Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.06.003
Syed Sayeed Ahmad , Hee Jin Chun , Khurshid Ahmad , Inho Choi
Skeletal muscle (SM) is the largest organ of the body and is largely responsible for the metabolism required to maintain body functions. Furthermore, the maintenance of SM is dependent on the activation of muscle satellite (stem) cells (MSCs) and the subsequent proliferation and fusion of differentiating myoblasts into mature myofibers (myogenesis). Natural compounds are being used as therapeutic options to promote SM regeneration during aging, muscle atrophy, sarcopenia, cachexia, or obesity. In particular, ginseng-derived compounds have been utilized in these contexts, though ginsenoside Rg1 is mostly used for SM mass management. These compounds primarily function by activating the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, upregulating myogenin and MyoD to induce muscle hypertrophy, downregulating atrophic factors (atrogin1, muscle ring-finger protein-1, myostatin, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production), and suppressing the expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in cachexia. Ginsenoside compounds are also used for obesity management, and their anti-obesity effects are attributed to peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) inhibition, AMPK activation, glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) translocation, and increased phosphorylations of insulin resistance (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and Akt. This review was undertaken to provide an overview of the use of ginseng-related compounds for the management of SM-related disorders.
骨骼肌(SM)是人体最大的器官,主要负责维持身体功能所需的新陈代谢。此外,骨骼肌的维持有赖于肌肉卫星(干)细胞(间充质干细胞)的激活以及随后的增殖和分化成成熟肌纤维的肌母细胞的融合(肌生成)。天然化合物正被用作治疗选择,以促进衰老、肌肉萎缩、肌肉疏松症、恶病质或肥胖期间的肌肉卫星(干细胞)再生。人参皂苷 Rg1 主要用于 SM 质量管理。这些化合物的主要功能是激活 Akt/mTOR 信号通路,上调肌原蛋白和 MyoD 以诱导肌肉肥大,下调萎缩因子(atrogin1、肌环指蛋白-1、肌生长因子和线粒体活性氧的产生),以及抑制恶病质中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素-6(IL-6)的表达。人参皂苷化合物也被用于肥胖控制,其抗肥胖作用归因于过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体γ(PPARγ)抑制、AMPK激活、葡萄糖转运体4型(GLUT4)转位,以及胰岛素抵抗(IR)、胰岛素受体底物-1(IRS-1)和Akt的磷酸化增加。本综述旨在概述人参相关化合物用于治疗 SM 相关疾病的情况。
{"title":"Therapeutic applications of ginseng for skeletal muscle-related disorder management","authors":"Syed Sayeed Ahmad , Hee Jin Chun , Khurshid Ahmad , Inho Choi","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.06.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.06.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Skeletal muscle (SM) is the largest organ of the body and is largely responsible for the metabolism required to maintain body functions. Furthermore, the maintenance of SM is dependent on the activation of muscle satellite (stem) cells (MSCs) and the subsequent proliferation and fusion of differentiating myoblasts into mature myofibers (myogenesis). Natural compounds are being used as therapeutic options to promote SM regeneration during aging, muscle atrophy, sarcopenia, cachexia, or obesity. In particular, ginseng-derived compounds have been utilized in these contexts, though ginsenoside Rg1 is mostly used for SM mass management. These compounds primarily function by activating the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, upregulating myogenin and MyoD to induce muscle hypertrophy, downregulating atrophic factors (atrogin1, muscle ring-finger protein-1, myostatin, and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production), and suppressing the expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in cachexia. Ginsenoside compounds are also used for obesity management, and their anti-obesity effects are attributed to peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) inhibition, AMPK activation, glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) translocation, and increased phosphorylations of insulin resistance (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), and Akt. This review was undertaken to provide an overview of the use of ginseng-related compounds for the management of SM-related disorders.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845323000696/pdfft?md5=570de4f195aa56277df7ee57278a536f&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845323000696-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48823559","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.05.002
Kyung Ho Hwang , Hyun Gi Kim , Kiyoung Jang , Yong Ju Kim
Background
Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) is a perennial plant belonging to the Araliaceae family that is known to have various beneficial effects including improving memory loss and spatial cognitive ability, and anti-cancer and anti-diabetes activity. Its functional benefits also include improving liver function, regulating blood pressure, stress, and providing antioxidant activity. Usually, various agrochemicals are used in cultivating ginseng preventing from many diseases.
Methods
FCGP (field cultivated ginseng in pot) was implemented by imitating MCWG (mountain cultivated wild ginseng). Pesticide analysis of pot cultivation was carried out and the contents of bioactive components such as ginsenoside were also analyzed.
Results
FCGP ginsenoside content was higher than that of FCG (field cultivated ginseng) and MCWG. FCGP has been shown to have a relatively high antioxidant effect compared with cultivated ginseng.
Conclusion
It was confirmed that ginseng can be grown for 6 years without resorting to use of pesticides. In addition, it was confirmed that effective accumulation of physiologically active ingredients such as ginsenoside is possible. Our result represents FCGP is a novel method of pesticide-free ginseng cultivation
{"title":"Novel Cultivation of six-year-old Korean Ginseng (Panax ginseng) in pot: From Non-Agrochemical Management to Increased Ginsenoside","authors":"Kyung Ho Hwang , Hyun Gi Kim , Kiyoung Jang , Yong Ju Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2021.05.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2021.05.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Ginseng (<em>Panax ginseng</em> Meyer) is a perennial plant belonging to the Araliaceae family that is known to have various beneficial effects including improving memory loss and spatial cognitive ability, and anti-cancer and anti-diabetes activity. Its functional benefits also include improving liver function, regulating blood pressure, stress, and providing antioxidant activity. Usually, various agrochemicals are used in cultivating ginseng preventing from many diseases.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>FCGP (field cultivated ginseng in pot) was implemented by imitating MCWG (mountain cultivated wild ginseng). Pesticide analysis of pot cultivation was carried out and the contents of bioactive components such as ginsenoside were also analyzed.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>FCGP ginsenoside content was higher than that of FCG (field cultivated ginseng) and MCWG. FCGP has been shown to have a relatively high antioxidant effect compared with cultivated ginseng.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>It was confirmed that ginseng can be grown for 6 years without resorting to use of pesticides. In addition, it was confirmed that effective accumulation of physiologically active ingredients such as ginsenoside is possible. Our result represents FCGP is a novel method of pesticide-free ginseng cultivation</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1016/j.jgr.2021.05.002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47139238","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.08.003
Min Yeong Lee , Mikyung Kim
Red ginseng (RG) is widely used as a herbal medicine. As the human lifespan has increased, numerous diseases have developed, and RG has also been used to treat various diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases are major problems that modern people face through their lives. Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are featured by progressive nerve system damage. Recently, neuroinflammation has emerged as a degenerative factor and is an immune response in which cytokines with nerve cells that constitute the nervous system. RG, a natural herbal medicine with fewer side effects than chemically synthesized drugs, is currently in the spotlight. Therefore, we reviewed studies reporting the roles of RG in treating neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases and found that RG might help alleviate neurodegenerative diseases by regulating neuroinflammation.
{"title":"Effects of Red ginseng on neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases","authors":"Min Yeong Lee , Mikyung Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.08.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Red ginseng (RG) is widely used as a herbal medicine. As the human lifespan has increased, numerous diseases have developed, and RG has also been used to treat various diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases are major problems that modern people face through their lives. Neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are featured by progressive nerve system damage. Recently, neuroinflammation has emerged as a degenerative factor and is an immune response in which cytokines with nerve cells that constitute the nervous system. RG, a natural herbal medicine with fewer side effects than chemically synthesized drugs, is currently in the spotlight. Therefore, we reviewed studies reporting the roles of RG in treating neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases and found that RG might help alleviate neurodegenerative diseases by regulating neuroinflammation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845323001094/pdfft?md5=7e43f133c3d56719d709a472b48ddbab&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845323001094-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47838020","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.07.002
Ji-Soo Jeong, Jeong-Won Kim, Jin-Hwa Kim, Chang-Yeop Kim, Je-Won Ko, Tae-Won Kim
Background
Skeletal muscle denervation leads to motor neuron degeneration, which in turn reduces muscle fiber volumes. Recent studies have revealed that apoptosis plays a role in regulating denervation-associated pathologic muscle wasting. Korean red ginseng (KRG) has various biological activities and is currently widely consumed as a medicinal product worldwide. Among them, ginseng has protective effects against muscle atrophy in in vivo and in vitro. However, the effects of KRG on denervation-induced muscle damage have not been fully elucidated.
Methods
We induced skeletal muscle atrophy in mice by dissecting the sciatic nerves, administered KRG, and then analyzed the muscles. KRG was administered to the mice once daily for 3 weeks at 100 and 400 mg/kg/day doses after operation.
Results
KRG treatment significantly increased skeletal muscle weight and tibialis anterior (TA) muscle fiber volume in injured areas and reduced histological alterations in TA muscle. In addition, KRG treatment reduced denervation-induced apoptotic changes in TA muscle. KRG attenuated p53/Bax/cytochrome c/Caspase 3 signaling induced by nerve injury in a dose-dependent manner. Also, KRG decreases protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, reducing restorative myogenesis.
Conclusion
Thus, KRG has potential protective role against denervation-induced muscle atrophy. The effect of KRG treatment was accompanied by reduced levels of mitochondria-associated apoptosis.
{"title":"Korean red ginseng suppresses mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy","authors":"Ji-Soo Jeong, Jeong-Won Kim, Jin-Hwa Kim, Chang-Yeop Kim, Je-Won Ko, Tae-Won Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.07.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.07.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Skeletal muscle denervation leads to motor neuron degeneration, which in turn reduces muscle fiber volumes. Recent studies have revealed that apoptosis plays a role in regulating denervation-associated pathologic muscle wasting. Korean red ginseng (KRG) has various biological activities and is currently widely consumed as a medicinal product worldwide. Among them, ginseng has protective effects against muscle atrophy in <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in vitro</em>. However, the effects of KRG on denervation-induced muscle damage have not been fully elucidated.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We induced skeletal muscle atrophy in mice by dissecting the sciatic nerves, administered KRG, and then analyzed the muscles. KRG was administered to the mice once daily for 3 weeks at 100 and 400 mg/kg/day doses after operation.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>KRG treatment significantly increased skeletal muscle weight and tibialis anterior (TA) muscle fiber volume in injured areas and reduced histological alterations in TA muscle. In addition, KRG treatment reduced denervation-induced apoptotic changes in TA muscle. KRG attenuated p53/Bax/cytochrome c/Caspase 3 signaling induced by nerve injury in a dose-dependent manner. Also, KRG decreases protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin pathway, reducing restorative myogenesis.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Thus, KRG has potential protective role against denervation-induced muscle atrophy. The effect of KRG treatment was accompanied by reduced levels of mitochondria-associated apoptosis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845323000763/pdfft?md5=bd6f73d14fb086d622fbfdd595220e31&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845323000763-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43267213","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.08.002
Keontae Park , Ranhee Kim , Kyungnam Cho , Chang Hyeon Kong , Mijin Jeon , Woo Chang Kang , Seo Yun Jung , Dae Sik Jang , Jong Hoon Ryu
Background
Alzheimer's disease (AD) has memory impairment associated with aggregation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Although anti-amyloid β (Aβ) protein antibody and chemical drugs can be prescribed in the clinic, they show adverse effects or low effectiveness. Therefore, the development of a new drug is necessarily needed. We focused on the cognitive function of Panax ginseng and tried to find active ingredient(s). We isolated panaxcerol D, a kind of glycosyl glyceride, from the non-saponin fraction of P. ginseng extract.
Methods
We explored effects of acute or sub-chronic administration of panaxcerol D on cognitive function in scopolamine- or Aβ25-35 peptide-treated mice measured by several behavioral tests. After behavioral tests, we tried to unveil the underlying mechanism of panaxcerol D on its cognitive function by Western blotting.
Results
We found that pananxcerol D reversed short-term, long-term and object recognition memory impairments. The decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) or Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in scopolamine-treated mice was normalized by acute administration of panaxcerol D. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), caspase 3, NF-kB p65, synaptophysin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression levels in Aβ25-35 peptide-treated mice were modulated by sub-chronic administration of panaxcerol D.
Conclusion
Pananxcerol D could improve memory impairments caused by cholinergic blockade or Aβ accumulation through increased phosphorylation level of ERK or its anti-inflammatory effect. Thus, panaxcerol D as one of non-saponin compounds could be used as an active ingredient of P. ginseng for improving cognitive function.
背景阿尔茨海默病(AD)的记忆障碍与大脑中淀粉样蛋白斑块和神经纤维缠结的聚集有关。虽然临床上可以使用抗淀粉样蛋白β(Aβ)抗体药物和化学药物,但这些药物都有不良反应或疗效不佳。因此,新药的开发势在必行。我们关注三七的认知功能,并试图找到其活性成分。我们从人参提取物的非皂甙部分中分离出了一种糖基甘油酯--三七皂苷D。方法我们通过几种行为测试,探讨了急性或亚慢性服用三七皂苷D对东莨菪碱或Aβ25-35肽处理的小鼠认知功能的影响。结果 我们发现,三七醇 D 逆转了小鼠的短期、长期和物体识别记忆障碍。经东莨菪碱处理的小鼠细胞外信号调节激酶(ERK)或Ca2+/钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶II(CaMKII)的减少在急性服用三七醇D后恢复正常。结论 三七酚 D可通过增加ERK的磷酸化水平或其抗炎作用来改善胆碱能阻断或Aβ蓄积引起的记忆损伤。因此,三七皂苷 D 作为一种非皂甙类化合物,可作为人参的有效成分用于改善认知功能。
{"title":"Panaxcerol D from Panax ginseng ameliorates the memory impairment induced by cholinergic blockade or Aβ25–35 peptide in mice","authors":"Keontae Park , Ranhee Kim , Kyungnam Cho , Chang Hyeon Kong , Mijin Jeon , Woo Chang Kang , Seo Yun Jung , Dae Sik Jang , Jong Hoon Ryu","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.08.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Alzheimer's disease (AD) has memory impairment associated with aggregation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. Although anti-amyloid β (Aβ) protein antibody and chemical drugs can be prescribed in the clinic, they show adverse effects or low effectiveness. Therefore, the development of a new drug is necessarily needed. We focused on the cognitive function of <em>Panax ginseng</em> and tried to find active ingredient(s). We isolated panaxcerol D, a kind of glycosyl glyceride, from the non-saponin fraction of <em>P. ginseng</em> extract.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We explored effects of acute or sub-chronic administration of panaxcerol D on cognitive function in scopolamine- or Aβ<sub>25-35</sub> peptide-treated mice measured by several behavioral tests. After behavioral tests, we tried to unveil the underlying mechanism of panaxcerol D on its cognitive function by Western blotting.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We found that pananxcerol D reversed short-term, long-term and object recognition memory impairments. The decreased extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) or Ca<sup>2+</sup>/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in scopolamine-treated mice was normalized by acute administration of panaxcerol D. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), caspase 3, NF-kB p65, synaptophysin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression levels in Aβ<sub>25-35</sub> peptide-treated mice were modulated by sub-chronic administration of panaxcerol D.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Pananxcerol D could improve memory impairments caused by cholinergic blockade or Aβ accumulation through increased phosphorylation level of ERK or its anti-inflammatory effect. Thus, panaxcerol D as one of non-saponin compounds could be used as an active ingredient of <em>P. ginseng</em> for improving cognitive function.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845323001070/pdfft?md5=de09289bf38311577e8b1320bfb6921c&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845323001070-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46830491","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.09.002
Yifan Wang , Hao Wei , Zhen Song , Liqun Jiang , Mi Zhang , Xiao Lu , Wei Li , Yuqing Zhao , Lei Wu , Shuxian Li , Huijuan Shen , Qiang Shu , Yicheng Xie
Background
Lung inflammation occurs in many lung diseases, but has limited effective therapeutics. Ginseng and its derivatives have anti-inflammatory effects, but their unstable physicochemical and metabolic properties hinder their application in the treatment. Panaxadiol (PD) is a stable saponin among ginsenosides. Inhalation administration may solve these issues, and the specific mechanism of action needs to be studied.
Methods
A mouse model of lung inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an in vitro macrophage inflammation model, and a coculture model of epithelial cells and macrophages were used to study the effects and mechanisms of inhalation delivery of PD. Pathology and molecular assessments were used to evaluate efficacy. Transcriptome sequencing was used to screen the mechanism and target. Finally, the efficacy and mechanism were verified in a human BALF cell model.
Results
Inhaled PD reduced LPS-induced lung inflammation in mice in a dose-dependent manner, including inflammatory cell infiltration, lung tissue pathology, and inflammatory factor expression. Meanwhile, the dose of inhalation was much lower than that of intragastric administration under the same therapeutic effect, which may be related to its higher bioavailability and superior pharmacokinetic parameters. Using transcriptome analysis and verification by a coculture model of macrophage and epithelial cells, we found that PD may act by inhibiting TNFA/TNFAR and IL7/IL7R signaling to reduce macrophage inflammatory factor-induced epithelial apoptosis and promote proliferation.
Conclusion
PD inhalation alleviates lung inflammation and pathology by inhibiting TNFA/TNFAR and IL7/IL7R signaling between macrophages and epithelial cells. PD may be a novel drug for the clinical treatment of lung inflammation.
{"title":"Inhalation of panaxadiol alleviates lung inflammation via inhibiting TNFA/TNFAR and IL7/IL7R signaling between macrophages and epithelial cells","authors":"Yifan Wang , Hao Wei , Zhen Song , Liqun Jiang , Mi Zhang , Xiao Lu , Wei Li , Yuqing Zhao , Lei Wu , Shuxian Li , Huijuan Shen , Qiang Shu , Yicheng Xie","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.09.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Lung inflammation occurs in many lung diseases, but has limited effective therapeutics. Ginseng and its derivatives have anti-inflammatory effects, but their unstable physicochemical and metabolic properties hinder their application in the treatment. Panaxadiol (PD) is a stable saponin among ginsenosides. Inhalation administration may solve these issues, and the specific mechanism of action needs to be studied.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>A mouse model of lung inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an in vitro macrophage inflammation model, and a coculture model of epithelial cells and macrophages were used to study the effects and mechanisms of inhalation delivery of PD. Pathology and molecular assessments were used to evaluate efficacy. Transcriptome sequencing was used to screen the mechanism and target. Finally, the efficacy and mechanism were verified in a human BALF cell model.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Inhaled PD reduced LPS-induced lung inflammation in mice in a dose-dependent manner, including inflammatory cell infiltration, lung tissue pathology, and inflammatory factor expression. Meanwhile, the dose of inhalation was much lower than that of intragastric administration under the same therapeutic effect, which may be related to its higher bioavailability and superior pharmacokinetic parameters. Using transcriptome analysis and verification by a coculture model of macrophage and epithelial cells, we found that PD may act by inhibiting TNFA/TNFAR and IL7/IL7R signaling to reduce macrophage inflammatory factor-induced epithelial apoptosis and promote proliferation.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>PD inhalation alleviates lung inflammation and pathology by inhibiting TNFA/TNFAR and IL7/IL7R signaling between macrophages and epithelial cells. PD may be a novel drug for the clinical treatment of lung inflammation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845323001136/pdfft?md5=e370830f9c8bd501572f2b70b485e766&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845323001136-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135428499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-30DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.12.004
Bao Ngoc Nguyen, Soyeon Hong, Sowoon Choi, Choong-Gu Lee, GyHye Yoo, Myungsuk Kim
Background
Osteosarcopenia is a common condition characterized by the loss of both bone and muscle mass, which can lead to an increased risk of fractures and disability in older adults. The study aimed to elucidate the response of various mouse strains to treatment with Rg3, one of the leading ginsenosides, on musculoskeletal traits and immune function, and their correlation.
Methods
Six Collaborative Cross (CC) founder strains induced muscle atrophy and bone loss with dexamethasone (15 mg/kg) treatment for 1 month, and half of the mice for each strain were orally administered Rg3 (20 mg/kg). Different responses were observed depending on genetic background and Rg3 treatment.
Results
Rg3 significantly increased grip strength, running performance, and expression of muscle and bone health-related genes in a two-way analysis of variance considering the genetic backgrounds and Rg3 treatment. Significant improvements in grip strength, running performance, bone area, and muscle mass, and the increased gene expression were observed in specific strains of PWK/PhJ. For traits related to muscle, bone, and immune functions, significant correlations between traits were confirmed following Rg3 administration compared with control mice. The phenotyping analysis was compiled into a public web resource called Rg3-OsteoSarco.
Conclusion
This highlights the complex interplay between genetic determinants, pathogenesis of muscle atrophy and bone loss, and phytochemical bioactivity and the need to move away from single inbred mouse models to improve their translatability to genetically diverse humans. Rg3-OsteoSarco highlights the use of CC founder strains as a valuable tool in the field of personalized nutrition.
{"title":"Dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy and bone loss in six genetically diverse collaborative cross founder strains demonstrates phenotypic variability by Rg3 treatment","authors":"Bao Ngoc Nguyen, Soyeon Hong, Sowoon Choi, Choong-Gu Lee, GyHye Yoo, Myungsuk Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.12.004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2023.12.004","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Background</h3><p>Osteosarcopenia is a common condition characterized by the loss of both bone and muscle mass, which can lead to an increased risk of fractures and disability in older adults. The study aimed to elucidate the response of various mouse strains to treatment with Rg3, one of the leading ginsenosides, on musculoskeletal traits and immune function, and their correlation.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Six Collaborative Cross (CC) founder strains induced muscle atrophy and bone loss with dexamethasone (15 mg/kg) treatment for 1 month, and half of the mice for each strain were orally administered Rg3 (20 mg/kg). Different responses were observed depending on genetic background and Rg3 treatment.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Rg3 significantly increased grip strength, running performance, and expression of muscle and bone health-related genes in a two-way analysis of variance considering the genetic backgrounds and Rg3 treatment. Significant improvements in grip strength, running performance, bone area, and muscle mass, and the increased gene expression were observed in specific strains of PWK/PhJ. For traits related to muscle, bone, and immune functions, significant correlations between traits were confirmed following Rg3 administration compared with control mice. The phenotyping analysis was compiled into a public web resource called Rg3-OsteoSarco.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>This highlights the complex interplay between genetic determinants, pathogenesis of muscle atrophy and bone loss, and phytochemical bioactivity and the need to move away from single inbred mouse models to improve their translatability to genetically diverse humans. Rg3-OsteoSarco highlights the use of CC founder strains as a valuable tool in the field of personalized nutrition.</p>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139066753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2(GRh2), an effective natural histone deacetylase inhibitor, can inhibit acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell proliferation. Lactate regulated histone lactylation, which has different temporal dynamics from acetylation. However, whether the high level of lactylation modification that we first detected in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is associated with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) resistance has not been reported. Furthermore, Whether GRh2 can regulate lactylation modification in ATRA-resistant APL remains unknown.
Methods
Lactylation and METTL3 expression levels in ATRA-sensitive and ATRA-resistant APL cells were detected by Western blot analysis, qRT-PCR and CO-IP. Flow cytometry (FCM) and APL xenograft mouse models were used to determine the effect of METTL3 and GRh2 on ATRA-resistance.
Results
Histone lactylation and METTL3 expression levels were considerably upregulated in ATRA-resistant APL cells. METTL3 was regulated by histone lactylation and direct lactylation modification. Overexpression of METTL3 promoted ATRA-resistance. GRh2 ameliorated ATRA-resistance by downregulated lactylation level and directly inhibiting METTL3.
Conclusions
This study suggests that lactylation-modified METTL3 could provide a promising strategy for ameliorating ATRA-resistance in APL, and GRh2 could act as a potential lactylation-modified METTL3 inhibitor to ameliorate ATRA-resistance in APL.
{"title":"20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 ameliorates ATRA resistance in APL by modulating lactylation-driven METTL3","authors":"Siyu Cheng, Langqun Chen, Jiahui Ying, Ying Wang, Wenjuan Jiang, Qi Zhang, Hong Zhang, Jiahe Wang, Chen Wang, Huimin Wu, Liang Zhang, Jing Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.12.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2023.12.003","url":null,"abstract":"<h3>Background</h3><p>20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2(GRh2), an effective natural histone deacetylase inhibitor, can inhibit acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell proliferation. Lactate regulated histone lactylation, which has different temporal dynamics from acetylation. However, whether the high level of lactylation modification that we first detected in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is associated with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) resistance has not been reported. Furthermore, Whether GRh2 can regulate lactylation modification in ATRA-resistant APL remains unknown.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Lactylation and METTL3 expression levels in ATRA-sensitive and ATRA-resistant APL cells were detected by Western blot analysis, qRT-PCR and CO-IP. Flow cytometry (FCM) and APL xenograft mouse models were used to determine the effect of METTL3 and GRh2 on ATRA-resistance.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Histone lactylation and METTL3 expression levels were considerably upregulated in ATRA-resistant APL cells. METTL3 was regulated by histone lactylation and direct lactylation modification. Overexpression of METTL3 promoted ATRA-resistance. GRh2 ameliorated ATRA-resistance by downregulated lactylation level and directly inhibiting METTL3.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This study suggests that lactylation-modified METTL3 could provide a promising strategy for ameliorating ATRA-resistance in APL, and GRh2 could act as a potential lactylation-modified METTL3 inhibitor to ameliorate ATRA-resistance in APL.</p>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139066629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum) is the primary pathogenic fungus that causes Panax notoginseng (P. notoginseng) root rot disease. To control the disease, safe and efficient antifungal pesticides must currently be developed.
Methods
In this study, we prepared and characterized a nanoemulsion of Foeniculum vulgare essential oil (Ne-FvEO) using ultrasonic technology and evaluated its stability. Traditional Foeniculum vulgare essential oil (T-FvEO) was prepared simultaneously with 1/1000 Tween-80 and 20/1000 dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The effects and inhibitory mechanism of Ne-FvEO and T-FvEO in F. oxysporum were investigated through combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses.
Results
Results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Ne-FvEO decreased from 3.65 mg/mL to 0.35 mg/mL, and its bioavailability increased by 10-fold. The results of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) showed that T-FvEO did not contain a high content of estragole compared to Foeniculum vulgare essential oil (FvEO) and Ne-FvEO. Combined metabolome and transcriptome analysis showed that both emulsions inhibited the growth and development of F. oxysporum through the synthesis of the cell wall and cell membrane, energy metabolism, and genetic information of F. oxysporum mycelium. Ne-FvEO also inhibited the expression of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase and reduced the content of 2-oxoglutarate, which inhibited the germination of spores.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that Ne-FvEO effectively inhibited the growth of F. oxysporum in P. notoginseng in vivo. The findings contribute to our comprehension of the antifungal mechanism of essential oils (EOs) and lay the groundwork for the creation of plant-derived antifungal medicines.
{"title":"Foeniculum vulgare essential oil nanoemulsion inhibits Fusarium oxysporum causing Panax notoginseng root-rot disease","authors":"Hongyan Nie, Hongxin Liao, Jinrui Wen, Cuiqiong Ling, Liyan Zhang, Furong Xu, Xian Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.12.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.12.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p><em>Fusarium oxysporum</em> (<em>F. oxysporum</em>) is the primary pathogenic fungus that causes <em>Panax notoginseng</em> (<em>P. notoginseng</em>) root rot disease. To control the disease, safe and efficient antifungal pesticides must currently be developed.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>In this study, we prepared and characterized a nanoemulsion of <em>Foeniculum vulgare</em> essential oil (Ne-FvEO) using ultrasonic technology and evaluated its stability. Traditional <em>Foeniculum vulgare</em> essential oil (T-FvEO) was prepared simultaneously with 1/1000 Tween-80 and 20/1000 dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The effects and inhibitory mechanism of Ne-FvEO and T-FvEO in <em>F. oxysporum</em> were investigated through combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Ne-FvEO decreased from 3.65 mg/mL to 0.35 mg/mL, and its bioavailability increased by 10-fold. The results of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) showed that T-FvEO did not contain a high content of estragole compared to <em>Foeniculum vulgare</em> essential oil (FvEO) and Ne-FvEO. Combined metabolome and transcriptome analysis showed that both emulsions inhibited the growth and development of <em>F. oxysporum</em> through the synthesis of the cell wall and cell membrane, energy metabolism, and genetic information of <em>F. oxysporum</em> mycelium. Ne-FvEO also inhibited the expression of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase and reduced the content of 2-oxoglutarate, which inhibited the germination of spores.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Our findings suggest that Ne-FvEO effectively inhibited the growth of <em>F. oxysporum</em> in <em>P. notoginseng</em> in vivo. The findings contribute to our comprehension of the antifungal mechanism of essential oils (EOs) and lay the groundwork for the creation of plant-derived antifungal medicines.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845323001835/pdfft?md5=1e8c6baf1449d2b3126c400b78176e3e&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845323001835-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139030189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.12.001
BaiCheng Chen, Ajay Vijayakumar, Chul Park, Ulsoo Choi, Seung-Yeol Nah, Jong-Hoon Kim
The objective of the study is to estimate the potential of gintonin, as an immune enhancing agent through natural killer cell (NK cell) activity in cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced immunosuppressive animals. Accumulated results reveals that, gintonin attenuated CY-induced immunosuppression and it might modulate NK cell activity to boost the immunity.
这项研究的目的是通过环磷酰胺(CY)诱导的免疫抑制动物中自然杀伤细胞(NK细胞)的活性,来评估金藤素作为一种免疫增强剂的潜力。研究结果表明,金藤素可减轻环磷酰胺诱导的免疫抑制,并可调节 NK 细胞的活性,从而增强免疫力。
{"title":"Gintonin upregulates cytokine production and expression of NKp30, NKp44 and NKp44 related to natural killer cell activity on immunosuppressive rat","authors":"BaiCheng Chen, Ajay Vijayakumar, Chul Park, Ulsoo Choi, Seung-Yeol Nah, Jong-Hoon Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.12.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2023.12.001","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The objective of the study is to estimate the potential of gintonin, as an immune enhancing agent through natural killer cell (NK cell) activity in cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced immunosuppressive animals. Accumulated results reveals that, gintonin attenuated CY-induced immunosuppression and it might modulate NK cell activity to boost the immunity.</p>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138572245","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}