Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.07.003
Xiaojin Xu , Qing Wu , Ke Pei , Meng Zhang , Chenhan Mao , Xinxin Zhong , Yunfan Huang , Yang Dai , Rui Yin , Zhaoyang Chen , Xindong Wang
Background
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury is the main cause of death worldwide and poses a significant threat to cardiac health. Ginsenoside Rg1 has been shown to have inhibitory effects on inflammatory activation, oxidative stress, and cardiac injury, suggesting that Rg1 may have therapeutic effects on MI/R injury. However, the mechanism remains to be further studied.
Materials and methods
Left anterior descending coronary artery ligation was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats to construct an MI/R model in vivo. Organ index, electrocardiogram, infarct size, histopathological changes, and detection of cardiac injury and inflammatory factors in the rats were used to evaluate myocarditis, macrophage polarization, and fibrosis. We also used rat bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) to further investigate the effects of Rg1 on absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) activation and macrophage polarization in vitro.
Results
Administration of Rg1 exhibited dose-dependent cardioprotective effects and effectively reduced MI/R injury. Rg1 significantly attenuated myocardial inflammation and inhibited M1 macrophage polarization during MI/R injury. Furthermore, Rg1 significantly reduced cardiac fibrosis in response to MI/R injury. This anti-fibrotic effect may contribute to the preservation of cardiac structure and function following an ischemic insult. Meanwhile, Rg1 effectively inhibited the activation of the AIM2 inflammasome in vitro, highlighting its potential as a key regulator of inflammatory pathways.
Conclusion
Our findings elucidate the multifaceted mechanisms underlying Rg1's cardioprotective effects, including its ability to mitigate inflammation, modulate macrophage polarization, and inhibit fibrosis.
{"title":"Ginsenoside Rg1 reduces cardiac inflammation against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury by inhibiting macrophage polarization","authors":"Xiaojin Xu , Qing Wu , Ke Pei , Meng Zhang , Chenhan Mao , Xinxin Zhong , Yunfan Huang , Yang Dai , Rui Yin , Zhaoyang Chen , Xindong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.07.003","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.07.003","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (MI/R) injury is the main cause of death worldwide and poses a significant threat to cardiac health. Ginsenoside Rg1 has been shown to have inhibitory effects on inflammatory activation, oxidative stress, and cardiac injury, suggesting that Rg1 may have therapeutic effects on MI/R injury. However, the mechanism remains to be further studied.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>Left anterior descending coronary artery ligation was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats to construct an MI/R model <em>in vivo</em>. Organ index, electrocardiogram, infarct size, histopathological changes, and detection of cardiac injury and inflammatory factors in the rats were used to evaluate myocarditis, macrophage polarization, and fibrosis. We also used rat bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) to further investigate the effects of Rg1 on absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) activation and macrophage polarization <em>in vitro</em>.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Administration of Rg1 exhibited dose-dependent cardioprotective effects and effectively reduced MI/R injury. Rg1 significantly attenuated myocardial inflammation and inhibited M1 macrophage polarization during MI/R injury. Furthermore, Rg1 significantly reduced cardiac fibrosis in response to MI/R injury. This anti-fibrotic effect may contribute to the preservation of cardiac structure and function following an ischemic insult. Meanwhile, Rg1 effectively inhibited the activation of the AIM2 inflammasome <em>in vitro</em>, highlighting its potential as a key regulator of inflammatory pathways.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Our findings elucidate the multifaceted mechanisms underlying Rg1's cardioprotective effects, including its ability to mitigate inflammation, modulate macrophage polarization, and inhibit fibrosis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 6","pages":"Pages 570-580"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141841137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.09.006
Ji-Hun Kim , Rami Lee , Sung-Hee Hwang , Sun-Hye Choi , Jong-Hoon Kim , Ik-Hyun Cho , Jeong Ik Lee , Seung-Yeol Nah
Ginseng is a traditional herbal medicine with a long history of use for the prevention and/or treatment of various diseases. Ginseng is used worldwide as a functional food to maintain human health. In addition, ginseng has been used as a raw ingredient in cosmetics with various applications, ranging from skin toning to anti-aging. Some cosmetic products contain ginseng extracts from Korea and other countries, as it is thought that ginseng can also exert beneficial effects on human skin. However, it remains unclear which ginseng component(s) could be the main active compound that directly contributes to skin health and/or prevents skin aging. It is also important to understand the mechanisms by which the ginseng component(s) exert their effects on the skin and skin health. This review describes recent in vitro and in vivo studies involving ginseng extracts, ginseng ingredients, and ginseng byproducts for skincare and skin health and discusses emerging evidence that ginsenosides, gintonin, and ginseng byproducts could be novel candidates for skincare and skin health applications ranging from anti-aging to the treatment of skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis and hypertrophic scars and keloids. The mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of ginseng components and byproducts on skin health are discussed. In addition, this review shows how ginseng components, such as gintonin, a newly identified ginseng component, might contribute to skin health and skin disease when used as a supplementary ingredient in cosmetics and further proposes a novel combination in cosmetic products containing both ginsenosides and gintonin.
{"title":"Ginseng and ginseng byproducts for skincare and skin health","authors":"Ji-Hun Kim , Rami Lee , Sung-Hee Hwang , Sun-Hye Choi , Jong-Hoon Kim , Ik-Hyun Cho , Jeong Ik Lee , Seung-Yeol Nah","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.09.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.09.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ginseng is a traditional herbal medicine with a long history of use for the prevention and/or treatment of various diseases. Ginseng is used worldwide as a functional food to maintain human health. In addition, ginseng has been used as a raw ingredient in cosmetics with various applications, ranging from skin toning to anti-aging. Some cosmetic products contain ginseng extracts from Korea and other countries, as it is thought that ginseng can also exert beneficial effects on human skin. However, it remains unclear which ginseng component(s) could be the main active compound that directly contributes to skin health and/or prevents skin aging. It is also important to understand the mechanisms by which the ginseng component(s) exert their effects on the skin and skin health. This review describes recent <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> studies involving ginseng extracts, ginseng ingredients, and ginseng byproducts for skincare and skin health and discusses emerging evidence that ginsenosides, gintonin, and ginseng byproducts could be novel candidates for skincare and skin health applications ranging from anti-aging to the treatment of skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis and hypertrophic scars and keloids. The mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of ginseng components and byproducts on skin health are discussed. In addition, this review shows how ginseng components, such as gintonin, a newly identified ginseng component, might contribute to skin health and skin disease when used as a supplementary ingredient in cosmetics and further proposes a novel combination in cosmetic products containing both ginsenosides and gintonin.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 6","pages":"Pages 525-534"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578350","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.09.008
Huijeong Ahn , Sangjung Yu , Byung-Cheol Han , Younghye Ro , Yo-Han Kim , Keiichiro Kizaki , Eunsong Lee , Seung-Ho Lee , Geun-Shik Lee
Background
Staphylococcus aureus can cause local or systemic infections as an opportunistic pathogen and induce the activation of inflammasomes, leading to the secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β. Since S. aureus is part of the normal flora, it is essential to control it using safe, non-antibiotic substances like Korean Red Ginseng Extract (RGE). This study investigated the effects of maltol, a non-saponin compound found in RGE, on S. aureus-mediated inflammasome signaling.
Methods
Human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and macrophages were infected with S. aureus and treated with RGE and maltol. The secretion of IL-1β, an indicator of inflammasome activation, was analyzed. For the mechanistic studies, the HaCaT cells were infected with S. aureus in the presence of maltol or inflammasome inhibitors, and the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitROS) and IL-1β production were measured. The effect of maltol was also evaluated in S. aureus-injected mice.
Results
RGE and maltol inhibited S. aureus-mediated IL-1β secretion in HaCaT, but not in macrophages. In the mechanistic studies, maltol suppressed the production of mitROS and the priming step of inflammasome signaling resulting in attenuated S. aureus-mediated inflammasome activation in HaCaT. In mice, maltol inhibited the production of peritoneal IL-1β and IL-6 in response to the S. aureus injection.
Conclusion
Maltol selectively regulated skin inflammasome activation by inhibiting mitROS generation and the inflammasome priming step.
{"title":"Maltol, a compound in Korean Red Ginseng, attenuates the Staphylococcus aureus–induced inflammasome activation in the skin","authors":"Huijeong Ahn , Sangjung Yu , Byung-Cheol Han , Younghye Ro , Yo-Han Kim , Keiichiro Kizaki , Eunsong Lee , Seung-Ho Lee , Geun-Shik Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.09.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.09.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div><em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> can cause local or systemic infections as an opportunistic pathogen and induce the activation of inflammasomes, leading to the secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β. Since <em>S. aureus</em> is part of the normal flora, it is essential to control it using safe, non-antibiotic substances like Korean Red Ginseng Extract (RGE). This study investigated the effects of maltol, a non-saponin compound found in RGE, on <em>S. aureus</em>-mediated inflammasome signaling.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and macrophages were infected with <em>S. aureus</em> and treated with RGE and maltol. The secretion of IL-1β, an indicator of inflammasome activation, was analyzed. For the mechanistic studies, the HaCaT cells were infected with <em>S. aureus</em> in the presence of maltol or inflammasome inhibitors, and the generation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mitROS) and IL-1β production were measured. The effect of maltol was also evaluated in <em>S. aureus-</em>injected mice.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>RGE and maltol inhibited <em>S. aureus</em>-mediated IL-1β secretion in HaCaT, but not in macrophages. In the mechanistic studies, maltol suppressed the production of mitROS and the priming step of inflammasome signaling resulting in attenuated <em>S. aureus-</em>mediated inflammasome activation in HaCaT. In mice, maltol inhibited the production of peritoneal IL-1β and IL-6 in response to the <em>S. aureus</em> injection.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Maltol selectively regulated skin inflammasome activation by inhibiting mitROS generation and the inflammasome priming step.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 6","pages":"Pages 609-615"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.09.002
Aeyung Kim, Sang-Min Park, No Soo Kim, Musun Park, Seongwon Cha
A decline in muscle mass and function can impact the health, disease vulnerability, and mortality of older adults. Prolonged use of high doses of glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone (DEX), can cause muscle wasting and reduced strength. Ginsenoside Rc (gRc) has been shown to protect muscles by activating the PGC-1α pathway and improving mitochondrial function. The effects of gRc on muscle atrophy and function in mice are not fully understood. The study discovered that gRc prevented the DEX-induced decrease in viability of C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes. Furthermore, gRc inhibited myotube degradation and the upregulation of muscle degradation proteins induced by DEX. Transcriptome analysis of myotubes showed that gRc enhances muscle generation processes while suppressing the TGF-β pathway and oxidative stress response. In mice, gRc effectively reversed the reductions in body weight, muscle mass, and muscle fibers caused by DEX. Furthermore, gRc significantly enhanced muscle strength and exercise capacity. Docking and transcriptome analyses indicated that gRc may act as a competitive inhibitor of DEX at the glucocorticoid receptor, potentially preventing muscle loss. The study suggests that gRc can prevent DEX-induced muscle wasting and weakness. Consequently, it may be a viable treatment option for sarcopenia and muscle-related disorders in various medical conditions.
{"title":"Ginsenoside Rc prevents dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy and enhances muscle strength and motor function","authors":"Aeyung Kim, Sang-Min Park, No Soo Kim, Musun Park, Seongwon Cha","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.09.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2024.09.002","url":null,"abstract":"A decline in muscle mass and function can impact the health, disease vulnerability, and mortality of older adults. Prolonged use of high doses of glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone (DEX), can cause muscle wasting and reduced strength. Ginsenoside Rc (gRc) has been shown to protect muscles by activating the PGC-1α pathway and improving mitochondrial function. The effects of gRc on muscle atrophy and function in mice are not fully understood. The study discovered that gRc prevented the DEX-induced decrease in viability of C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes. Furthermore, gRc inhibited myotube degradation and the upregulation of muscle degradation proteins induced by DEX. Transcriptome analysis of myotubes showed that gRc enhances muscle generation processes while suppressing the TGF-β pathway and oxidative stress response. In mice, gRc effectively reversed the reductions in body weight, muscle mass, and muscle fibers caused by DEX. Furthermore, gRc significantly enhanced muscle strength and exercise capacity. Docking and transcriptome analyses indicated that gRc may act as a competitive inhibitor of DEX at the glucocorticoid receptor, potentially preventing muscle loss. The study suggests that gRc can prevent DEX-induced muscle wasting and weakness. Consequently, it may be a viable treatment option for sarcopenia and muscle-related disorders in various medical conditions.","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142248378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-25DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.08.003
Wooram Choi, Hyun Soo Kim, Donghyun Kim, Yong Deog Hong, Hyoung-June Kim, Ji Hye Kim, Jong-Hoon Kim, Jae Youl Cho
Ginseng is processed into several types such as white ginseng, red ginseng, and black ginseng, according to the processing methods such as drying, steaming, and heating. These processing conditions can change the portion of the useful ingredients. Recently, new processing method was established to develop ‘lymphanax’, an aged fresh white ginseng prepared under anaerobic condition. This aging process was revealed to increase the content of gypenoside 17 (Gyp17) as well as ginsenoside Re, known to have anti-inflammatory effects. As the next step, therefore, we aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of lymphanax using its ethanol extract of lymphanax (Lymphanax-EE). LC-MS/MS identified the ginsenoside content of lymphanax-EE. A nitric oxide (NO) assay revealed the anti-inflammatory activity of lymphanax-EE. Pro-inflammatory gene expression was analyzed by quantitative PCR. Finally, we identified the underlying mechanism for the anti-inflammatory activity of lymphanax-EE through luciferase analysis, Western blotting, and CETSA. The LC-MS/MS analysis revealed lymphanax-EE to contain more protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides, and Gyp17 than fresh ginseng. Lymphanax-EE (0–200 μg/ml) suppressed NO release and mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, lymphanax-EE (200 μg/ml) reduced the activity of NF-κB and phosphorylation of NF-κB signal proteins such as p65, p50, IκBα, and IKKα/β. Finally, lymphanax-EE (200 μg/ml) decreased the phosphorylation of IKKα/β induced by AKT overexpression. Among the components of lymphanax-EE, ginsenoside Re and Gyp17 were found to suppress AKT1 activity. Lymphanax-EE-containing ginsenosides and Gyp17 with anti-inflammatory properties suppressed LPS-induced inflammation by reducing the NF-κB signal.
根据烘干、蒸煮和加热等加工方法，人参被加工成多种类型，如白参、红参和黑参。这些加工条件会改变有用成分的比例。最近，人们建立了新的加工方法，开发出在厌氧条件下制备的陈年新鲜白参 "lymphanax"。研究发现，这种陈化过程增加了人参皂苷 17（Gyp17）和人参皂苷 Re 的含量，而人参皂苷 Re 具有抗炎作用。因此，我们下一步的目标是利用淋巴杉乙醇提取物（Lymphanax-EE）研究淋巴杉的抗炎活性。LC-MS/MS鉴定了Lymphanax-EE中的人参皂苷含量。一氧化氮（NO）测定显示了Lymphanax-EE的抗炎活性。通过定量 PCR 分析了促炎基因的表达。最后，我们通过荧光素酶分析、Western 印迹和 CETSA 确定了 lymphanax-EE 抗炎活性的内在机制。LC-MS/MS分析显示，与新鲜人参相比，淋巴-EE含有更多的原人参三醇型人参皂甙和Gyp17。Lymphanax-EE（0-200 μg/ml）可抑制LPS处理的RAW264.7细胞中NO的释放以及iNOS和COX-2等促炎细胞因子的mRNA水平。此外，lympanax-EE（200 μg/ml）还能降低NF-κB的活性以及NF-κB信号蛋白（如p65、p50、IκBα和IKKα/β）的磷酸化。最后，lympanax-EE（200 μg/ml）降低了AKT过表达诱导的IKKα/β磷酸化。在Lymphanax-EE的成分中，发现人参皂苷Re和Gyp17能抑制AKT1的活性。具有抗炎特性的人参皂苷和Gyp17通过减少NF-κB信号抑制了LPS诱导的炎症。
{"title":"Ethanol extract of lymphanax with gypenoside 17 and ginsenoside Re exerts anti-inflammatory properties by targeting the AKT/NF-κB pathway","authors":"Wooram Choi, Hyun Soo Kim, Donghyun Kim, Yong Deog Hong, Hyoung-June Kim, Ji Hye Kim, Jong-Hoon Kim, Jae Youl Cho","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.08.003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2024.08.003","url":null,"abstract":"Ginseng is processed into several types such as white ginseng, red ginseng, and black ginseng, according to the processing methods such as drying, steaming, and heating. These processing conditions can change the portion of the useful ingredients. Recently, new processing method was established to develop ‘lymphanax’, an aged fresh white ginseng prepared under anaerobic condition. This aging process was revealed to increase the content of gypenoside 17 (Gyp17) as well as ginsenoside Re, known to have anti-inflammatory effects. As the next step, therefore, we aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of lymphanax using its ethanol extract of lymphanax (Lymphanax-EE). LC-MS/MS identified the ginsenoside content of lymphanax-EE. A nitric oxide (NO) assay revealed the anti-inflammatory activity of lymphanax-EE. Pro-inflammatory gene expression was analyzed by quantitative PCR. Finally, we identified the underlying mechanism for the anti-inflammatory activity of lymphanax-EE through luciferase analysis, Western blotting, and CETSA. The LC-MS/MS analysis revealed lymphanax-EE to contain more protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides, and Gyp17 than fresh ginseng. Lymphanax-EE (0–200 μg/ml) suppressed NO release and mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-treated RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, lymphanax-EE (200 μg/ml) reduced the activity of NF-κB and phosphorylation of NF-κB signal proteins such as p65, p50, IκBα, and IKKα/β. Finally, lymphanax-EE (200 μg/ml) decreased the phosphorylation of IKKα/β induced by AKT overexpression. Among the components of lymphanax-EE, ginsenoside Re and Gyp17 were found to suppress AKT1 activity. Lymphanax-EE-containing ginsenosides and Gyp17 with anti-inflammatory properties suppressed LPS-induced inflammation by reducing the NF-κB signal.","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142178139","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.08.002
Ha Young Park, Min Ho Kang, Guewha Lee, Jin Woo Kim
This study aimed to investigate the effects of ginseng non-edible callus-derived extracellular vesicle (GNEV) on skin regeneration, particularly focusing on its impact on proliferation and migration in human dermal fibroblast (HDF). GNEV was isolated from ginseng non-edible callus using sequential filtration and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The extracellular vesicle was characterized using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). HDF was treated with various concentrations of GNEV, and cell viability, proliferation, and migration were assessed using MTT and scratch wound healing assays. Gene expression related to collagen synthesis () was measured using RT-PCR. Treatment of HDF with GNEV resulted in a significant 2.5-fold increase in cell migration compared to the non-treated group. Furthermore, GNEV demonstrated the upregulation of collagen synthesis genes, specifically , and , by 41.7 %, 59.4 %, 60.2 %, and 21.8 %, respectively. These findings indicated that GNEV activates the signaling pathway, showcasing its potential to induce skin regeneration. In conclusion, GNEV exhibits a notable ability to enhance skin regeneration through its stimulatory effects on cell migration and the upregulation of key collagen synthesis genes. The activation of the signaling pathway further suggests the potential of GNEV as a promising candidate for drug delivery systems in the fields of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, opening avenues for further research and application in skincare and dermatology.
{"title":"Enhancement of skin regeneration through activation of TGF-β/SMAD signaling pathway by Panax ginseng meyer non-edible callus-derived extracellular vesicles","authors":"Ha Young Park, Min Ho Kang, Guewha Lee, Jin Woo Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.08.002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2024.08.002","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to investigate the effects of ginseng non-edible callus-derived extracellular vesicle (GNEV) on skin regeneration, particularly focusing on its impact on proliferation and migration in human dermal fibroblast (HDF). GNEV was isolated from ginseng non-edible callus using sequential filtration and size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The extracellular vesicle was characterized using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). HDF was treated with various concentrations of GNEV, and cell viability, proliferation, and migration were assessed using MTT and scratch wound healing assays. Gene expression related to collagen synthesis () was measured using RT-PCR. Treatment of HDF with GNEV resulted in a significant 2.5-fold increase in cell migration compared to the non-treated group. Furthermore, GNEV demonstrated the upregulation of collagen synthesis genes, specifically , and , by 41.7 %, 59.4 %, 60.2 %, and 21.8 %, respectively. These findings indicated that GNEV activates the signaling pathway, showcasing its potential to induce skin regeneration. In conclusion, GNEV exhibits a notable ability to enhance skin regeneration through its stimulatory effects on cell migration and the upregulation of key collagen synthesis genes. The activation of the signaling pathway further suggests the potential of GNEV as a promising candidate for drug delivery systems in the fields of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, opening avenues for further research and application in skincare and dermatology.","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"102 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-07DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.06.001
In this study, we compared antithrombotic activities of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) and Cervi Parvum Cornu (CPC) on rats with induced thrombosis. Results indicate that KRG and CPC suppressed the arterial occlusion and the combination of KRG and CPC (KRG + CPC) treatment exhibited a synergistic effect with maximum reduction in thrombosis.
{"title":"The synergistic effects of Korean Red Ginseng and Cervi Parvum Cornu ameliorating FeCl3-induced arterial thrombosis by downregulating ICAM-1 and VCAM-1","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.06.001","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.06.001","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>In this study, we compared antithrombotic activities of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) and <em>Cervi Parvum Cornu</em> (CPC) on rats with induced thrombosis. Results indicate that KRG and CPC suppressed the arterial occlusion and the combination of KRG and CPC (KRG + CPC) treatment exhibited a synergistic effect with maximum reduction in thrombosis.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 5","pages":"Pages 520-523"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845324001040/pdfft?md5=d18523c7cc4d488ee501bc67b94d794d&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845324001040-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141390311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-31DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.05.008
Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) has long been used not only as a food supplement but also as a treatment for various diseases. Ginseng originated in South Korea, which later spread to China and Japan, has a wide range of pharmacological activities including immune, endocrine, cardiovascular, and central nervous system effects. KRG is produced by repetitions of steaming and drying of ginseng to extend preservation. During this steaming process, the components of ginseng undergo physio-chemical changes forming a variety of potential active constituents including ginsenoside-Rg3, a unique compound in KRG. Pandemic Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has affected both men and women differentially. In particular, women were more vulnerable to COVID-related distress which in turn could aggravate menopause-related disturbances. Complementary and alternative medicinal plants could have aided middle-aged women for several menopause-related symptoms during and post COVID-19 pandemic. This review aimed to explore the beneficial effects of KRG on menopausal symptoms and gynecological cancer.
{"title":"The beneficial potential of ginseng for menopause","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.05.008","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.05.008","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) has long been used not only as a food supplement but also as a treatment for various diseases. Ginseng originated in South Korea, which later spread to China and Japan, has a wide range of pharmacological activities including immune, endocrine, cardiovascular, and central nervous system effects. KRG is produced by repetitions of steaming and drying of ginseng to extend preservation. During this steaming process, the components of ginseng undergo physio-chemical changes forming a variety of potential active constituents including ginsenoside-Rg3, a unique compound in KRG. Pandemic Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has affected both men and women differentially. In particular, women were more vulnerable to COVID-related distress which in turn could aggravate menopause-related disturbances. Complementary and alternative medicinal plants could have aided middle-aged women for several menopause-related symptoms during and post COVID-19 pandemic. This review aimed to explore the beneficial effects of KRG on menopausal symptoms and gynecological cancer.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 5","pages":"Pages 449-453"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845324000927/pdfft?md5=b9e9b373b1d77d22408816c111593463&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845324000927-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141502254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-31DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.05.007
<div><h3>Background</h3><p>As a physiological function of body, immunity can maintain health by identifying itself and excluding others. With economic development and increasingly fierce social competition, the number of sub-healthy population is gradually increasing, and the most basic problem exposed is human hypoimmunity. Hypoimmunity can be manifested as often feeling tired, catching colds, mental depression, etc. In order to enhance immunity, eating healthy foods with the effect of enhancing immunity may become an effective choice. KRG has pharmacological effects of enhancing immunity. Because the screening and evaluation method of immune population are not unified, there are relatively few KRG immunity tests for sub-health population. It is of great significance to study the effect of KRG on people with hypoimmunity to improve sub-health status.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This was a 180-day, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. According to the trial scheme design, 119 qualified subjects were included and randomly divided into the test group taking KRG and the placebo control group. Subjects need to check safety indicators (blood pressure and heart rate, blood routine, liver and kidney function, urine routine and stool routine) and efficacy indicators (main and secondary) inspection at baseline, efficacy indicators inspection during the mid-term of the test (90th days of administration), safety and efficacy indicators inspection after the test (180th days of administration).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>After the test, the safety indicators of placebo control group and KRG test group were basically within the normal range, and there is no significant difference in fireness score between the two groups. Through follow-up interviews, it was found that the subjects in the test group and the control group had no adverse reactions and allergic reactions such as nausea, flatulence, diarrhea, and abdominal pain during the test period. Self-comparison of the test group, the results of the main efficacy indicators: (1) immune related health scores were significantly improved in the mid-term and after the test (<em>P</em> < 0.01), (2) CD3 and CD4/CD8 increased significantly after the test (<em>P</em> < 0.05), (3) IgG, IgA, IgM and WBC increased significantly in the mid-term and after the test (<em>P</em> < 0.01); the results of the secondary efficacy indicators: (1) TNF-α decreased significantly in the mid-term (<em>P</em> < 0.05), IFN-γ decreased significantly in the mid-term (<em>P</em> < 0.01), (2) NK increased significantly in the mid-term and after the test (<em>P</em> < 0.05), (3) monocyte increased significantly in the mid-term and after the test (<em>P</em> < 0.01). Inter-group comparison of the test group and the control group, the results of the main efficacy indicators: (1) immune related health scores were higher than that of the control group in the mid-term and after the test (<em>P
{"title":"Enhanced immunity effect of Korean Red Ginseng capsule: A randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.05.007","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.05.007","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>As a physiological function of body, immunity can maintain health by identifying itself and excluding others. With economic development and increasingly fierce social competition, the number of sub-healthy population is gradually increasing, and the most basic problem exposed is human hypoimmunity. Hypoimmunity can be manifested as often feeling tired, catching colds, mental depression, etc. In order to enhance immunity, eating healthy foods with the effect of enhancing immunity may become an effective choice. KRG has pharmacological effects of enhancing immunity. Because the screening and evaluation method of immune population are not unified, there are relatively few KRG immunity tests for sub-health population. It is of great significance to study the effect of KRG on people with hypoimmunity to improve sub-health status.</p></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><p>This was a 180-day, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. According to the trial scheme design, 119 qualified subjects were included and randomly divided into the test group taking KRG and the placebo control group. Subjects need to check safety indicators (blood pressure and heart rate, blood routine, liver and kidney function, urine routine and stool routine) and efficacy indicators (main and secondary) inspection at baseline, efficacy indicators inspection during the mid-term of the test (90th days of administration), safety and efficacy indicators inspection after the test (180th days of administration).</p></div><div><h3>Results</h3><p>After the test, the safety indicators of placebo control group and KRG test group were basically within the normal range, and there is no significant difference in fireness score between the two groups. Through follow-up interviews, it was found that the subjects in the test group and the control group had no adverse reactions and allergic reactions such as nausea, flatulence, diarrhea, and abdominal pain during the test period. Self-comparison of the test group, the results of the main efficacy indicators: (1) immune related health scores were significantly improved in the mid-term and after the test (<em>P</em> < 0.01), (2) CD3 and CD4/CD8 increased significantly after the test (<em>P</em> < 0.05), (3) IgG, IgA, IgM and WBC increased significantly in the mid-term and after the test (<em>P</em> < 0.01); the results of the secondary efficacy indicators: (1) TNF-α decreased significantly in the mid-term (<em>P</em> < 0.05), IFN-γ decreased significantly in the mid-term (<em>P</em> < 0.01), (2) NK increased significantly in the mid-term and after the test (<em>P</em> < 0.05), (3) monocyte increased significantly in the mid-term and after the test (<em>P</em> < 0.01). Inter-group comparison of the test group and the control group, the results of the main efficacy indicators: (1) immune related health scores were higher than that of the control group in the mid-term and after the test (<em>P","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 5","pages":"Pages 504-510"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845324000915/pdfft?md5=fd35f8c1f43b0b07559b7615c13fefdf&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845324000915-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141551509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-28DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2024.05.006
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a rapidly increasing neurodevelopmental disorder but currently available treatments are associated with abuse risk, side effects, and incomplete symptom relief. There is growing interest in exploring complementary options, and ginseng has gained attention for its therapeutic potential. This systematic review aimed to assess current evidence on the efficacy of ginseng and its active components, ginsenosides, for ADHD. Eligible studies were identified through searches of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, up to June 2023. The inclusion criteria included both human and animal studies that investigated the effects of ginseng or ginsenosides on ADHD. The risk of bias was assessed according to study type. Six human studies and three animal studies met the inclusion criteria. The results suggest that ginseng and ginsenosides may have beneficial effects on ADHD symptoms, particularly inattention, through dopaminergic/norepinephrinergicmodulation and BDNF/TrkB signaling. Ginseng and ginsenosides have promising potential for ADHD treatment. Due to limitations in evidence quality, such as the risk of bias and variability in study designs, larger controlled studies are essential. Integrating ginseng into ADHD management may have valuable implications for individuals seeking well-tolerated alternatives or adjunctive therapies.
注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是一种快速增长的神经发育障碍，但目前可用的治疗方法存在滥用风险、副作用和症状缓解不彻底等问题。人们对探索辅助治疗方案的兴趣与日俱增，而人参因其治疗潜力而备受关注。本系统综述旨在评估人参及其活性成分人参皂苷对多动症疗效的现有证据。截至 2023 年 6 月，通过检索 PubMed、Embase、Cochrane Library 和 Web of Science，确定了符合条件的研究。纳入标准包括调查人参或人参皂甙对多动症影响的人类和动物研究。根据研究类型对偏倚风险进行了评估。六项人类研究和三项动物研究符合纳入标准。研究结果表明，人参和人参皂苷可能通过多巴胺能/去甲肾上腺素能调节和BDNF/TrkB信号转导对多动症症状，尤其是注意力不集中产生有益影响。人参和人参皂苷具有治疗多动症的潜力。由于证据质量的局限性，如偏倚风险和研究设计的差异性，因此必须进行更大规模的对照研究。将人参纳入多动症治疗可能对寻求耐受性良好的替代疗法或辅助疗法的患者具有重要意义。
{"title":"Effect of ginseng and ginsenosides on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review","authors":"","doi":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.05.006","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jgr.2024.05.006","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a rapidly increasing neurodevelopmental disorder but currently available treatments are associated with abuse risk, side effects, and incomplete symptom relief. There is growing interest in exploring complementary options, and ginseng has gained attention for its therapeutic potential. This systematic review aimed to assess current evidence on the efficacy of ginseng and its active components, ginsenosides, for ADHD. Eligible studies were identified through searches of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science, up to June 2023. The inclusion criteria included both human and animal studies that investigated the effects of ginseng or ginsenosides on ADHD. The risk of bias was assessed according to study type. Six human studies and three animal studies met the inclusion criteria. The results suggest that ginseng and ginsenosides may have beneficial effects on ADHD symptoms, particularly inattention, through dopaminergic/norepinephrinergicmodulation and BDNF/TrkB signaling. Ginseng and ginsenosides have promising potential for ADHD treatment. Due to limitations in evidence quality, such as the risk of bias and variability in study designs, larger controlled studies are essential. Integrating ginseng into ADHD management may have valuable implications for individuals seeking well-tolerated alternatives or adjunctive therapies.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":16035,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Ginseng Research","volume":"48 5","pages":"Pages 437-448"},"PeriodicalIF":6.8,"publicationDate":"2024-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226845324000903/pdfft?md5=e96bbb8837f2f7d9b70e95de22de7d1e&pid=1-s2.0-S1226845324000903-main.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141197776","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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