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Red ginseng extract inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced platelet–leukocyte aggregates in mice 红参提取物可抑制脂多糖诱导的小鼠血小板-白细胞聚集
IF 6.3 2区 医学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-04-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.03.009
Yuan Yee Lee , Sung Dae Kim , Jin-Kyu Park , Won-Jae Lee , Jee Eun Han , Min-Soo Seo , Min-Goo Seo , Seulgi Bae , Dongmi Kwak , Evelyn Saba , Man Hee Rhee

Background

Platelet–leukocyte aggregates (PLAs) play important roles in cardiovascular disease and sepsis. Red ginseng extract (RGE) has been well-studied for its antiplatelet and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the potential inhibitory effects of RGE on PLA have not been investigated.

Methods

Six-week-old ICR mice were given oral gavage of RGE for 7 days, followed by an intraperitoneal injection of 15 mg/kg of lipopolysaccharide. Mice were euthanized 24 h later, and blood samples were collected for further analysis. Flow cytometry was utilized to sort populations of PLAs and platelet–neutrophil aggregates (PNAs). By using confocal microscopy, PNAs were validated. Morphological changes in platelets and leukocytes were visualized with scanning electron microscopy. Expressions of tissue factor (TF) and platelet factor 4 (PF4) were investigated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Populations of activated platelets, PLAs and PNAs, were significantly increased with LPS-induction. Treatment with 200 and 400 mg/kg of RGE decreased platelet activation. Moreover, the populations of PLAs and PNAs were reduced. PNAs were visible in the blood of septic mice, and this was attenuated by treatment with 400 mg/kg of RGE. Morphologically, sepsisinduced platelet activation and fibrin formation in the blood. This was reduced with RGE treatment. Sepsis-induced increase in the plasma levels of TF and PF4 was also reduced with RGE treatment.

Conclusion

This study shows that RGE is a potential therapeutic that reduces the activation of platelets and targets PLA and PNA formation. Detailed inhibitory mechanisms of RGE should be studied.

血小板-白细胞聚集体(PLA)在心血管疾病和败血症中发挥着重要作用。红参提取物(RGE)的抗血小板和抗炎活性已得到广泛研究。然而,红参提取物对聚乳酸的潜在抑制作用尚未得到研究。给六周大的 ICR 小鼠口服 RGE 7 天,然后腹腔注射 15 毫克/千克脂多糖。24 小时后对小鼠实施安乐死,并采集血液样本进行进一步分析。利用流式细胞术对血小板聚集体和血小板-中性粒细胞聚集体(PNA)进行分类。使用共聚焦显微镜对 PNAs 进行验证。用扫描电子显微镜观察血小板和白细胞的形态变化。使用酶联免疫吸附试验检测了组织因子(TF)和血小板因子 4(PF4)的表达。在 LPS 诱导下,活化血小板、PLA 和 PNA 的数量显著增加。使用 200 和 400 毫克/千克的 RGE 可降低血小板活化。此外,PLA 和 PNA 的数量也减少了。脓毒症小鼠的血液中可见 PNAs,使用 400 毫克/千克的 RGE 治疗可减轻这一现象。从形态上看,败血症会导致血小板活化和血液中纤维蛋白的形成。使用 RGE 治疗后,这种现象有所减少。经 RGE 治疗后,败血症引起的血浆中 TF 和 PF4 含量增加也有所减少。这项研究表明,RGE 是一种潜在的疗法,它能减少血小板的活化,并抑制 PLA 和 PNA 的形成。RGE 的详细抑制机制有待研究。
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引用次数: 0
Effect of Korean Red Ginseng on the motor performance and ataxia 高丽红参对运动表现和共济失调的影响
IF 6.3 2区 医学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-03-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.03.008
Seunghyun Lee , Yeri Won , Manho Kim

This study presents a preliminary exploration into the effect of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) on the cerebellum in individuals with cerebellar atrophy. Over a three month-long period, nine subjects received a 4.5g of KRG daily, with assessments including the ARS, ADAS-Cog, and FDG-PET/CT scans. Results revealed a notable improvement in ataxia and cognitive function without a significant correlation between them. PET/CT scans and SUVR analyses supported these findings, showing an increase in cerebellar glucose uptake after KRG intake. These outcomes suggest a potential pleiotropic effect of KRG on cerebellar function.

本研究初步探讨了高丽红参(KRG)对小脑萎缩患者小脑的影响。在长达三个月的时间里,九名受试者每天服用 4.5 克高丽红参,评估包括 ARS、ADAS-Cog 和 FDG-PET/CT 扫描。结果显示,共济失调和认知功能均有明显改善,但两者之间无明显关联。PET/CT 扫描和 SUVR 分析证实了这些发现,显示摄入 KRG 后小脑葡萄糖摄取量增加。这些结果表明,KRG 对小脑功能具有潜在的多效应。
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引用次数: 0
Brain plasticity and ginseng 大脑可塑性与人参
IF 6.3 2区 医学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-03-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.03.007
Myoung-Sook Shin , YoungJoo Lee , Ik-Hyun Cho , Hyun-Jeong Yang

Brain plasticity refers to the brain's ability to modify its structure, accompanied by its functional changes. It is influenced by learning, experiences, and dietary factors, even in later life. Accumulated researches have indicated that ginseng may protect the brain and enhance its function in pathological conditions. There is a compelling need for a more comprehensive understanding of ginseng's role in the physiological condition because many individuals without specific diseases seek to improve their health by incorporating ginseng into their routines. This review aims to deepen our understanding of how ginseng affects brain plasticity of people undergoing normal aging process. We provided a summary of studies that reported the impact of ginseng on brain plasticity and related factors in human clinical studies. Furthermore, we explored researches focused on the molecular mechanisms underpinning the influence of ginseng on brain plasticity and factors contributing to brain plasticity. Evidences indicate that ginseng has the potential to enhance brain plasticity in the context of normal aging by mediating both central and peripheral systems, thereby expecting to improve age-related declines in brain function. Moreover, given modern western diet can damage neuroplasticity in the long term, ginseng can be a beneficial supplement for better brain health.

大脑可塑性是指大脑改变其结构并伴随其功能变化的能力。它受到学习、经验和饮食因素的影响,甚至在晚年也是如此。大量研究表明,人参可在病理情况下保护大脑并增强其功能。由于许多没有特定疾病的人都希望通过在日常饮食中加入人参来改善健康状况,因此我们迫切需要更全面地了解人参在生理状况中的作用。本综述旨在加深我们对人参如何影响正常衰老过程中人群大脑可塑性的理解。我们总结了在人类临床研究中报告人参对大脑可塑性和相关因素影响的研究。此外,我们还探讨了人参对大脑可塑性影响的分子机制以及导致大脑可塑性的因素。有证据表明,在正常衰老的情况下,人参通过介导中枢和外周系统,具有增强大脑可塑性的潜力,从而有望改善与年龄相关的大脑功能衰退。此外,鉴于现代西方饮食会长期损害神经可塑性,人参可作为一种有益的补充剂,改善大脑健康。
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引用次数: 0
Korean Red Ginseng and Rb1 restore altered social interaction, gene expressions in the medial prefrontal cortex, and gut metabolites under post-weaning social isolation in mice 高丽红参和Rb1可恢复小鼠断奶后社会隔离下的社会互动、内侧前额叶皮层基因表达和肠道代谢物的改变
IF 6.8 2区 医学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-03-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.03.005

Background

Post-weaning social isolation (SI) reduces sociability, gene expressions including myelin genes in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and alters microbiome compositions in rodent models. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) and its major ginsenoside Rb1 have been reported to affect myelin formation and gut metabolites. However, their effects under post-weaning SI have not been investigated. This study investigated the effects of KRG and Rb1 on sociability, gene expressions in the mPFC, and gut metabolites under post-weaning SI.

Methods

C57BL/6J mice were administered with water or KRG (150, 400 mg/kg) or Rb1 (0.1 mg/kg) under SI or regular environment (RE) for 2 weeks during the post-weaning period (P21–P35). After this period, mice underwent a sociability test, and then brains and ceca were collected for qPCR/immunohistochemistry and non-targeted metabolomics, respectively.

Results

SI reduced sociability compared to RE; however, KRG (400 mg/kg) and Rb1 significantly restored sociability under SI. In the mPFC, expressions of genes related to myelin, neurotransmitter, and oxidative stress were significantly reduced in mice under SI compared to RE conditions. Under SI, KRG and Rb1 recovered the altered expressions of several genes in the mPFC. In gut metabolomics, 313 metabolites were identified as significant among 3027 detected metabolites. Among the significantly changed metabolites in SI, some were recovered by KRG or Rb1, including metabolites related to stress axis, inflammation, and DNA damage.

Conclusion

Altered sociability, gene expression levels in the mPFC, and gut metabolites induced by two weeks of post-weaning SI were at least partially recovered by KRG and Rb1.

背景断奶后的社会隔离(SI)会降低啮齿动物模型的交际能力、基因表达(包括内侧前额叶皮层(mPFC)中的髓鞘基因),并改变微生物组的组成。据报道,高丽红参(KRG)及其主要人参皂苷 Rb1 会影响髓鞘的形成和肠道代谢物。然而,它们对断奶后 SI 的影响尚未得到研究。方法C57BL/6J小鼠断奶后(P21-P35)在SI或常规环境(RE)下给水或KRG(150、400 mg/kg)或Rb1(0.1 mg/kg),持续2周。结果与 RE 相比,SI 会降低小鼠的交际能力;但在 SI 环境下,KRG(400 mg/kg)和 Rb1 能显著恢复小鼠的交际能力。在 mPFC 中,与 RE 条件相比,SI 条件下小鼠髓鞘、神经递质和氧化应激相关基因的表达明显减少。在SI条件下,KRG和Rb1恢复了mPFC中几个基因表达的改变。在肠道代谢组学中,在3027个检测到的代谢物中,有313个代谢物被确定为重要代谢物。结论KRG和Rb1至少可以部分恢复断奶后两周SI引起的交际能力、mPFC基因表达水平和肠道代谢物的改变。
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引用次数: 0
Corrigendum to “Gintonin regulates inflammation in human IL-1β-stimulated fibroblast-like synoviocytes and carrageenan/kaolin-induced arthritis in rats through LPAR2” [J. Ginseng Res. 47 (1) (January 2023) 168] Corrigendum to'Gintonin regulates inflammation in human IL-1β-stimulated fibroblast-like synoviocytes and carrageenan/kaolin-induced arthritis in rats through LPAR2"<[ 《人参研究杂志》第 47 卷第 1 期,2023 年 1 月,第 168 页] 的更正
IF 6.3 2区 医学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-03-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.03.006
Mijin Kim , Bongjun Sur , Thea Villa , Jaesuk Yun , Seung Yeol Nah , Seikwan Oh
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引用次数: 0
Ginsenosides for the treatment of insulin resistance and diabetes: Therapeutic perspectives and mechanistic insights 用于治疗胰岛素抵抗和糖尿病的人参皂甙:治疗视角和机理见解
IF 6.3 2区 医学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-03-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.03.002
Tae Hyun Kim

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a systemic disorder of energy metabolism characterized by a sustained elevation of blood glucose in conjunction with impaired insulin action in multiple peripheral tissues (i.e., insulin resistance). Although extensive research has been conducted to identify therapeutic targets for the treatment of DM, its global prevalence and associated mortailty rates are still increasing, possibly because of challenges related to long-term adherence, limited efficacy, and undesirable side effects of currently available medications, implying an urgent need to develop effective and safe pharmacotherapies for DM. Phytochemicals have recently drawn attention as novel pharmacotherapies for DM based on their clinical relevance, therapeutic efficacy, and safety. Ginsenosides, pharmacologically active ingredients primarily found in ginseng, have long been used as adjuvants to traditional medications in Asian countries and have been reported to exert promising therapeutic efficacy in various metabolic diseases, including hyperglycemia and diabetes. This review summarizes the current pharmacological effects of ginsenosides and their mechanistic insights for the treatment of insulin resistance and DM, providing comprehensive perspectives for the development of novel strategies to treat DM and related metabolic complications.

糖尿病(DM)是一种全身性能量代谢紊乱,其特点是血糖持续升高,同时多个外周组织的胰岛素作用受损(即胰岛素抵抗)。尽管已经开展了大量研究来确定治疗糖尿病的靶点,但糖尿病的全球发病率和相关死亡率仍在上升,这可能是由于目前可用药物的长期依从性、有限的疗效和不良副作用所带来的挑战,这意味着开发有效、安全的糖尿病药物疗法迫在眉睫。最近,植物化学物质因其临床相关性、疗效和安全性而作为治疗 DM 的新型药物疗法引起了人们的关注。人参皂甙是主要存在于人参中的药理活性成分,在亚洲国家长期以来一直被用作传统药物的辅助剂,据报道对包括高血糖和糖尿病在内的各种代谢性疾病具有良好的疗效。本综述总结了目前人参皂苷的药理作用及其治疗胰岛素抵抗和糖尿病的机理,为开发治疗糖尿病及相关代谢并发症的新策略提供了全面的视角。
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引用次数: 0
Preparation and evaluation of proliposomes formulation for enhancing the oral bioavailability of ginsenosides 制备和评估用于提高人参皂苷口服生物利用度的脂质体制剂
IF 6.3 2区 医学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-03-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.03.004
Duy-Thuc Nguyen , Min-Hwan Kim , Min-Jun Baek , Nae-Won Kang , Dae-Duk Kim

Background

This research main objective was to evaluate a proliposomes (PLs) formulation for the enhancement of oral bioavailability of ginsenosides, using ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) as a marker.

Methods

A novel PLs formulation was prepared using a modified evaporation-on-matrix method. Soy phosphatidylcholine, Rg3-enriched extract, poloxamer 188 (Lutrol® F 68) and sorbitol were mixed and dissolved using a aqueous ethanolic solution, followed by the removal of ethanol and lyophilization. The characterization of Rg3-PLs formulations was performed by powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and in vitro release. The enhancement of oral bioavailability was investigated and analyzed by non-compartmental parameters after oral administration of the formulations.

Results

PXRD of Rg3-PLs indicated that Rg3 was transformed from crystalline into its amorphous form during the preparation process. The Rg3-encapsulated liposomes with vesicular-shaped morphology were generated after the reconstitution by gentle hand-shaking in water; they had a mean diameter of approximately 350 nm, a negative zeta potential (−28.6 mV) and a high entrapment efficiency (97.3%). The results of the in vitro release study exhibited that significantly more amount of Rg3 was released from the PLs formulation in comparison with that from the suspension of Rg3-enriched extract (control group). The pharmacokinetic parameters after oral administration of PLs formulation in rats showed an approximately 11.8-fold increase in the bioavailability of Rg3, compared to that of the control group.

Conclusion

The developed PLs formulation could be a favorable delivery system to improve the oral bioavailability of ginsenosides, including Rg3.

背景本研究的主要目的是以人参皂苷 Rg3(Rg3)为标记物,评估一种能提高人参皂苷口服生物利用度的脂质体(PLs)制剂。将大豆磷脂酰胆碱、富含 Rg3 的提取物、poloxamer 188(Lutrol® F 68)和山梨醇混合并用乙醇水溶液溶解,然后去除乙醇并冻干。通过粉末 X 射线衍射仪(PXRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和体外释放法对 Rg3-PLs 制剂进行了表征。结果 Rg3-PLs 的 X 射线衍射表明,在制备过程中,Rg3 由晶体转变为无定形形式。在水中用手轻轻振荡重组后,Rg3包囊脂质体呈囊泡状,其平均直径约为350 nm,zeta电位为负(-28.6 mV),包封效率高(97.3%)。体外释放研究结果表明,与富含 Rg3 的提取物悬浮液(对照组)相比,PLs 制剂释放的 Rg3 量明显更多。大鼠口服 PLs 制剂后的药代动力学参数显示,与对照组相比,Rg3 的生物利用度提高了约 11.8 倍。
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引用次数: 0
Ginseng-derived compounds as potential anticancer agents targeting cancer stem cells 针对癌症干细胞的潜在抗癌剂--人参衍生化合物
IF 6.3 2区 医学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-03-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.03.003
Ji-Sun Lee , Ho-Young Lee

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a rare subpopulation of cancer cells that exhibit stem cell-like characteristics, including self-renewal and differentiation in a multi-stage lineage state via symmetric or asymmetric division, causing tumor initiation, heterogeneity, progression, and recurrence and posing a major challenge to current anticancer therapy. Despite the importance of CSCs in carcinogenesis and cancer progression, currently available anticancer therapeutics have limitations for eradicating CSCs. Moreover, the efficacy and therapeutic windows of currently available anti-CSC agents are limited, suggesting the necessity to optimize and develop a novel anticancer agent targeting CSCs. Ginseng has been traditionally used for enhancing immunity and relieving fatigue. As ginseng's long history of use has demonstrated its safety, it has gained attention for its potential pharmacological properties, including anticancer effects. Several studies have identified the bioactive principles of ginseng, such as ginseng saponin (ginsenosides) and non-saponin compounds (e.g., polysaccharides, polyacetylenes, and phenolic compounds), and their pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer, antidiabetic, antifatigue, and neuroprotective effects. Notably, recent reports have shown the potential of ginseng-derived compounds as anti-CSC agents. This review investigates the biology of CSCs and efforts to utilize ginseng-derived components for cancer treatment targeting CSCs, highlighting their role in overcoming current therapeutic limitations.

癌症干细胞(CSCs)是一种罕见的癌细胞亚群,具有类似干细胞的特征,包括通过对称或不对称分裂在多阶段系态中自我更新和分化,导致肿瘤的发生、异质性、进展和复发,对目前的抗癌疗法构成重大挑战。尽管 CSCs 在癌变和癌症进展中具有重要作用,但目前可用的抗癌疗法在根除 CSCs 方面存在局限性。此外,现有抗 CSC 药物的疗效和治疗窗口期有限,这表明有必要优化和开发针对 CSCs 的新型抗癌药物。人参历来被用于增强免疫力和缓解疲劳。人参悠久的使用历史证明了它的安全性,因此其潜在的药理特性(包括抗癌作用)也备受关注。一些研究已经确定了人参的生物活性成分,如人参皂苷(人参皂甙)和非皂苷化合物(如多糖、多乙酰和酚类化合物),以及它们的药理活性,包括抗氧化、抗癌、抗糖尿病、抗疲劳和神经保护作用。值得注意的是,最近有报告显示人参衍生化合物具有作为抗造血干细胞药物的潜力。这篇综述研究了 CSCs 的生物学特性,以及利用人参提取成分治疗 CSCs 癌症的努力,强调了人参提取成分在克服当前治疗局限性方面的作用。
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引用次数: 0
Ginsenoside Rg1 alleviates vascular remodeling in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension mice through the calpain-1/STAT3 signaling pathway 人参皂苷 Rg1 通过钙蛋白酶-1/STAT3 信号通路缓解缺氧诱导的肺动脉高压小鼠的血管重塑
IF 6.3 2区 医学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-03-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.03.001
Chenyang Ran , Meili Lu , Fang Zhao , Yi Hao , Xinyu Guo , Yunhan Li , Yuhong Su , Hongxin Wang

Background

Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension (HPH) is the main pathological change in vascular remodeling, a complex cardiopulmonary disease caused by hypoxia. Some research results have shown that ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) can improve vascular remodeling, but the effect and mechanism of Rg1 on hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension are not clear. The purpose of this study was to discuss the potential mechanism of action of Rg1 on HPH.

Methods

C57BL/6 mice, calpain-1 knockout mice and Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) were exposed to a low oxygen environment with or without different treatments. The effect of Rg1 and calpain-1 silencing on inflammation, fibrosis, proliferation and the protein expression levels of calpain-1, STAT3 and p-STAT3 were determined at the animal and cellular levels.

Results

At the mouse and cellular levels, hypoxia promotes inflammation, fibrosis, and cell proliferation, and the expression of calpain-1 and p-STAT3 is also increased. Ginsenoside Rg1 administration and calpain-1 knockdown, MDL-28170, and HY-13818 treatment showed protective effects on hypoxia-induced inflammation, fibrosis, and cell proliferation, which may be associated with the downregulation of calpain-1 and p-STAT3 expression in mice and cells. In addition, overexpression of calpain 1 increased p-STAT3 expression, accelerating the onset of inflammation, fibrosis and cell proliferation in hypoxic PASMCs.

Conclusion

Ginsenoside Rg1 may ameliorate hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling by suppressing the calpain-1/STAT3 signaling pathway.

缺氧性肺动脉高压(HPH)是血管重塑的主要病理变化,是由缺氧引起的一种复杂的心肺疾病。一些研究结果表明,人参皂苷Rg1(Rg1)可以改善血管重塑,但Rg1对缺氧诱发的肺动脉高压的作用和机制尚不清楚。本研究旨在探讨 Rg1 对肺动脉高压的潜在作用机制。将 C57BL/6 小鼠、钙蛋白酶-1 基因敲除小鼠和肺动脉平滑肌细胞(PASMCs)暴露在低氧环境中,并进行或不进行不同的处理。在动物和细胞水平测定了 Rg1 和钙蛋白酶-1 沉默对炎症、纤维化、增殖以及钙蛋白酶-1、STAT3 和 p-STAT3 蛋白表达水平的影响。在小鼠和细胞水平上,缺氧会促进炎症、纤维化和细胞增殖,钙蛋白酶-1和p-STAT3的表达也会增加。服用人参皂苷 Rg1 和敲除钙蛋白酶-1、MDL-28170 和 HY-13818 对缺氧诱导的炎症、纤维化和细胞增殖有保护作用,这可能与下调小鼠和细胞中钙蛋白酶-1 和 p-STAT3 的表达有关。此外,过表达钙蛋白酶 1 会增加 p-STAT3 的表达,加速缺氧 PASMCs 的炎症、纤维化和细胞增殖。人参皂苷 Rg1 可通过抑制钙蛋白酶 1/STAT3 信号通路,改善缺氧引起的肺血管重塑。
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引用次数: 0
Metabolism and drug interactions of Korean ginseng based on the pharmacokinetic properties of ginsenosides: Current status and future perspectives 基于人参皂甙药代动力学特性的高丽参代谢和药物相互作用:现状与未来展望
IF 6.3 2区 医学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MEDICINAL Pub Date : 2024-03-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.02.003
Jong Dae Park

Orally administered ginsenosides, the major active components of ginseng, have been shown to be biotransformed into a number of metabolites by gastric juice, digestive and bacterial enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract and also in the liver. Attention is brought to pharmacokinetic studies of ginseng that need further clarification to better understand the safety and possible active mechanism for clinical application. Experimental results demonstrated that ginsenoside metabolites play an important role in the pharmacokinetic properties such as drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters, thereby can be applied as a metabolic modulator. Very few are known on the possibility of the consistency of detected ginsenosides with real active metabolites if taken the recommended dose of ginseng, but they have been found to act on the pharmacokinetic key factors in any clinical trial, affecting oral bioavailability. Since ginseng is increasingly being taken in a manner more often associated with prescription medicines, ginseng and drug interactions have been also reviewed. Considering the extensive oral administration of ginseng, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview and perspectives of recent studies on the pharmacokinetic properties of ginsenosides such as deglycosylation, absorption, metabolizing enzymes and transporters, together with ginsenoside and drug interactions.

研究表明,口服人参皂甙是人参的主要活性成分,在胃肠道和肝脏中会被胃液、消化酶和细菌酶生物转化为多种代谢物。人参的药代动力学研究需要进一步澄清,以便更好地了解其安全性和临床应用的可能活性机制。实验结果表明,人参皂苷代谢物在药物代谢酶和药物转运体等药代动力学特性中发挥着重要作用,因此可作为代谢调节剂应用。很少有人知道,如果按推荐剂量服用人参,检测到的人参皂苷与真正的活性代谢物是否一致,但在任何临床试验中,都发现它们会对药代动力学的关键因素产生作用,影响口服生物利用度。由于人参的服用方式越来越多地与处方药联系在一起,因此也对人参与药物的相互作用进行了研究。考虑到人参的广泛口服,本综述旨在全面概述和展望最近有关人参皂甙药代动力学特性的研究,如脱糖、吸收、代谢酶和转运体,以及人参皂甙与药物的相互作用。
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Journal of Ginseng Research
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