Pub Date : 2023-12-06DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.11.007
Yi Zheng , Yunlong Si , Xuejiao Xu , Hongming Gu , Zhen He , Zihan Zhao , Zhangkai Feng , Jiyong Su , Kevin H. Mayo , Yifa Zhou , Guihua Tai
Background
Panax ginseng Meyer polysaccharides exhibit various biological functions, like antagonizing galectin-3-mediated cell adhesion and migration. Galectin-8 (Gal-8), with its linker-joined N- and C-terminal carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs), is also crucial to these biological processes, and thus plays a role in various pathological disorders. Yet the effect of ginseng-derived polysaccharides in modulating Gal-8 function has remained unclear.
Methods
P. ginseng-derived pectin was chromatographically isolated and enzymatically digested to obtain a series of polysaccharides. Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) quantified their binding affinity to Gal-8, and their inhibitory effects on Gal-8 was assessed by hemagglutination, cell migration and T-cell apoptosis.
Results
Our ginseng-derived pectin polysaccharides consist mostly of rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) and homogalacturonan (HG). BLI shows that Gal-8 binding rests primarily in RG-I and its β-1,4-galactan side chains, with sub-micromolar KD values. Both N- and C-terminal Gal-8 CRDs bind RG-I, with binding correlated with Gal-8-mediated function.
Conclusion
P. ginseng RG-I pectin β-1,4-galactan side chains are crucial to binding Gal-8 and antagonizing its function. This study enhances our understanding of galectin-sugar interactions, information that may be used in the development of pharmaceutical agents targeting Gal-8.
人参多糖具有多种生物学功能,如拮抗半乳糖凝集素-3介导的细胞粘附和迁移。半乳糖凝集素-8 (Gal-8)及其连接体连接的N端和c端碳水化合物识别结构域(CRDs)对这些生物过程也至关重要,因此在各种病理疾病中发挥作用。然而,人参多糖在调节Gal-8功能中的作用尚不清楚。采用色谱分离和酶解得到一系列的人参源性果胶。生物层干涉法(BLI)量化了它们与Gal-8的结合亲和力,并通过血凝、细胞迁移和t细胞凋亡来评估它们对Gal-8的抑制作用。结果人参源性果胶多糖主要由鼠李糖半乳葡聚糖- i (RG-I)和均半乳葡聚糖(HG)组成。BLI显示Gal-8的结合主要在RG-I及其β-1,4-半乳糖侧链上,KD值为亚微摩尔。N端和c端Gal-8 CRDs均与RG-I结合,其结合与Gal-8介导的功能相关。人参RG-I果胶β-1,4-半乳聚糖侧链是结合Gal-8和拮抗其功能的关键。这项研究增强了我们对半乳糖凝集素-糖相互作用的理解,这些信息可能用于开发靶向Gal-8的药物。
{"title":"Ginseng-derived type I rhamnogalacturonan polysaccharide binds to galectin-8 and antagonizes its function","authors":"Yi Zheng , Yunlong Si , Xuejiao Xu , Hongming Gu , Zhen He , Zihan Zhao , Zhangkai Feng , Jiyong Su , Kevin H. Mayo , Yifa Zhou , Guihua Tai","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.11.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.11.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p><em>Panax ginseng</em> Meyer polysaccharides exhibit various biological functions, like antagonizing galectin-3-mediated cell adhesion and migration. Galectin-8 (Gal-8), with its linker-joined <em>N</em>- and <em>C</em>-terminal carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs), is also crucial to these biological processes, and thus plays a role in various pathological disorders. Yet the effect of ginseng-derived polysaccharides in modulating Gal-8 function has remained unclear.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>P. ginseng-derived pectin was chromatographically isolated and enzymatically digested to obtain a series of polysaccharides. Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) quantified their binding affinity to Gal-8, and their inhibitory effects on Gal-8 was assessed by hemagglutination, cell migration and T-cell apoptosis.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Our ginseng-derived pectin polysaccharides consist mostly of rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) and homogalacturonan (HG). BLI shows that Gal-8 binding rests primarily in RG-I and its β-1,4-galactan side chains, with sub-micromolar K<sub>D</sub> values. Both <em>N</em>- and <em>C</em>-terminal Gal-8 CRDs bind RG-I, with binding correlated with Gal-8-mediated function.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>P. ginseng RG-I pectin β-1,4-galactan side chains are crucial to binding Gal-8 and antagonizing its function. This study enhances our understanding of galectin-sugar interactions, information that may be used in the development of pharmaceutical agents targeting Gal-8.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845323001628/pdfft?md5=31e062301051f39999edf4c66358e9d8&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845323001628-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138515395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-06DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.11.005
Jing Zhao , Zhandi Wang , Rong Jiao , Qionglian Wan , Lianchun Wang , Liangxing Li , Yali Yang , Shahzad Munir
Background
Plant health is directly related to the change in native microbial diversity and changes in soil health have been implicated as one of the main cause of root rot. However, scarce information is present regarding allelopathic relationship of Panax notoginseng root exudates and pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum in a continuous cropping system.
Methods
We analyzed P. notoginseng root exudate in the planting soil for three successive years to determine phenolic acid concentration using GC-MS and HPLC followed by effect on the microbial community assembly. Antioxidant enzymes were checked in the roots to confirm possible resistance in P. notoginseng.
Results
Total 29 allelochemicals in the planting soil extract was found with highest concentration (10.54 %) of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. The HPLC showing a year-by-year decrease in p-hydroxybenzoic acid content in soil of different planting years, and an increase in population of F. oxysporum. Moreover, community analysis displayed negative correlation with 2.22 mmol. L−1 of p-hydroxybenzoic acid correspond to an 18.1 % population of F. oxysporum. Furthermore, in vitro plate assay indicates that medium dose of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (2.5–5 mmol. L−1) can stimulate the growth of F. oxysporum colonies and the production of macroconidia, as well as cell wall-degrading enzymes. We found that 2–3 mmol. L−1 of p-hydroxybenzoic acid significantly increased the population of F. oxysporum.
Conclusion
In conclusion, our study suggested that p-hydroxybenzoic acid have negative effect on the root system and modified the rhizosphere microbiome so that the host plant became more susceptible to root rot disease.
{"title":"P-hydroxybenzoic acid positively affect the Fusarium oxysporum to stimulate root rot in Panax notoginseng","authors":"Jing Zhao , Zhandi Wang , Rong Jiao , Qionglian Wan , Lianchun Wang , Liangxing Li , Yali Yang , Shahzad Munir","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.11.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.11.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Plant health is directly related to the change in native microbial diversity and changes in soil health have been implicated as one of the main cause of root rot. However, scarce information is present regarding allelopathic relationship of <em>Panax notoginseng</em> root exudates and pathogenic fungi <em>Fusarium oxysporum</em> in a continuous cropping system.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We analyzed <em>P. notoginseng</em> root exudate in the planting soil for three successive years to determine phenolic acid concentration using GC-MS and HPLC followed by effect on the microbial community assembly. Antioxidant enzymes were checked in the roots to confirm possible resistance in <em>P. notoginseng</em>.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Total 29 allelochemicals in the planting soil extract was found with highest concentration (10.54 %) of <em>p</em>-hydroxybenzoic acid. The HPLC showing a year-by-year decrease in <em>p</em>-hydroxybenzoic acid content in soil of different planting years, and an increase in population of <em>F. oxysporum</em>. Moreover, community analysis displayed negative correlation with 2.22 mmol. L<sup>−1</sup> of <em>p</em>-hydroxybenzoic acid correspond to an 18.1 % population of <em>F. oxysporum</em>. Furthermore, <em>in vitro</em> plate assay indicates that medium dose of <em>p</em>-hydroxybenzoic acid (2.5–5 mmol. L<sup>−1</sup>) can stimulate the growth of <em>F. oxysporum</em> colonies and the production of macroconidia, as well as cell wall-degrading enzymes. We found that 2–3 mmol. L<sup>−1</sup> of <em>p</em>-hydroxybenzoic acid significantly increased the population of <em>F. oxysporum</em>.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>In conclusion, our study suggested that <em>p</em>-hydroxybenzoic acid have negative effect on the root system and modified the rhizosphere microbiome so that the host plant became more susceptible to root rot disease.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845323001604/pdfft?md5=40863d9490f606becd93fdf903865631&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845323001604-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138515424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-03DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.11.006
Ziyu Song , Meng Jin , Shenglong Wang , Yanzuo Wu , Qi Huang , Wangda Xu , Yongsheng Fan , Fengyuan Tian
Background
Deposition of immune complexes drives podocyte injury acting in the initial phase of lupus nephritis (LN), a process mediated by B cell involvement. Accordingly, targeting B cell subsets represents a potential therapeutic approach for LN. Ginsenoside compound K (CK), a bioavailable component of ginseng, possesses nephritis benefits in lupus-prone mice; however, the underlying mechanisms involving B cell subpopulations remain elusive.
Methods
Female MRL/lpr mice were administered CK (40 mg/kg) intragastrically for 10 weeks, followed by measurements of anti-dsDNA antibodies, inflammatory chemokines, and metabolite profiles on renal samples. Podocyte function and ultrastructure were detected. Publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing data and flow cytometry analysis were employed to investigate B cell subpopulations. Metabolomics analysis was adopted. SIRT1 and AMPK expression were analyzed by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence assays.
Results
CK reduced proteinuria and protected podocyte ultrastructure in MRL/lpr mice by suppressing circulating anti-dsDNA antibodies and mitigating systemic inflammation. It activated B cell-specific SIRT1 and AMPK with Rhamnose accumulation, hindering the conversion of renal B cells into plasma cells. This cascade facilitated the resolution of local renal inflammation. CK facilitated the clearance of deposited immune complexes, thus reinstating podocyte morphology and mobility by normalizing the expression of nephrin and SYNPO.
Conclusions
Our study reveals the synergistic interplay between SIRT1 and AMPK, orchestrating the restoration of renal B cell subsets. This process effectively mitigates immune complex deposition and preserves podocyte function. Accordingly, CK emerges as a promising therapeutic agent, potentially alleviating the hyperactivity of renal B cell subsets during LN.
{"title":"Reciprocal regulation of SIRT1 and AMPK by Ginsenoside compound K impedes the conversion from plasma cells to mitigate for podocyte injury in MRL/lpr mice in a B cell-specific manner","authors":"Ziyu Song , Meng Jin , Shenglong Wang , Yanzuo Wu , Qi Huang , Wangda Xu , Yongsheng Fan , Fengyuan Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.11.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.11.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Deposition of immune complexes drives podocyte injury acting in the initial phase of lupus nephritis (LN), a process mediated by B cell involvement. Accordingly, targeting B cell subsets represents a potential therapeutic approach for LN. Ginsenoside compound K (CK), a bioavailable component of ginseng, possesses nephritis benefits in lupus-prone mice; however, the underlying mechanisms involving B cell subpopulations remain elusive.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Female MRL/<em>lpr</em> mice were administered CK (40 mg/kg) intragastrically for 10 weeks, followed by measurements of anti-dsDNA antibodies, inflammatory chemokines, and metabolite profiles on renal samples. Podocyte function and ultrastructure were detected. Publicly available single-cell RNA sequencing data and flow cytometry analysis were employed to investigate B cell subpopulations. Metabolomics analysis was adopted. SIRT1 and AMPK expression were analyzed by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence assays.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>CK reduced proteinuria and protected podocyte ultrastructure in MRL/<em>lpr</em> mice by suppressing circulating anti-dsDNA antibodies and mitigating systemic inflammation. It activated B cell-specific SIRT1 and AMPK with Rhamnose accumulation, hindering the conversion of renal B cells into plasma cells. This cascade facilitated the resolution of local renal inflammation. CK facilitated the clearance of deposited immune complexes, thus reinstating podocyte morphology and mobility by normalizing the expression of nephrin and SYNPO.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Our study reveals the synergistic interplay between SIRT1 and AMPK, orchestrating the restoration of renal B cell subsets. This process effectively mitigates immune complex deposition and preserves podocyte function. Accordingly, CK emerges as a promising therapeutic agent, potentially alleviating the hyperactivity of renal B cell subsets during LN.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2023-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845323001616/pdfft?md5=fb5a8168a7f0e7a18108f040467cea70&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845323001616-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138515469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-15DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.11.004
Wenhong Wang , Ke Li , Weihua Xiao
Liver diseases are a significant global health burden and are among the most common diseases. Ginssennoside Rg3 (Rg3), which is one of the most abundant ginsenosides, has been found to have significant preventive and therapeutic effects against various types of diseases with minimal side effects. Numerous studies have demonstrated the significant preventive and therapeutic effects of Rg3 on various liver diseases such as viral hepatitis, acute liver injury, nonalcoholic liver diseases (NAFLD), liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The underlying molecular mechanism behind these effects is attributed to apoptosis, autophagy, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities, and the regulation of multiple signaling pathways. This review provides a comprehensive description of the potential molecular mechanisms of Rg3 in the development of liver diseases. The article focuses on the regulation of apoptosis, oxidative stress, autophagy, inflammation, and other related factors. Additionally, the review discusses combination therapy and liver targeting strategy, which can accelerate the translation of Rg3 from bench to bedside. Overall, this article serves as a valuable reference for researchers and clinicians alike.
{"title":"The pharmacological role of Ginsenoside Rg3 in liver diseases: A review on molecular mechanisms","authors":"Wenhong Wang , Ke Li , Weihua Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.11.004","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.11.004","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Liver diseases are a significant global health burden and are among the most common diseases. Ginssennoside Rg3 (Rg3), which is one of the most abundant ginsenosides, has been found to have significant preventive and therapeutic effects against various types of diseases with minimal side effects. Numerous studies have demonstrated the significant preventive and therapeutic effects of Rg3 on various liver diseases such as viral hepatitis, acute liver injury, nonalcoholic liver diseases (NAFLD), liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The underlying molecular mechanism behind these effects is attributed to apoptosis, autophagy, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities, and the regulation of multiple signaling pathways. This review provides a comprehensive description of the potential molecular mechanisms of Rg3 in the development of liver diseases. The article focuses on the regulation of apoptosis, oxidative stress, autophagy, inflammation, and other related factors. Additionally, the review discusses combination therapy and liver targeting strategy, which can accelerate the translation of Rg3 from bench to bedside. Overall, this article serves as a valuable reference for researchers and clinicians alike.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845323001513/pdfft?md5=7e4925d8c6a2adddf823837a1d979060&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845323001513-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138515390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.11.003
Young-Su Yi
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease characterized by hepatic fat accumulation, while nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an advanced form of NAFLD characterized by hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, and liver injury, resulting in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Given the evidence that ginseng and its major bioactive components, ginsenosides, have potent anti-adipogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-fibrogenic effects, the pharmacological effect of ginseng and ginsenosides on NAFLD and NASH is noteworthy. Furthermore, numerous studies have successfully demonstrated the protective effect of ginseng on these diseases, as well as the underlying mechanisms in animal disease models and cells, such as hepatocytes and macrophages. This review discusses recent studies that explore the pharmacological roles of ginseng and ginsenosides in NAFLD and NASH and highlights their potential as agents to prevent and treat NAFLD, NASH, and liver diseases caused by hepatic steatosis and inflammation.
{"title":"Pharmacological potential of ginseng and ginsenosides in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","authors":"Young-Su Yi","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.11.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.11.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease characterized by hepatic fat accumulation, while nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an advanced form of NAFLD characterized by hepatic inflammation, fibrosis, and liver injury, resulting in liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Given the evidence that ginseng and its major bioactive components, ginsenosides, have potent anti-adipogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-fibrogenic effects, the pharmacological effect of ginseng and ginsenosides on NAFLD and NASH is noteworthy. Furthermore, numerous studies have successfully demonstrated the protective effect of ginseng on these diseases, as well as the underlying mechanisms in animal disease models and cells, such as hepatocytes and macrophages. This review discusses recent studies that explore the pharmacological roles of ginseng and ginsenosides in NAFLD and NASH and highlights their potential as agents to prevent and treat NAFLD, NASH, and liver diseases caused by hepatic steatosis and inflammation.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845323001501/pdfft?md5=60fcc460ce199dcd600dd51fd3c2a528&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845323001501-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135764011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-10DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.11.002
Kyoung Rok Geem , Yookyung Lim , Jeongeui Hong , Wonsil Bae , Jinsu Lee , Soeun Han , Jinsu Gil , Hyunwoo Cho , Hojin Ryu
Background
Panax ginseng, one of the valuable perennial medicinal plants, stores numerous pharmacological substrates in its storage roots. Given its perennial growth habit, organ regeneration occurs each year, and cambium stem cell activity is necessary for secondary growth and storage root formation. Cytokinin (CK) is a phytohormone involved in the maintenance of meristematic cells for the development of storage organs; however, its physiological role in storage-root secondary growth remains unknown.
Methods
Exogenous CK was repeatedly applied to P. ginseng, and morphological and histological changes were observed. RNA-seq analysis was used to elucidate the transcriptional network of CK that regulates P. ginseng growth and development. The HISTIDINE KINASE 3 (PgHK3) and RESPONSE REGULATOR 2 (PgRR2) genes were cloned in P. ginseng and functionally analyzed in Arabidopsis as a two-component system involved in CK signaling.
Results
Phenotypic and histological analyses showed that CK increased cambium activity and dormant axillary bud formation in P. ginseng, thus promoting storage-root secondary growth and bud formation. The evolutionarily conserved two-component signaling pathways in P. ginseng were sufficient to restore CK signaling in the Arabidopsis ahk2/3 double mutant and rescue its growth defects. Finally, RNA-seq analysis of CK-treated P. ginseng roots revealed that plant-type cell wall biogenesis-related genes are tightly connected with mitotic cell division, cytokinesis, and auxin signaling to regulate CK-mediated P. ginseng development.
Conclusion
Overall, we identified the CK signaling-related two-component systems and their physiological role in P. ginseng. This scientific information has the potential to significantly improve the field-cultivation and biotechnology-based breeding of ginseng.
背景人参是珍贵的多年生药用植物之一,其贮藏根中贮藏着大量药用底物。鉴于其多年生的生长习性,器官再生每年都会发生,而骨膜干细胞的活性是二次生长和贮藏根形成所必需的。细胞分裂素(CK)是一种植物激素,参与维持分生组织细胞以促进贮藏器官的发育;然而,它在贮藏根次生生长中的生理作用仍然未知。利用 RNA-seq 分析阐明了 CK 调控人参生长发育的转录网络。结果表型和组织学分析表明,CK 增加了人参的骨架活性和休眠腋芽的形成,从而促进了贮藏根的次生生长和芽的形成。人参中进化保守的双组分信号通路足以恢复拟南芥ahk2/3双突变体的CK信号,并挽救其生长缺陷。最后,对CK处理的人参根进行的RNA-seq分析表明,植物型细胞壁生物发生相关基因与有丝分裂、细胞分裂和辅酶信号紧密相连,调控CK介导的人参发育。总之,我们发现了 CK 信号相关的双组分系统及其在人参中的生理作用,这些科学信息有望显著改善人参的田间栽培和基于生物技术的育种。
{"title":"Cytokinin signaling promotes root secondary growth and bud formation in Panax ginseng","authors":"Kyoung Rok Geem , Yookyung Lim , Jeongeui Hong , Wonsil Bae , Jinsu Lee , Soeun Han , Jinsu Gil , Hyunwoo Cho , Hojin Ryu","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.11.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.11.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p><em>Panax ginseng</em>, one of the valuable perennial medicinal plants, stores numerous pharmacological substrates in its storage roots. Given its perennial growth habit, organ regeneration occurs each year, and cambium stem cell activity is necessary for secondary growth and storage root formation. Cytokinin (CK) is a phytohormone involved in the maintenance of meristematic cells for the development of storage organs; however, its physiological role in storage-root secondary growth remains unknown.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Exogenous CK was repeatedly applied to <em>P. ginseng</em>, and morphological and histological changes were observed. RNA-seq analysis was used to elucidate the transcriptional network of CK that regulates <em>P. ginseng</em> growth and development. The <em>HISTIDINE KINASE 3</em> (<em>PgHK3</em>) and <em>RESPONSE REGULATOR 2</em> (<em>PgRR2</em>) genes were cloned in <em>P. ginseng</em> and functionally analyzed in <em>Arabidopsis</em> as a two-component system involved in CK signaling.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>Phenotypic and histological analyses showed that CK increased cambium activity and dormant axillary bud formation in P. ginseng, thus promoting storage-root secondary growth and bud formation. The evolutionarily conserved two-component signaling pathways in <em>P. ginseng</em> were sufficient to restore CK signaling in the <em>Arabidopsis ahk2/3</em> double mutant and rescue its growth defects. Finally, RNA-seq analysis of CK-treated <em>P. ginseng</em> roots revealed that plant-type cell wall biogenesis-related genes are tightly connected with mitotic cell division, cytokinesis, and auxin signaling to regulate CK-mediated <em>P. ginseng</em> development.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Overall, we identified the CK signaling-related two-component systems and their physiological role in <em>P. ginseng</em>. This scientific information has the potential to significantly improve the field-cultivation and biotechnology-based breeding of ginseng.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845323001495/pdfft?md5=1e1c1f95cbb9c8d1a6b5435ff343ff0c&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845323001495-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135566800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-07DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.11.001
Jeong-Won Kim, Jin-Hwa Kim, Chang-Yeop Kim, Ji-Soo Jeong, Je-Won Ko, Tae-Won Kim
Background
Cigarette smoke is generally accepted as a major contributor to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is characterized by emphysematous lesions. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) against cigarette smoke condensate (CSC)-induced emphysema.
Methods
Mice were instilled with 50 mg/kg of CSC intranasally once a week for 4 weeks, KRG was administered to the mice once daily for 4 weeks at doses of 100 or 300 mg/kg, and dexamethasone (DEX, positive control) was administered to the mice once daily for 2 weeks at 3 mg/kg.
Results
KRG markedly decreased the macrophage population in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and reduced emphysematous lesions in the lung tissues. KRG suppressed CSC-induced apoptosis as revealed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling staining and Caspase 3 immunohistochemistry. Additionally, KRG effectively inhibited CSC-mediated activation of Bcl-2-associated X protein/Caspase 3 signaling, followed by the induction of cell survival signaling, including vascular endothelial growth factor/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B in vivo and in vitro. The DEX group also showed similar improved results in vivo and in vitro.
Conclusion
Taken together, KRG effectively inhibits macrophage-mediated emphysema induced by CSC exposure, possibly via the suppression of pro-apoptotic signaling, which results in cell survival pathway activation. These findings suggest that KRG has therapeutic potential for the prevention of emphysema in COPD patients.
{"title":"Korean Red Ginseng suppresses emphysematous lesions induced by cigarette smoke condensate through inhibition of macrophage-driven apoptosis pathways","authors":"Jeong-Won Kim, Jin-Hwa Kim, Chang-Yeop Kim, Ji-Soo Jeong, Je-Won Ko, Tae-Won Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.11.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.11.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Cigarette smoke is generally accepted as a major contributor to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is characterized by emphysematous lesions. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) against cigarette smoke condensate (CSC)-induced emphysema.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>Mice were instilled with 50 mg/kg of CSC intranasally once a week for 4 weeks, KRG was administered to the mice once daily for 4 weeks at doses of 100 or 300 mg/kg, and dexamethasone (DEX, positive control) was administered to the mice once daily for 2 weeks at 3 mg/kg.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>KRG markedly decreased the macrophage population in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and reduced emphysematous lesions in the lung tissues. KRG suppressed CSC-induced apoptosis as revealed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling staining and Caspase 3 immunohistochemistry. Additionally, KRG effectively inhibited CSC-mediated activation of Bcl-2-associated X protein/Caspase 3 signaling, followed by the induction of cell survival signaling, including vascular endothelial growth factor/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in vitro</em>. The DEX group also showed similar improved results <em>in vivo</em> and <em>in vitro</em>.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Taken together, KRG effectively inhibits macrophage-mediated emphysema induced by CSC exposure, possibly via the suppression of pro-apoptotic signaling, which results in cell survival pathway activation. These findings suggest that KRG has therapeutic potential for the prevention of emphysema in COPD patients.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845323001483/pdfft?md5=87abf3d4bfd376283d7f1fbaac104bbd&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845323001483-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135510437","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-02DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.10.002
Ajay Vijayakumar, Jong-Hoon Kim
Since its outbreak in late 2019, the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has profoundly caused global morbidity and deaths. The COVID-19 pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has major complications in cardiovascular and pulmonary system. The increased rate of mortality is due to delayed detection of certain biomarkers that are crucial in the development of disease. Furthermore, certain proteins and enzymes in cellular signaling pathways play an important role in replication of SARS-CoV-2. Most cases are mild to moderate symptoms, however severe cases of COVID-19 leads to death. Detecting the level of biomarkers such as C-reactive protein, cardiac troponin, creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB, procalcitonin and Matrix metalloproteinases helps in early detection of the severity of disease. Similarly, through downregulating Renin-angiotensin system, interleukin, Mitogen-activated protein kinases and Phosphoinositide 3-kinases pathways, COVID-19 can be effectively controlled and mortality could be prevented. Ginseng and ginsenosides possess therapeutic potential in cardiac and pulmonary complications, there are several studies performed in which they have suppressed these biomarkers and downregulated the pathways, thereby inhibiting the further spread of disease. Supplementation with ginseng or ginsenoside could act on multiple pathways to reduce the level of biomarkers significantly and alleviate cardiac and pulmonary damage. Therefore, this review summarizes the potential of ginseng extract and ginsenosides in controlling the cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases by COVID-19.
{"title":"Ginseng and ginsenosides on cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases; Pharmacological potentials for the coronavirus (COVID-19)","authors":"Ajay Vijayakumar, Jong-Hoon Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.10.002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.10.002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Since its outbreak in late 2019, the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has profoundly caused global morbidity and deaths. The COVID-19 pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has major complications in cardiovascular and pulmonary system. The increased rate of mortality is due to delayed detection of certain biomarkers that are crucial in the development of disease. Furthermore, certain proteins and enzymes in cellular signaling pathways play an important role in replication of SARS-CoV-2. Most cases are mild to moderate symptoms, however severe cases of COVID-19 leads to death. Detecting the level of biomarkers such as C-reactive protein, cardiac troponin, creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB, procalcitonin and Matrix metalloproteinases helps in early detection of the severity of disease. Similarly, through downregulating Renin-angiotensin system, interleukin, Mitogen-activated protein kinases and Phosphoinositide 3-kinases pathways, COVID-19 can be effectively controlled and mortality could be prevented. Ginseng and ginsenosides possess therapeutic potential in cardiac and pulmonary complications, there are several studies performed in which they have suppressed these biomarkers and downregulated the pathways, thereby inhibiting the further spread of disease. Supplementation with ginseng or ginsenoside could act on multiple pathways to reduce the level of biomarkers significantly and alleviate cardiac and pulmonary damage. Therefore, this review summarizes the potential of ginseng extract and ginsenosides in controlling the cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases by COVID-19.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845323001471/pdfft?md5=f6d5060b075728d8cb41e982a6c1516f&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845323001471-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135326138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.08.005
Shuhan Zhang , Junyou Han , Ning Liu , Jingyuan Sun , Huchen Chen , Jinglin Xia , Huiyan Ju , Shouan Liu
Background
Gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is one of the major fungal diseases in agriculture. Biological methods are preferred over chemical fungicides to control gray mold since they are less toxic to the environment and could induce the resistance to pathogens in plants. In this work, we try to understand if ginseng defense to B. cinerea could be induced by fungal hypovirulent strain △BcSpd1. BcSpd1 encodes Zn(II)2Cys6 transcription factor which regulates fungal pathogenicity and we recently reported △BcSpd1 mutants reduced fungal virulence.
Methods
We performed transcriptomic analysis of the host to investigate the induced defense response of ginseng treated by B. cinerea △BcSpd1. The metabolites in ginseng flavonoids pathway were determined by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and the antifungal activates were then performed.
Results
We found that △BcSpd1 enhanced the ginseng defense response when applied to healthy ginseng leaves and further changed the metabolism of flavonoids. Compared with untreated plants, the application of △BcSpd1 on ginseng leaves significantly increased the accumulation of p-coumaric acid and myricetin, which could inhibit the fungal growth.
Conclusion
B. cinerea △BcSpd1 could effectively induce the medicinal plant defense and is referred to as the biological control agent in ginseng disease management.
{"title":"Botrytis cinerea hypovirulent strain △BcSpd1 induced Panax ginseng defense","authors":"Shuhan Zhang , Junyou Han , Ning Liu , Jingyuan Sun , Huchen Chen , Jinglin Xia , Huiyan Ju , Shouan Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.08.005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2023.08.005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Gray mold, caused by <em>Botrytis cinerea</em>, is one of the major fungal diseases in agriculture. Biological methods are preferred over chemical fungicides to control gray mold since they are less toxic to the environment and could induce the resistance to pathogens in plants. In this work, we try to understand if ginseng defense to <em>B. cinerea</em> could be induced by fungal hypovirulent strain △<em>BcSpd1</em>. <em>BcSpd1</em> encodes Zn(II)<sub>2</sub>Cys<sub>6</sub> transcription factor which regulates fungal pathogenicity and we recently reported △<em>BcSpd1</em> mutants reduced fungal virulence.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>We performed transcriptomic analysis of the host to investigate the induced defense response of ginseng treated by <em>B. cinerea</em> △<em>BcSpd1</em>. The metabolites in ginseng flavonoids pathway were determined by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and the antifungal activates were then performed.</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>We found that △<em>BcSpd1</em> enhanced the ginseng defense response when applied to healthy ginseng leaves and further changed the metabolism of flavonoids. Compared with untreated plants, the application of △<em>BcSpd1</em> on ginseng leaves significantly increased the accumulation of p-coumaric acid and myricetin, which could inhibit the fungal growth.</p></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><p><em>B. cinerea</em> △<em>BcSpd1</em> could effectively induce the medicinal plant defense and is referred to as the biological control agent in ginseng disease management.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845323001112/pdfft?md5=467ee89358f54102b157182d8b842366&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845323001112-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49547468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}