Background and Aim: Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a chronic metabolic disorder of global concern with signs of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance, relative lack of insulin, or both. Stroke is a possible complication of this metabolic disorder as a result of advanced carotid artery atherosclerosis, which diabetic patients develop with attendant carotid blood flow changes. The present study evaluated sonographic carotid artery blood flow velocities in individuals with type 2 diabetics and compared with values in normoglycemic controls. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective case–control study, in which we evaluated carotid Doppler indices in 125 consenting confirmed type 2 diabetics (cases) and 125 age- and gender-matched normoglycemic healthy controls for a period of 6 months (October 2019 to March 2020). The diabetics (cases) were recruited using systematic sampling method and the controls via convenience sampling. Demographic data and anthropometric measurements as well as ultrasound findings were entered into a Microsoft Office Excel Database and analyzed using International Business Machines (IBM) Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 21. Tables, scatter-plot graphs, and bar charts were used in showing and evaluating the findings. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to assess correlation between two continuous variables. Results: The mean age of type 2 diabetics was 67.06±9.8 years, whereas that of the non-diabetics was 66.98±10.7. Females were in majority in both groups (64 in diabetics and 70 in non-diabetics). There were 61 males in the diabetics and 55 males in the non-diabetics. The mean carotid blood flow velocities in the diabetics and non-diabetics were, respectively, as follows: common carotid artery (CCA) end-diastolic velocity (EDV) 21.03±2.3 and 25.22±2.5, CCA peak systolic velocity (PSV) 81.70±4.1 and 83.60±3.6, internal carotid artery (ICA) EDV 17.99±5.6 and 21.57±2.0, ICA PSV 69.30±5.1 and 73.87±2.1, and ICA/CCA PSV ratio 0.83±01 and 0.91±0.1. Conclusion: Type 2 diabetics had significantly lower carotid blood flow velocities than non-diabetics. This suggests that proper management and compliance with care may reduce the development of features of atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetics.
{"title":"A comparative analysis of sonographic carotid artery Doppler indices in type 2 diabetics and non-diabetics","authors":"E. Nwokorie, F. Jinadu, T. Ottun, A. Olumodeji","doi":"10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_10_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_10_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aim: Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a chronic metabolic disorder of global concern with signs of hyperglycemia due to insulin resistance, relative lack of insulin, or both. Stroke is a possible complication of this metabolic disorder as a result of advanced carotid artery atherosclerosis, which diabetic patients develop with attendant carotid blood flow changes. The present study evaluated sonographic carotid artery blood flow velocities in individuals with type 2 diabetics and compared with values in normoglycemic controls. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective case–control study, in which we evaluated carotid Doppler indices in 125 consenting confirmed type 2 diabetics (cases) and 125 age- and gender-matched normoglycemic healthy controls for a period of 6 months (October 2019 to March 2020). The diabetics (cases) were recruited using systematic sampling method and the controls via convenience sampling. Demographic data and anthropometric measurements as well as ultrasound findings were entered into a Microsoft Office Excel Database and analyzed using International Business Machines (IBM) Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 21. Tables, scatter-plot graphs, and bar charts were used in showing and evaluating the findings. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to assess correlation between two continuous variables. Results: The mean age of type 2 diabetics was 67.06±9.8 years, whereas that of the non-diabetics was 66.98±10.7. Females were in majority in both groups (64 in diabetics and 70 in non-diabetics). There were 61 males in the diabetics and 55 males in the non-diabetics. The mean carotid blood flow velocities in the diabetics and non-diabetics were, respectively, as follows: common carotid artery (CCA) end-diastolic velocity (EDV) 21.03±2.3 and 25.22±2.5, CCA peak systolic velocity (PSV) 81.70±4.1 and 83.60±3.6, internal carotid artery (ICA) EDV 17.99±5.6 and 21.57±2.0, ICA PSV 69.30±5.1 and 73.87±2.1, and ICA/CCA PSV ratio 0.83±01 and 0.91±0.1. Conclusion: Type 2 diabetics had significantly lower carotid blood flow velocities than non-diabetics. This suggests that proper management and compliance with care may reduce the development of features of atherosclerosis in type 2 diabetics.","PeriodicalId":16068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Research and Reviews","volume":"62 1","pages":"30 - 38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85636372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sithara Sivaji, Panamoottil Vijayamohanan, P. Sreelakshmi
Aim: The aim of this article is to study the lifestyle changes such as physical activity, dietary habits, sleeping patterns, and psychological parameters during the COVID-19 lockdown among young adults. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out by an online web-based survey. The survey was open for 2 weeks and was shared on all social media platforms. It was composed of 20 questions divided into sections, namely, general information and comorbidities, dietary pattern, physical activity, sleeping pattern, and self-reported psychological health. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Results: Out of the 301 participants, majority were female students who belonged to higher socioeconomic status with a mean age of 23.31 years. Only 100 (33.2%) got involved regularly in any type of exercise during the lockdown period. The participants consumed cereals for a median number of 6 days in a week. One-third of the participants slept for 8–10 h daily during the lockdown period. Psychological issues were reported by 44% (132) of the individuals. Conclusion: Our study showed that only one-third of the participants had the habit of exercising regularly during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Almost half of the participants reported a significant change in their diet. There was an increase in the number of hours of sleep in a day. Psychological health problems in the form of stress, anxiety, and depression were reported by a high proportion of individuals.
{"title":"Lifestyle changes during the Covid-19 lockdown among young adults in Kerala in terms of physical activity, sleeping habits, and perceived psychological problems: A cross-sectional study","authors":"Sithara Sivaji, Panamoottil Vijayamohanan, P. Sreelakshmi","doi":"10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_1_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_1_22","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The aim of this article is to study the lifestyle changes such as physical activity, dietary habits, sleeping patterns, and psychological parameters during the COVID-19 lockdown among young adults. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out by an online web-based survey. The survey was open for 2 weeks and was shared on all social media platforms. It was composed of 20 questions divided into sections, namely, general information and comorbidities, dietary pattern, physical activity, sleeping pattern, and self-reported psychological health. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Results: Out of the 301 participants, majority were female students who belonged to higher socioeconomic status with a mean age of 23.31 years. Only 100 (33.2%) got involved regularly in any type of exercise during the lockdown period. The participants consumed cereals for a median number of 6 days in a week. One-third of the participants slept for 8–10 h daily during the lockdown period. Psychological issues were reported by 44% (132) of the individuals. Conclusion: Our study showed that only one-third of the participants had the habit of exercising regularly during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Almost half of the participants reported a significant change in their diet. There was an increase in the number of hours of sleep in a day. Psychological health problems in the form of stress, anxiety, and depression were reported by a high proportion of individuals.","PeriodicalId":16068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Research and Reviews","volume":"4 1","pages":"17 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84499502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Biological plausibility of spirituality in public health","authors":"Rushabh J Dagli","doi":"10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_16_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_16_21","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":16068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Research and Reviews","volume":"19 1","pages":"1 - 2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75538846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: The presence of Candida species in urine is rarely encountered in healthy people; however, it is of common occurrence in hospitalized patients and in critically ill patients and it may be life-threatening. It is a diagnostic dilemma to differentiate colonization from true infection. The aim of the study is to identify and speciate Candida species in urine, study associated risk factors, and determine the antifungal minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for different species. Materials and Methods: The study was an observational cross-sectional study conducted from March 2019 to December 2019 at the Department of Microbiology, GIPMER, Delhi. All consecutive urine samples received from ICU patients suspected of having urinary tract infection were processed for culture and sensitivity as per standard techniques. CHROM agar and standard yeast identification protocol were used for speciation of Candida species. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed by VITEK 2 automatic machine. Significant P-value (<0.05) was calculated using Fisher’s exact test. Results: Out of 2963 patients, 250 (8.43%) had candiduria and 50 (20%) had candiduria with pyuria (pus cells> 5/HPF). Out of these 50, 8 (16%) were identified as Candida albicans and 42 (84%) were non-albicans species. The most common species was Candida tropicalis (38%). Duration of catheterization had no significant association with the type of Candida spp. Mechanical ventilation was the most important risk factor associated with non-albicans candiduria when compared with C. albicans (P=0.02). Antifungal susceptibility according to MICs showed 100% resistance to amphotericin B by C. albicans and almost 90% resistance by non-albicans spp. Candida glabrata was 100% resistant to fluconazole, and Candida haemulonii was resistant to all antifungals. Conclusion: Non-albicans Candida are emerging nosocomial pathogens. Candida speciation is important to guide patient management as non-albicans Candida species are more resistant to antifungal drugs. Azoles are more sensitive when compared with amphotericin B.
{"title":"Speciation, risk factors, and antifungal susceptibility pattern of Candida isolates from urine sample of ICU patients: An observational cross-sectional study","authors":"Madhusmita Das, Abha Sharma, P. Loomba, B. Mishra","doi":"10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_11_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_11_21","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The presence of Candida species in urine is rarely encountered in healthy people; however, it is of common occurrence in hospitalized patients and in critically ill patients and it may be life-threatening. It is a diagnostic dilemma to differentiate colonization from true infection. The aim of the study is to identify and speciate Candida species in urine, study associated risk factors, and determine the antifungal minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for different species. Materials and Methods: The study was an observational cross-sectional study conducted from March 2019 to December 2019 at the Department of Microbiology, GIPMER, Delhi. All consecutive urine samples received from ICU patients suspected of having urinary tract infection were processed for culture and sensitivity as per standard techniques. CHROM agar and standard yeast identification protocol were used for speciation of Candida species. Antifungal susceptibility testing was performed by VITEK 2 automatic machine. Significant P-value (<0.05) was calculated using Fisher’s exact test. Results: Out of 2963 patients, 250 (8.43%) had candiduria and 50 (20%) had candiduria with pyuria (pus cells> 5/HPF). Out of these 50, 8 (16%) were identified as Candida albicans and 42 (84%) were non-albicans species. The most common species was Candida tropicalis (38%). Duration of catheterization had no significant association with the type of Candida spp. Mechanical ventilation was the most important risk factor associated with non-albicans candiduria when compared with C. albicans (P=0.02). Antifungal susceptibility according to MICs showed 100% resistance to amphotericin B by C. albicans and almost 90% resistance by non-albicans spp. Candida glabrata was 100% resistant to fluconazole, and Candida haemulonii was resistant to all antifungals. Conclusion: Non-albicans Candida are emerging nosocomial pathogens. Candida speciation is important to guide patient management as non-albicans Candida species are more resistant to antifungal drugs. Azoles are more sensitive when compared with amphotericin B.","PeriodicalId":16068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Research and Reviews","volume":"177 1","pages":"3 - 9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85436502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: The erosion of tooth structure caused by exposure to acidic environment can be described as a chronic noncommunicable degenerating disease. This occurs when drinks and citrus fruits that are acidic are used over a prolonged period of time. Materials and Methods: The most popular drinks consumed in Trinidad and Tobago were determined from data collected using questionnaires. Data were collected from grocery stores, pharmacies, and minimarts. We also measured the pH of four categories of the most popular drinks, namely water, carbonated nonalcoholic “soft drinks,” juices, and alcoholic beverages. The pH was determined from repeated measures using a calibrated pH meter and the acid content by titrimetric analysis. Results: The results found that all the beverages were acidic varying from pH 2.26 to 5.74. The lowest average pH readings were for Coke and Sprite, 2.26 and 2.94, respectively. The juices followed by the alcoholic drinks were still acidic and even the Dasani water recorded an average pH of 4.83, all under the critical pH of 5.5. Titration found that the acidic content was lower than the pH recorded. Conclusions: It was found that soft drinks, juices, and alcoholic beverages were mostly very acidic. As there is an ever-increasing production of beverages, notable energy drinks, there should be a more comprehensive measure of the acidity across all categories of drinks consumed. It would certainly be in the public health interest if there are labels with some information with the pH and the erosive potential of consuming acidic drinks.
{"title":"The pH and titration values of commonly used beverages in Trinidad: A cross-sectional study","authors":"F. Shaama, A. Wilson, R. Rafeek","doi":"10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_3_22","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_3_22","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The erosion of tooth structure caused by exposure to acidic environment can be described as a chronic noncommunicable degenerating disease. This occurs when drinks and citrus fruits that are acidic are used over a prolonged period of time. Materials and Methods: The most popular drinks consumed in Trinidad and Tobago were determined from data collected using questionnaires. Data were collected from grocery stores, pharmacies, and minimarts. We also measured the pH of four categories of the most popular drinks, namely water, carbonated nonalcoholic “soft drinks,” juices, and alcoholic beverages. The pH was determined from repeated measures using a calibrated pH meter and the acid content by titrimetric analysis. Results: The results found that all the beverages were acidic varying from pH 2.26 to 5.74. The lowest average pH readings were for Coke and Sprite, 2.26 and 2.94, respectively. The juices followed by the alcoholic drinks were still acidic and even the Dasani water recorded an average pH of 4.83, all under the critical pH of 5.5. Titration found that the acidic content was lower than the pH recorded. Conclusions: It was found that soft drinks, juices, and alcoholic beverages were mostly very acidic. As there is an ever-increasing production of beverages, notable energy drinks, there should be a more comprehensive measure of the acidity across all categories of drinks consumed. It would certainly be in the public health interest if there are labels with some information with the pH and the erosive potential of consuming acidic drinks.","PeriodicalId":16068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Research and Reviews","volume":"1 1","pages":"39 - 43"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76268003","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, survival outcome, and its correlation with biochemical parameters in coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)-infected patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was on hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection from September 1, 2020 to October 31, 2020. Data related to demographics, baseline history of comorbid conditions, dialysis-specific data, details on hospital admissions, COVID-19 treatment regimen, laboratory investigations, computed tomography (CT) severity score, COVID-19 Reporting and Data System score, and clinical outcomes (improved/death), duration of hospital stay, oxygen/vasopressor support were collected. Results: A total of 216 ESKD patients with COVID-19 infection were included in this study. The median age was 48.0 years (74.5% men, 25.5% women). Severe acute respiratory infection (44.7%), hypertension (28.2%), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (22.4%) were the most common comorbidities. Elevated levels of serum creatinine (9.3 mg/dL) and blood urea nitrogen (84.8 mg/dL) were observed in the patients with COVID-19 infection. The change in mean levels of serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate from baseline to post-treatment was significant (0.9 [95% CI: 0.7, 1.1; P < 0.001] and 3.4 [95% CI: 3.2, 3.6; P < 0.001], respectively). Approximately, 79.6% (n = 172) of patients improved post-treatment. Serum creatinine (1.786, 95% CI: 1.031, 3.095; 0.039) and ferritin levels (51.959, 95% CI: 7.901, 341.685; P < 0.001) remained significantly and independently associated with survival. The median time to clinical survival was 17.0 days. Conclusion: Serum creatinine and ferritin levels were independently associated with survival.
{"title":"Outcomes of patients with end-stage kidney disease hospitalized with COVID-19: A single-center experience from Eastern India","authors":"Aruna Acharya, H. Naik, Rohit Gaude","doi":"10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_21_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_21_21","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics, survival outcome, and its correlation with biochemical parameters in coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)-infected patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was on hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection from September 1, 2020 to October 31, 2020. Data related to demographics, baseline history of comorbid conditions, dialysis-specific data, details on hospital admissions, COVID-19 treatment regimen, laboratory investigations, computed tomography (CT) severity score, COVID-19 Reporting and Data System score, and clinical outcomes (improved/death), duration of hospital stay, oxygen/vasopressor support were collected. Results: A total of 216 ESKD patients with COVID-19 infection were included in this study. The median age was 48.0 years (74.5% men, 25.5% women). Severe acute respiratory infection (44.7%), hypertension (28.2%), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (22.4%) were the most common comorbidities. Elevated levels of serum creatinine (9.3 mg/dL) and blood urea nitrogen (84.8 mg/dL) were observed in the patients with COVID-19 infection. The change in mean levels of serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate from baseline to post-treatment was significant (0.9 [95% CI: 0.7, 1.1; P < 0.001] and 3.4 [95% CI: 3.2, 3.6; P < 0.001], respectively). Approximately, 79.6% (n = 172) of patients improved post-treatment. Serum creatinine (1.786, 95% CI: 1.031, 3.095; 0.039) and ferritin levels (51.959, 95% CI: 7.901, 341.685; P < 0.001) remained significantly and independently associated with survival. The median time to clinical survival was 17.0 days. Conclusion: Serum creatinine and ferritin levels were independently associated with survival.","PeriodicalId":16068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Research and Reviews","volume":"136 1","pages":"22 - 29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74130142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background and Aims: Community nurses have been providing health care to communities for many decades and have assumed a variety of roles, including community empowerment, the provision of services, and linking communities with health facilities. They face many challenges while providing community service. The present study has been conducted to assess the role of community nurses toward maternal and child health (MCH) services and to find out the challenges toward providing MCH services. Materials and Methods: After Institutional Ethics Committee approval, data were collected from 100 community nurses through multistage sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured and structured interview schedules. All tools were tested for validity and reliability before data collection. Data analysis was done through descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Most of the community nurses adopted the role of educator (98.43%), administrator (97.63%), supervisor (95.5%), and coordinator (93.63%), respectively, toward MCH services; however, only 84.9% and 80%, respectively, performed a care provider’s and a collaborator’s role. The most common challenges faced by the community nurses were overburden, due to a high inflow of patients at the OPD (78%), the overload of handling written documents, and online data entry (69%). Conclusion: Administrators need to take proper steps to reduce the challenges faced by the community nurses, and there is a need for constant supervision and timely training for the community nurses.
{"title":"A role of community nurses and challenges faced by them toward providing MCH services in selected blocks in West Bengal: A cross-sectional study","authors":"Swatilekha Pradhan, U. Adhikari","doi":"10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_18_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_18_21","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aims: Community nurses have been providing health care to communities for many decades and have assumed a variety of roles, including community empowerment, the provision of services, and linking communities with health facilities. They face many challenges while providing community service. The present study has been conducted to assess the role of community nurses toward maternal and child health (MCH) services and to find out the challenges toward providing MCH services. Materials and Methods: After Institutional Ethics Committee approval, data were collected from 100 community nurses through multistage sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured and structured interview schedules. All tools were tested for validity and reliability before data collection. Data analysis was done through descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Most of the community nurses adopted the role of educator (98.43%), administrator (97.63%), supervisor (95.5%), and coordinator (93.63%), respectively, toward MCH services; however, only 84.9% and 80%, respectively, performed a care provider’s and a collaborator’s role. The most common challenges faced by the community nurses were overburden, due to a high inflow of patients at the OPD (78%), the overload of handling written documents, and online data entry (69%). Conclusion: Administrators need to take proper steps to reduce the challenges faced by the community nurses, and there is a need for constant supervision and timely training for the community nurses.","PeriodicalId":16068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Research and Reviews","volume":"30 1","pages":"10 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78148791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aim: The coronavirus pandemic led to lockdown to control the spread of Covid-19. The lockdown caused various lifestyle changes that might have affected mental health. The study aimed to assess the effect of lockdown on stress level of Indian urban population. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire-based exploratory survey was conducted. A prevalidated Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) was used. A total of 120 questionnaires were sent via online social media using snowball sampling technique. PSQ Index scores were calculated for each participant. On the basis of these scores, participants were grouped into three categories: mild, moderate, and severe. The Shapiro–Wilk test was applied to check data for normality. Independent t-test was applied to find the difference of PSQ scores between males and females. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to find the difference in PSQ scores between various occupational groups and between various age groups, followed by post hoc Tukey’s honest significant difference (HSD) test. Results: Completely filled 100 responses were analyzed to form results. About 44% population was found to have moderate stress. Mean PSQ index was 0.35 for sample population with standard deviation of 0.17. Pearson’s correlation between age and PSQ score was –0.452. Values of PSQ scores were higher for female participants, but the difference was not statistically significant. PQS scores were the highest in healthcare workers when compared with other occupations. Results of one-way ANOVA for various age groups were significant (F = 6.73, p = 0.001). Post hoc Tukey’s analysis revealed that only group of senior citizens is significantly different from others. Results of one-way ANOVA for various occupational groups are significant (F = 3.79, p = 0.01), and the result of post hoc Tukey’s HSD test suggests that only group of healthcare workers is significantly different from other groups. Conclusion: Results suggest prevalence of moderate stress level in studied sample population. More stress level was observed in females than males but the difference was not statistically significant. The stress level was higher among healthcare workers when compared with participants with other occupations. Stress was found to be negatively correlated with age of participants. The stress level was lowest in senior citizen participants when compared with other participants.
目的:冠状病毒大流行导致封锁，以控制Covid-19的传播。封锁导致各种生活方式的改变，可能会影响心理健康。该研究旨在评估封锁对印度城市人口压力水平的影响。材料与方法:采用问卷法进行探索性调查。采用预验证的感知压力问卷(PSQ)。使用滚雪球抽样技术，通过在线社交媒体发送了总共120份问卷。计算每个参与者的PSQ指数得分。在这些分数的基础上，参与者被分为三类:轻度、中度和重度。采用Shapiro-Wilk检验检验数据的正态性。采用独立t检验分析男女间PSQ得分的差异。采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)分析各职业组间、各年龄组间PSQ得分的差异，并进行事后Tukey’s honest significant difference (HSD)检验。结果:对完整填写的100份问卷进行分析，形成结果。大约44%的人被发现有中度压力。样本总体的平均PSQ指数为0.35，标准差为0.17。年龄与PSQ评分的Pearson相关系数为-0.452。女性受试者的PSQ得分值较高，但差异无统计学意义。与其他职业相比，医护人员的PQS得分最高。各年龄组的单因素方差分析结果有统计学意义(F = 6.73, p = 0.001)。事后Tukey的分析显示，只有一个老年人群体与其他群体有显著不同。各职业组间的单因素方差分析结果有显著性差异(F = 3.79, p = 0.01)，事后Tukey’s HSD检验结果显示，只有医护人员组与其他组有显著性差异。结论:研究结果表明，研究人群中存在中等水平的应激。女性的压力水平高于男性，但差异无统计学意义。与其他职业的参与者相比，医护人员的压力水平更高。压力与参与者的年龄呈负相关。与其他参与者相比，老年参与者的压力水平最低。
{"title":"Perceived stress during lockdown due to corona pandemic in Indian urban population: A questionnaire-based study","authors":"Namrata Dagli, Rushabh J Dagli","doi":"10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_1_21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_1_21","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: The coronavirus pandemic led to lockdown to control the spread of Covid-19. The lockdown caused various lifestyle changes that might have affected mental health. The study aimed to assess the effect of lockdown on stress level of Indian urban population. Materials and Methods: A questionnaire-based exploratory survey was conducted. A prevalidated Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) was used. A total of 120 questionnaires were sent via online social media using snowball sampling technique. PSQ Index scores were calculated for each participant. On the basis of these scores, participants were grouped into three categories: mild, moderate, and severe. The Shapiro–Wilk test was applied to check data for normality. Independent t-test was applied to find the difference of PSQ scores between males and females. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to find the difference in PSQ scores between various occupational groups and between various age groups, followed by post hoc Tukey’s honest significant difference (HSD) test. Results: Completely filled 100 responses were analyzed to form results. About 44% population was found to have moderate stress. Mean PSQ index was 0.35 for sample population with standard deviation of 0.17. Pearson’s correlation between age and PSQ score was –0.452. Values of PSQ scores were higher for female participants, but the difference was not statistically significant. PQS scores were the highest in healthcare workers when compared with other occupations. Results of one-way ANOVA for various age groups were significant (F = 6.73, p = 0.001). Post hoc Tukey’s analysis revealed that only group of senior citizens is significantly different from others. Results of one-way ANOVA for various occupational groups are significant (F = 3.79, p = 0.01), and the result of post hoc Tukey’s HSD test suggests that only group of healthcare workers is significantly different from other groups. Conclusion: Results suggest prevalence of moderate stress level in studied sample population. More stress level was observed in females than males but the difference was not statistically significant. The stress level was higher among healthcare workers when compared with participants with other occupations. Stress was found to be negatively correlated with age of participants. The stress level was lowest in senior citizen participants when compared with other participants.","PeriodicalId":16068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Research and Reviews","volume":"78 1","pages":"23 - 26"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90238177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Eating disorders are conditions that include abnormal eating behaviors such as excessive or insufficient intake, and which can lead to mental and physical health. Rates of mortality were high among socially isolated individuals as they can be more stressed and depressed. Thus, these disorders must be treated instantly to prevent the deteriorations. In this narrative review, we focus on the association between eating disorders and obesity especially among adolescents. Materials and Methods: A search of periodical literature by the author involving eating disorders and obesity was carried out. Items were identified initially through health-oriented indexing services such as Medline, Health STAR, and Cinahl, looking up for articles published in English language, from 2010 to 2020. Results: Obesity rates were more among adolescents who used to skip their main meals. Whereas, skipping meals were also reported among adolescents who suffered from eating disorders. Both obesity and eating disorders were thought treated by psychological, physical, and dietary approaches. Conclusion: This review is focused on the eating disorders that result in obesity. There is much need for research and development of medications and new innovative treatments to address this growing problem. Research will shed new light on pathways in the brain, which once revealed as related to the abnormal patterns of eating behavior can be modified and changed to successfully help these patients.
{"title":"Eating and weight disorders: How are they related? A narrative review","authors":"L. Mahmood, L. Matthews","doi":"10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_29_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_29_20","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Eating disorders are conditions that include abnormal eating behaviors such as excessive or insufficient intake, and which can lead to mental and physical health. Rates of mortality were high among socially isolated individuals as they can be more stressed and depressed. Thus, these disorders must be treated instantly to prevent the deteriorations. In this narrative review, we focus on the association between eating disorders and obesity especially among adolescents. Materials and Methods: A search of periodical literature by the author involving eating disorders and obesity was carried out. Items were identified initially through health-oriented indexing services such as Medline, Health STAR, and Cinahl, looking up for articles published in English language, from 2010 to 2020. Results: Obesity rates were more among adolescents who used to skip their main meals. Whereas, skipping meals were also reported among adolescents who suffered from eating disorders. Both obesity and eating disorders were thought treated by psychological, physical, and dietary approaches. Conclusion: This review is focused on the eating disorders that result in obesity. There is much need for research and development of medications and new innovative treatments to address this growing problem. Research will shed new light on pathways in the brain, which once revealed as related to the abnormal patterns of eating behavior can be modified and changed to successfully help these patients.","PeriodicalId":16068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Research and Reviews","volume":"22 1","pages":"13 - 17"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72804527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interventional nephrology (IN) is one of the prominent nephrology fields that mainly copes with the diagnosis and treatment of patients with renal failure by using special techniques, such as ultrasonography of kidneys, performance of kidney biopsy, insertion of peritoneal dialysis catheters, tunneled dialysis catheters, and maintenance of vascular access for patients receiving hemodialysis. The IN also deals with performing percutaneous endovascular procedures to maintain arteriovenous fistulas or grafts that are functional in patients with renal failure. When performed by a variety of experts, all these procedures resulted in delays in diagnosis and treatment. This led to the formation of a team of nephrologists who started performing these procedures themselves. They opened training centers and provided training to other nephrologists. Excellent results were obtained when these procedures were performed by nephrologists. The IN has ensured to provide renal care with effectiveness, safety, and reduced costs. There is a need to develop awareness among the people, so that these procedures can be performed in an outpatient setting with lower costs. Nephrologists should get adequate training to develop necessary skills to provide standard renal care.
{"title":"Interventional nephrology: A review of literature","authors":"A. Ahangar, S. Tiwari, S. Gulati","doi":"10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_19_20","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_19_20","url":null,"abstract":"Interventional nephrology (IN) is one of the prominent nephrology fields that mainly copes with the diagnosis and treatment of patients with renal failure by using special techniques, such as ultrasonography of kidneys, performance of kidney biopsy, insertion of peritoneal dialysis catheters, tunneled dialysis catheters, and maintenance of vascular access for patients receiving hemodialysis. The IN also deals with performing percutaneous endovascular procedures to maintain arteriovenous fistulas or grafts that are functional in patients with renal failure. When performed by a variety of experts, all these procedures resulted in delays in diagnosis and treatment. This led to the formation of a team of nephrologists who started performing these procedures themselves. They opened training centers and provided training to other nephrologists. Excellent results were obtained when these procedures were performed by nephrologists. The IN has ensured to provide renal care with effectiveness, safety, and reduced costs. There is a need to develop awareness among the people, so that these procedures can be performed in an outpatient setting with lower costs. Nephrologists should get adequate training to develop necessary skills to provide standard renal care.","PeriodicalId":16068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Research and Reviews","volume":"61 1","pages":"1 - 5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82146646","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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