected through hematoxylin-eosin staining, Masson staining, and echocardiography, while myocardial fibrosis and inflammation markers were determined by Western-blot, immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and ELISA. Additionally, the Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) mediated NOD like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and TGF-β receptor I (TGFBR1) signaling pathways were also evaluated. A SIRT1 selective inhibitor (EX-527) was used for confirming the pharmacological mechanism of P. ginseng.
Results
In vivo, P. ginseng alleviated ventricular remodeling, enhanced heart function, and ameliorated collagen I, collagen III, IL-1β, and IL-18 levels dose-dependently. Moreover, P. ginseng significantly suppressed NLRP3-caspase1 inflammasome and TGFBR1/Smads signaling in MI mice. In vitro, P. ginseng significantly suppressed collagen and inflammation markers, NLRP3 inflammasome and TGFBR1/Smads signaling in TGF-β1-induced CFs or LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Mechanistically, P. ginseng suppressed NF-κB activity while promoting SIRT1 expression. SIRT1 suppression by EX-527 partially abolished the protective effects of P. ginseng in TGF-β1-induced CFs.
Conclusion
P. ginseng protects from adverse cardiac remodeling by attenuating myocardial fibrosis and inflammation post-MI through the regulation of SIRT1 and its downstream signaling pathways.
{"title":"Panax ginseng exerts cardioprotective effect post myocardial infarction by attenuating myocardial fibrosis and inflammation through SIRT1 signaling pathways","authors":"Honglin Xu , Mingjie Pang , Changlei Hu , Tong Xu , Guanghong Chen , Guoyong Zhang , Xin Han , Yue Hua , Yuting Wu , Jiayi Zhang , Yiming Bi , Bin Liu , Yingchun Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2025.01.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2025.01.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Myocardial fibrosis and inflammation induce adverse cardiac remodeling post-myocardial infarction (MI). <em>Panax ginseng</em> (<em>P. ginseng</em>) is beneficial for diverse cardiovascular diseases. However, the therapeutic effect and molecular mechanism underlying cardiac remodeling are largely unclear.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A MI mouse model was constructed through permanent left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery ligation. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used for stimulating cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) or RAW264.7 macrophages to construct the collagen synthesis and inflammation model <em>in vitro</em>. The cardiac structure and function were detected through hematoxylin-eosin staining, Masson staining, and echocardiography, while myocardial fibrosis and inflammation markers were determined by Western-blot, immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and ELISA. Additionally, the Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) mediated NOD like receptor 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and TGF-β receptor I (TGFBR1) signaling pathways were also evaluated. A SIRT1 selective inhibitor (EX-527) was used for confirming the pharmacological mechanism of <em>P. ginseng</em>.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div><em>In vivo</em>, <em>P. ginseng</em> alleviated ventricular remodeling, enhanced heart function, and ameliorated collagen I, collagen III, IL-1β, and IL-18 levels dose-dependently. Moreover, <em>P. ginseng</em> significantly suppressed NLRP3-caspase1 inflammasome and TGFBR1/Smads signaling in MI mice. <em>In vitro</em>, <em>P. ginseng</em> significantly suppressed collagen and inflammation markers, NLRP3 inflammasome and TGFBR1/Smads signaling in TGF-β1-induced CFs or LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Mechanistically, <em>P. ginseng</em> suppressed NF-κB activity while promoting SIRT1 expression. SIRT1 suppression by EX-527 partially abolished the protective effects of <em>P. ginseng</em> in TGF-β1-induced CFs.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div><em>P. ginseng</em> protects from adverse cardiac remodeling by attenuating myocardial fibrosis and inflammation post-MI through the regulation of SIRT1 and its downstream signaling pathways.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"49 2","pages":"Pages 197-207"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.04.005
Hamid Iqbal , Yihyo Kim , Mirim Jin , Dong-kwon Rhee
The human gut, which contains a diverse microbiome, plays an important role in maintaining physiological balance and preserving the immune system. The complex interplay between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gut microbiome has gained significant attention due to its profound implications for overall health, particularly for gut and brain disorders. There is emerging evidence that the gut-brain axis (GBA) represents a bidirectional communication system between the CNS and the gastrointestinal tract and plays a pivotal role in regulating many aspects of human health. Ginseng has shown potential to ameliorate conditions associated with dysbiosis, such as gut and CNS disorders by restoring microbial balance and enhancing gut barrier function. This comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the potential of ginseng as a herbal modulator of GBA as a therapeutic intervention for preventing and treating gut and neurological diseases via microbiota regulation to ultimately enhance overall health. Furthermore, we emphasize the therapeutic benefits of ginseng, its ability to enhance beneficial probiotics, such as Firmicutes, Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Akkermansia while reducing pathogenic bacteria prevalence, such as Helicobacter, Clostridium, and Proteobacteria. Although the connection between ginseng regulation of microbial communities in response to the gut and neuropsychiatric disorders is lacking, additional investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, optimize dosages, and explore the clinical relevance of ginseng in promoting GBA balance and ultimately overall health.
人体肠道含有多种微生物群，在维持生理平衡和保护免疫系统方面发挥着重要作用。中枢神经系统（CNS）和肠道微生物组之间复杂的相互作用对整体健康，尤其是肠道和大脑疾病有着深远的影响，因此受到了广泛关注。越来越多的证据表明，肠脑轴（GBA）是中枢神经系统和胃肠道之间的双向交流系统，在调节人体健康的许多方面发挥着关键作用。人参通过恢复微生物平衡和增强肠道屏障功能，具有改善与菌群失调相关的疾病（如肠道和中枢神经系统疾病）的潜力。本综述对人参作为 GBA 的草药调节剂，通过调节微生物群预防和治疗肠道和神经系统疾病，最终提高整体健康水平的潜力提供了宝贵的见解。此外，我们还强调了人参的治疗益处，它能够增强有益益生菌，如坚固菌、、、和，同时降低致病菌，如、和蛋白菌的流行率。虽然人参对肠道微生物群落的调节与神经精神疾病之间缺乏联系，但仍有必要进行更多研究，以阐明其潜在机制、优化剂量并探索人参在促进 GBA 平衡以及最终促进整体健康方面的临床意义。
{"title":"Ginseng as a therapeutic target to alleviate gut and brain diseases via microbiome regulation","authors":"Hamid Iqbal , Yihyo Kim , Mirim Jin , Dong-kwon Rhee","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.04.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.04.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The human gut, which contains a diverse microbiome, plays an important role in maintaining physiological balance and preserving the immune system. The complex interplay between the central nervous system (CNS) and the gut microbiome has gained significant attention due to its profound implications for overall health, particularly for gut and brain disorders. There is emerging evidence that the gut-brain axis (GBA) represents a bidirectional communication system between the CNS and the gastrointestinal tract and plays a pivotal role in regulating many aspects of human health. Ginseng has shown potential to ameliorate conditions associated with dysbiosis, such as gut and CNS disorders by restoring microbial balance and enhancing gut barrier function. This comprehensive review provides valuable insights into the potential of ginseng as a herbal modulator of GBA as a therapeutic intervention for preventing and treating gut and neurological diseases via microbiota regulation to ultimately enhance overall health. Furthermore, we emphasize the therapeutic benefits of ginseng, its ability to enhance beneficial probiotics, such as Firmicutes, <em>Bacteroides</em>, <em>Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium</em>, and <em>Akkermansia</em> while reducing pathogenic bacteria prevalence, such as <em>Helicobacter, Clostridium</em>, and Proteobacteria. Although the connection between ginseng regulation of microbial communities in response to the gut and neuropsychiatric disorders is lacking, additional investigations are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms, optimize dosages, and explore the clinical relevance of ginseng in promoting GBA balance and ultimately overall health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"49 1","pages":"Pages 12-21"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140838453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.12.001
Haiyan Xiao , Shusen Liu , Binyu Fang , Wenchao Zhang , Min Wang , Jingxue Ye , Tianxiao Huang , Li Cao , Xiaojun Zhang , Guibo Sun
{"title":"Corrigendum to “Panax notoginseng saponins promotes angiogenesis after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury”[J Ginseng Res 48(6), November 2024, 592–602]","authors":"Haiyan Xiao , Shusen Liu , Binyu Fang , Wenchao Zhang , Min Wang , Jingxue Ye , Tianxiao Huang , Li Cao , Xiaojun Zhang , Guibo Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.12.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"49 1","pages":"Pages 103-104"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11764608/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143052884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.11.002
Minjeong Kim , Su Hwan Kim , Juewon Kim , Eun-Ju Jin , Shibo Wei , Yunju Jo , Chang-Myung Oh , Ki-Tae Ha , Jong-Hwa Roh , Wan-Gi Kim , Donghyun Cho , Young Jin Choi , Su Myung Jung , Dongryeol Ryu
Background
Ginseng Berry Concentrate (GBC) enhances exercise capacity in mice, but the effects of its key component, ginsenoside Re (G-Re), on aging and mitochondrial function are not well understood. This study investigates the impact of G-Re on mitophagy and its potential to promote healthy aging.
Methods
Experiments in C2C12 myocytes and HeLa-mitoKeima-PARKIN cells assessed GBC and G-Re's effects on mitophagy, supported by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. G-Re was identified as the primary component of GBC via high-performance liquid chromatography. The influence of G-Re on lifespan and healthspan was examined in Caenorhabditis elegans, with a focus on mitophagy pathways.
Results
GBC and G-Re significantly induced mitophagy and enhanced mitochondrial gene expression, improving mitochondrial function. G-Re extended lifespan and healthspan in C. elegans, effects absent in mitophagy-impaired mutants.
Conclusion
G-Re enhances mitochondrial function and promotes healthy aging through mitophagy, suggesting its potential for mitigating age-related functional declines.
{"title":"Ginsenoside-Re-rich ethanol extract of Panax ginseng berry enhances healthspan extension via mitostasis and NAD metabolism","authors":"Minjeong Kim , Su Hwan Kim , Juewon Kim , Eun-Ju Jin , Shibo Wei , Yunju Jo , Chang-Myung Oh , Ki-Tae Ha , Jong-Hwa Roh , Wan-Gi Kim , Donghyun Cho , Young Jin Choi , Su Myung Jung , Dongryeol Ryu","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Ginseng Berry Concentrate (GBC) enhances exercise capacity in mice, but the effects of its key component, ginsenoside Re (G-Re), on aging and mitochondrial function are not well understood. This study investigates the impact of G-Re on mitophagy and its potential to promote healthy aging.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Experiments in C2C12 myocytes and HeLa-mitoKeima-PARKIN cells assessed GBC and G-Re's effects on mitophagy, supported by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. G-Re was identified as the primary component of GBC via high-performance liquid chromatography. The influence of G-Re on lifespan and healthspan was examined in <em>Caenorhabditis elegans</em>, with a focus on mitophagy pathways.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>GBC and G-Re significantly induced mitophagy and enhanced mitochondrial gene expression, improving mitochondrial function. G-Re extended lifespan and healthspan in <em>C. elegans</em>, effects absent in mitophagy-impaired mutants.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>G-Re enhances mitochondrial function and promotes healthy aging through mitophagy, suggesting its potential for mitigating age-related functional declines.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"49 1","pages":"Pages 92-102"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11764779/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143052937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.08.003
Wooram Choi , Hyun Soo Kim , Donghyun Kim , Yong Deog Hong , Hyoung-June Kim , Ji Hye Kim , Jong-Hoon Kim , Jae Youl Cho
Background
Ginseng is processed into several types such as white ginseng, red ginseng, and black ginseng, according to the processing methods such as drying, steaming, and heating. These processing conditions can change the portion of the useful ingredients. Recently, new processing method was established to develop ‘lymphanax’, an aged fresh white ginseng prepared under anaerobic condition. This aging process was revealed to increase the content of gypenoside 17 (Gyp17) as well as ginsenoside Re, known to have anti-inflammatory effects. As the next step, therefore, we aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of lymphanax using its ethanol extract of lymphanax (Lymphanax-EE).
Methods
LC-MS/MS identified the ginsenoside content of lymphanax-EE. A nitric oxide (NO) assay revealed the anti-inflammatory activity of lymphanax-EE. Pro-inflammatory gene expression was analyzed by quantitative PCR. Finally, we identified the underlying mechanism for the anti-inflammatory activity of lymphanax-EE through luciferase analysis, Western blotting, and CETSA.
Results
The LC-MS/MS analysis revealed lymphanax-EE to contain more protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides, and Gyp17 than fresh ginseng. Lymphanax-EE (0–200 μg/ml) suppressed NO release and mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, lymphanax-EE (200 μg/ml) reduced the activity of NF-κB and phosphorylation of NF-κB signal proteins such as p65, p50, IκBα, and IKKα/β. Finally, lymphanax-EE (200 μg/ml) decreased the phosphorylation of IKKα/β induced by AKT overexpression. Among the components of lymphanax-EE, ginsenoside Re and Gyp17 were found to suppress AKT1 activity.
Conclusions
Lymphanax-EE-containing ginsenosides and Gyp17 with anti-inflammatory properties suppressed LPS-induced inflammation by reducing the NF-κB signal.
根据烘干、蒸煮和加热等加工方法，人参被加工成多种类型，如白参、红参和黑参。这些加工条件会改变有用成分的比例。最近，人们建立了新的加工方法，开发出在厌氧条件下制备的陈年新鲜白参 "lymphanax"。研究发现，这种陈化过程增加了人参皂苷 17（Gyp17）和人参皂苷 Re 的含量，而人参皂苷 Re 具有抗炎作用。因此，我们下一步的目标是利用淋巴杉乙醇提取物（Lymphanax-EE）研究淋巴杉的抗炎活性。LC-MS/MS鉴定了Lymphanax-EE中的人参皂苷含量。一氧化氮（NO）测定显示了Lymphanax-EE的抗炎活性。通过定量 PCR 分析了促炎基因的表达。最后，我们通过荧光素酶分析、Western 印迹和 CETSA 确定了 lymphanax-EE 抗炎活性的内在机制。LC-MS/MS分析显示，与新鲜人参相比，淋巴-EE含有更多的原人参三醇型人参皂甙和Gyp17。Lymphanax-EE（0-200 μg/ml）可抑制LPS处理的RAW264.7细胞中NO的释放以及iNOS和COX-2等促炎细胞因子的mRNA水平。此外，lympanax-EE（200 μg/ml）还能降低NF-κB的活性以及NF-κB信号蛋白（如p65、p50、IκBα和IKKα/β）的磷酸化。最后，lympanax-EE（200 μg/ml）降低了AKT过表达诱导的IKKα/β磷酸化。在Lymphanax-EE的成分中，发现人参皂苷Re和Gyp17能抑制AKT1的活性。具有抗炎特性的人参皂苷和Gyp17通过减少NF-κB信号抑制了LPS诱导的炎症。
{"title":"Ethanol extract of lymphanax with gypenoside 17 and ginsenoside Re exerts anti-inflammatory properties by targeting the AKT/NF-κB pathway","authors":"Wooram Choi , Hyun Soo Kim , Donghyun Kim , Yong Deog Hong , Hyoung-June Kim , Ji Hye Kim , Jong-Hoon Kim , Jae Youl Cho","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Ginseng is processed into several types such as white ginseng, red ginseng, and black ginseng, according to the processing methods such as drying, steaming, and heating. These processing conditions can change the portion of the useful ingredients. Recently, new processing method was established to develop ‘lymphanax’, an aged fresh white ginseng prepared under anaerobic condition. This aging process was revealed to increase the content of gypenoside 17 (Gyp17) as well as ginsenoside Re, known to have anti-inflammatory effects. As the next step, therefore, we aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of lymphanax using its ethanol extract of lymphanax (Lymphanax-EE).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>LC-MS/MS identified the ginsenoside content of lymphanax-EE. A nitric oxide (NO) assay revealed the anti-inflammatory activity of lymphanax-EE. Pro-inflammatory gene expression was analyzed by quantitative PCR. Finally, we identified the underlying mechanism for the anti-inflammatory activity of lymphanax-EE through luciferase analysis, Western blotting, and CETSA.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The LC-MS/MS analysis revealed lymphanax-EE to contain more protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides, and Gyp17 than fresh ginseng. Lymphanax-EE (0–200 μg/ml) suppressed NO release and mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, lymphanax-EE (200 μg/ml) reduced the activity of NF-κB and phosphorylation of NF-κB signal proteins such as p65, p50, IκBα, and IKKα/β. Finally, lymphanax-EE (200 μg/ml) decreased the phosphorylation of IKKα/β induced by AKT overexpression. Among the components of lymphanax-EE, ginsenoside Re and Gyp17 were found to suppress AKT1 activity.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Lymphanax-EE-containing ginsenosides and Gyp17 with anti-inflammatory properties suppressed LPS-induced inflammation by reducing the NF-κB signal.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"49 1","pages":"Pages 22-33"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.08.002
Ha Young Park , Min Ho Kang , Guewha Lee , Jin Woo Kim
Background
This study aimed to investigate the effects of ginseng non-edible callus-derived extracellular vesicle (GNEV) on skin regeneration, particularly focusing on its impact on proliferation and migration in human dermal fibroblast (HDF).
Methods
GNEV was isolated from ginseng non-edible callus using sequential filtration and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The extracellular vesicle was characterized using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). HDF was treated with various concentrations of GNEV, and cell viability, proliferation, and migration were assessed using MTT and scratch wound healing assays. Gene expression related to collagen synthesis (TGF-β, SMAD-2, SMAD-3, COL1A1) was measured using RT-PCR.
Results
Treatment of HDF with GNEV resulted in a significant 2.5-fold increase in cell migration compared to the non-treated group. Furthermore, GNEV demonstrated the upregulation of collagen synthesis genes, specifically TGF-β, SMAD-2, SMAD-3, and COL1A1, by 41.7 %, 59.4 %, 60.2 %, and 21.8 %, respectively. These findings indicated that GNEV activates the TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway, showcasing its potential to induce skin regeneration.
Conclusions
In conclusion, GNEV exhibits a notable ability to enhance skin regeneration through its stimulatory effects on cell migration and the upregulation of key collagen synthesis genes. The activation of the TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway further suggests the potential of GNEV as a promising candidate for drug delivery systems in the fields of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, opening avenues for further research and application in skincare and dermatology.
{"title":"Enhancement of skin regeneration through activation of TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway by Panax ginseng meyer non-edible callus-derived extracellular vesicles","authors":"Ha Young Park , Min Ho Kang , Guewha Lee , Jin Woo Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>This study aimed to investigate the effects of ginseng non-edible callus-derived extracellular vesicle (GNEV) on skin regeneration, particularly focusing on its impact on proliferation and migration in human dermal fibroblast (HDF).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>GNEV was isolated from ginseng non-edible callus using sequential filtration and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The extracellular vesicle was characterized using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). HDF was treated with various concentrations of GNEV, and cell viability, proliferation, and migration were assessed using MTT and scratch wound healing assays. Gene expression related to collagen synthesis (<em>TGF-β, SMAD-2, SMAD-3, COL1A1</em>) was measured using RT-PCR.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Treatment of HDF with GNEV resulted in a significant 2.5-fold increase in cell migration compared to the non-treated group. Furthermore, GNEV demonstrated the upregulation of collagen synthesis genes, specifically <em>TGF-β, SMAD-2, SMAD-3</em>, and <em>COL1A1</em>, by 41.7 %, 59.4 %, 60.2 %, and 21.8 %, respectively. These findings indicated that GNEV activates the <em>TGF-β/SMAD</em> signaling pathway, showcasing its potential to induce skin regeneration.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>In conclusion, GNEV exhibits a notable ability to enhance skin regeneration through its stimulatory effects on cell migration and the upregulation of key collagen synthesis genes. The activation of the <em>TGF-β/SMAD</em> signaling pathway further suggests the potential of GNEV as a promising candidate for drug delivery systems in the fields of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, opening avenues for further research and application in skincare and dermatology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"49 1","pages":"Pages 34-41"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.04.001
SeokGyeong Choi , Minwook Shin , Woo-Young Kim
DNA damage is a driver of cancer formation, leading to the impairment of repair mechanisms in cancer cells and rendering them susceptible to DNA-damaging therapeutic approaches. The concept of “synthetic lethality” in cancer clinics has emerged, particularly with the use of PARP inhibitors and the identification of DNA damage response (DDR) mutation biomarkers, emphasizing the significance of targeting DDR in cancer therapy. Novel approaches aimed at genome maintenance machinery are under development to further enhance the efficacy of cancer treatments. Natural compounds from traditional medicine, renowned for their anti-aging and anticarcinogenic properties, have garnered attention. Ginseng-derived compounds, in particular, exhibit anti-carcinogenic effects by suppressing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protecting cells from DNA damage-induced carcinogenesis. However, the anticancer therapeutic effect of ginseng compounds has also been demonstrated by inducing DNA damage and blocking DDR. This review concentrates on the biphasic effects of ginseng compounds on DNA mutations—both inhibiting mutation accumulation and impairing DNA repair. Additionally, it explores other natural compounds targeting DDR directly, providing potential insights into enhancing cancer therapy efficacy.
DNA 损伤是癌症形成的驱动因素，它导致癌细胞修复机制受损，使癌细胞易受 DNA 损伤治疗方法的影响。癌症临床中出现了 "合成致死 "的概念，特别是随着 PARP 抑制剂的使用和 DNA 损伤反应（DDR）突变生物标志物的确定，强调了在癌症治疗中靶向 DDR 的重要性。目前正在开发针对基因组维护机制的新方法，以进一步提高癌症治疗的疗效。传统医药中的天然化合物以其抗衰老和抗癌特性而闻名，已引起人们的关注。特别是人参提取物，通过抑制活性氧（ROS）和保护细胞免受 DNA 损伤诱发的癌变，显示出抗癌作用。然而，人参化合物的抗癌治疗效果也通过诱导 DNA 损伤和阻断 DDR 得到了证实。本综述集中探讨了人参化合物对 DNA 变异的双相作用--既抑制突变积累，又损害 DNA 修复。此外，它还探讨了其他直接针对 DDR 的天然化合物，为提高癌症治疗效果提供了潜在的见解。
{"title":"Targeting the DNA damage response (DDR) of cancer cells with natural compounds derived from Panax ginseng and other plants","authors":"SeokGyeong Choi , Minwook Shin , Woo-Young Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.04.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.04.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>DNA damage is a driver of cancer formation, leading to the impairment of repair mechanisms in cancer cells and rendering them susceptible to DNA-damaging therapeutic approaches. The concept of “synthetic lethality” in cancer clinics has emerged, particularly with the use of PARP inhibitors and the identification of DNA damage response (DDR) mutation biomarkers, emphasizing the significance of targeting DDR in cancer therapy. Novel approaches aimed at genome maintenance machinery are under development to further enhance the efficacy of cancer treatments. Natural compounds from traditional medicine, renowned for their anti-aging and anticarcinogenic properties, have garnered attention. Ginseng-derived compounds, in particular, exhibit anti-carcinogenic effects by suppressing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and protecting cells from DNA damage-induced carcinogenesis. However, the anticancer therapeutic effect of ginseng compounds has also been demonstrated by inducing DNA damage and blocking DDR. This review concentrates on the biphasic effects of ginseng compounds on DNA mutations—both inhibiting mutation accumulation and impairing DNA repair. Additionally, it explores other natural compounds targeting DDR directly, providing potential insights into enhancing cancer therapy efficacy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"49 1","pages":"Pages 1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140625759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.09.007
Jong Won Lee , Mi-Yeon Lee , SangYoon Lee , Geun-Pyo Hong
Background
Subcritical water (SW) is regarded as an effective conversion technology for lignocellulosic biomass. The effect of SW on ginseng are limited to evaluate the ginsenoside composition of red ginseng, and there is little information on the effects of SW on fresh ginseng.
Methods
The general characteristics of ginseng extracts (GE) prepared with SW were evaluated in terms of brix, reducing sugar and residual solid content, and compositions of GE was estimated using chromatography. For utilization of GE as a bioactive food, the ginsenoside composition, antioxidative activity, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, prebiotic potential and taste attributes were measured.
Results
Increasing SW temperature decreased residual solid content of ginseng and the soluble compounds of GE were yielded by SW at 250 °C. Despite that ginsenoside content decreased with SW temperature, a steep increase in Rg5 was observed at 200 °C. The SW at 200–250 °C manifested the highest antioxidant activities and ACE inhibitory activity of GE. However, the GE prepared at greater than 250 °C completely lost prebiotic potentials. Based on electronic-tongue, umami taste was enhanced by SW at 200 °C, but sweetness and bitterness were dominated at 250–300 °C.
Conclusion
The results demonstrated that SW has a potential application to convert lignocellulosic wastes generated from ginseng roots into bioactive food resource, and SW at ∼200 °C can be potentially used to enhance the physiological activities of GE.
{"title":"Compositional changes and physiological activities of fresh ginseng extracts prepared at various temperatures in subcritical water","authors":"Jong Won Lee , Mi-Yeon Lee , SangYoon Lee , Geun-Pyo Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.09.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.09.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Subcritical water (SW) is regarded as an effective conversion technology for lignocellulosic biomass. The effect of SW on ginseng are limited to evaluate the ginsenoside composition of red ginseng, and there is little information on the effects of SW on fresh ginseng.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The general characteristics of ginseng extracts (GE) prepared with SW were evaluated in terms of brix, reducing sugar and residual solid content, and compositions of GE was estimated using chromatography. For utilization of GE as a bioactive food, the ginsenoside composition, antioxidative activity, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity, prebiotic potential and taste attributes were measured.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Increasing SW temperature decreased residual solid content of ginseng and the soluble compounds of GE were yielded by SW at 250 °C. Despite that ginsenoside content decreased with SW temperature, a steep increase in Rg5 was observed at 200 °C. The SW at 200–250 °C manifested the highest antioxidant activities and ACE inhibitory activity of GE. However, the GE prepared at greater than 250 °C completely lost prebiotic potentials. Based on electronic-tongue, umami taste was enhanced by SW at 200 °C, but sweetness and bitterness were dominated at 250–300 °C.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>The results demonstrated that SW has a potential application to convert lignocellulosic wastes generated from ginseng roots into bioactive food resource, and SW at ∼200 °C can be potentially used to enhance the physiological activities of GE.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"49 1","pages":"Pages 64-70"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11770229/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143052881","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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