Background: Prepayment health-care financing mechanisms are recommended for achieving universal health coverage (UHC) as it prevents catastrophic health-care expenditure and poverty. This preference is due to the inadequacies of the out-of-pocket model in many low- and middle-income countries such as Nigeria. However, it took Nigeria several decades to operationalize the national health insurance scheme in 2005. This review aimed at highlighting various health-care financing options and their suitability for providing health care to all (including the poor and vulnerable groups). Materials and Methods: Data for this review were obtained from searching Google Scholar, MEDLINE (via PubMed), and African Journal Online, using relevant terms (in English language) that addressed health-care financing options and their suitability for UHC (including the poor and vulnerable groups) and were published between January 2007 and May 2019. Studies published in other languages were excluded for lack of resources to translate them. Results: Out-of-pocket, general taxation, private, community-based, and social health insurance, and innovative financing were found to have differing attributes. The social health insurance adopted by low- and middle-income countries such as Nigeria appears promising but not without challenges. Conclusion: A mixed model of social health insurance and general taxation is a prospect in extending health coverage to all citizens including the poor and vulnerable groups. Information on health financing options offers stakeholders the opportunity to understand the attributes of these options, an essential in the choice of a suitable mechanism that can deliver UHC.
{"title":"Health financing mechanisms and extension of health coverage to the poor and vulnerable groups: What options are available in the Nigerian context?","authors":"G. Michael, I. Aliyu, B. Grema","doi":"10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_43_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_43_19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Prepayment health-care financing mechanisms are recommended for achieving universal health coverage (UHC) as it prevents catastrophic health-care expenditure and poverty. This preference is due to the inadequacies of the out-of-pocket model in many low- and middle-income countries such as Nigeria. However, it took Nigeria several decades to operationalize the national health insurance scheme in 2005. This review aimed at highlighting various health-care financing options and their suitability for providing health care to all (including the poor and vulnerable groups). Materials and Methods: Data for this review were obtained from searching Google Scholar, MEDLINE (via PubMed), and African Journal Online, using relevant terms (in English language) that addressed health-care financing options and their suitability for UHC (including the poor and vulnerable groups) and were published between January 2007 and May 2019. Studies published in other languages were excluded for lack of resources to translate them. Results: Out-of-pocket, general taxation, private, community-based, and social health insurance, and innovative financing were found to have differing attributes. The social health insurance adopted by low- and middle-income countries such as Nigeria appears promising but not without challenges. Conclusion: A mixed model of social health insurance and general taxation is a prospect in extending health coverage to all citizens including the poor and vulnerable groups. Information on health financing options offers stakeholders the opportunity to understand the attributes of these options, an essential in the choice of a suitable mechanism that can deliver UHC.","PeriodicalId":16068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Research and Reviews","volume":"29 1","pages":"126 - 133"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82105105","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Worldwide, epilepsy affects about 0.7% of children of school age. It is associated with educational difficulties in addition to psychological, social, and other comorbidities. It is important for children with medical conditions such as epilepsy to receive education. The trend is to provide this at mainstream schools. However, there is poor perception and lack of support for children with epilepsy from schoolteachers and the school environment, especially in low and middle-income countries. Teachers, healthcare providers, and policymakers need to have a good understanding of the various issues involved in providing education to these children. We therefore carry out a review of the literature with the aim of highlighting the keys issues pertaining to the education of children with epilepsy. We conclude that the school environment has a role in the management of children with epilepsy from the diagnosis, psychosocial support, and control of stigma to seizure treatment. In particular, there is a need for teachers to be involved in the management of these children in the school environment. Specifically, the involvement of teachers in the provision of rescue medication and safety measures needs to be emphasized.
{"title":"The role of school in the management of children with epilepsy","authors":"Aminu T. Abdullahi, Umar Taura, Z. Farouk","doi":"10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_27_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_27_19","url":null,"abstract":"Worldwide, epilepsy affects about 0.7% of children of school age. It is associated with educational difficulties in addition to psychological, social, and other comorbidities. It is important for children with medical conditions such as epilepsy to receive education. The trend is to provide this at mainstream schools. However, there is poor perception and lack of support for children with epilepsy from schoolteachers and the school environment, especially in low and middle-income countries. Teachers, healthcare providers, and policymakers need to have a good understanding of the various issues involved in providing education to these children. We therefore carry out a review of the literature with the aim of highlighting the keys issues pertaining to the education of children with epilepsy. We conclude that the school environment has a role in the management of children with epilepsy from the diagnosis, psychosocial support, and control of stigma to seizure treatment. In particular, there is a need for teachers to be involved in the management of these children in the school environment. Specifically, the involvement of teachers in the provision of rescue medication and safety measures needs to be emphasized.","PeriodicalId":16068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Research and Reviews","volume":"33 1","pages":"37 - 41"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72755625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
R. Saroj, K. Murthy, Mukesh Kumar, Rajneesh Singh, Avadhesh Kumar
Aims: Child survival status is one of the major health-related concerns in all over the developing countries. There are various socioeconomic, demographic, environmental, and proximate and biological factors which are responsible for under-five child mortality. Our aim was to find the significant factors among various responsible factors under study using parametric and semi-parametric models. Materials and Methods: In this article, National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-IV data is used state of Uttar Pradesh in India after authentication and permission. Cox regression analysis (semi-parametric model) was performed to obtain the significant role of variables. Parametric models (Weibull, exponential, log-logistic, and log-normal) were performed to estimate the survival. Results: By using the Cox regression model, it was found that socioeconomic, demographic (education level, women's age, and religion), and proximate and biological factors (women's age in years, total number of children ever born, birth in the last 5 years, number of living children, currently breastfeeding, smokers, desire for more children, size of child, delivery by cesarean section, antenatal care visits, and birth order) play a significant role in the context of under-five child mortality. Based on the Akaike Information Criterion's (32985.3) minimum value, the Weibull model was found to be best fitted among all the other parametric models. Conclusions: There is used different parametric models. It is found that Weibull model is best fitted among all models. The study concludes that child mortality influences by the different factors. The study suggests that public health researcher, clinicians, health policy makers and other demographer need to implement more health programs related to child health especially for the under-five year children.
{"title":"Survival parametric models to estimate the factors of under-five child mortality","authors":"R. Saroj, K. Murthy, Mukesh Kumar, Rajneesh Singh, Avadhesh Kumar","doi":"10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_22_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_22_19","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Child survival status is one of the major health-related concerns in all over the developing countries. There are various socioeconomic, demographic, environmental, and proximate and biological factors which are responsible for under-five child mortality. Our aim was to find the significant factors among various responsible factors under study using parametric and semi-parametric models. Materials and Methods: In this article, National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-IV data is used state of Uttar Pradesh in India after authentication and permission. Cox regression analysis (semi-parametric model) was performed to obtain the significant role of variables. Parametric models (Weibull, exponential, log-logistic, and log-normal) were performed to estimate the survival. Results: By using the Cox regression model, it was found that socioeconomic, demographic (education level, women's age, and religion), and proximate and biological factors (women's age in years, total number of children ever born, birth in the last 5 years, number of living children, currently breastfeeding, smokers, desire for more children, size of child, delivery by cesarean section, antenatal care visits, and birth order) play a significant role in the context of under-five child mortality. Based on the Akaike Information Criterion's (32985.3) minimum value, the Weibull model was found to be best fitted among all the other parametric models. Conclusions: There is used different parametric models. It is found that Weibull model is best fitted among all models. The study concludes that child mortality influences by the different factors. The study suggests that public health researcher, clinicians, health policy makers and other demographer need to implement more health programs related to child health especially for the under-five year children.","PeriodicalId":16068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Research and Reviews","volume":"21 1","pages":"82 - 88"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75104198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Childhood brain tumor (BT) survivors have increased. Physical, cognitive, social functions, and overall quality of life (QOL), may be diminished in response to tumors or their treatments in children. The tumor itself, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy can contribute to neurocognitive sequelae to debilitating levels. Short-term memory, attention, processing speed, visual-motor processing, and spatial relations deficits may occur months to years after treatment. BT survivors may develop motor, intellectual, visual, and psychoemotional dysfunctions, with moderate-to-severe disabilities. Among survivors of the central nervous system tumors, ocular deficits are common. Platinum-based chemotherapy and posterior and middle cranial fossa radiotherapy have contributed to ototoxicity. Survivors of treated temporal lobe cyst suffered from incapacitating depression and psychosis in one study; however, it is not clear if psychiatric and somatic symptoms are caused by BTs or as a response to psychological stresses after diagnosis or treatment. Childhood (BT) survivors experienced significant lower Health-Related QOL scores than in the normal population. It is a major challenge, for the medical team to prevent these late effects. The article will address the following items: neurological; including cognitive impairment and psychiatric sequelae; QOL in childhood (BT) survivors and how to minimize, prevent, and treat them. The neurological, cognitive, psychiatric, and social problems that develop early in childhood BT survivors may extend into adulthood. Life-long support and follow-up care are recommended for childhood BT survivors. Treatment protocols should be placed considering the reduction of neurocognitive and late neurological deficits.
{"title":"Neuropsychiatric sequelae in childhood brain tumor survivors","authors":"M. Abu-Hegazy, H. El-Hadaad, A. Alghamdi","doi":"10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_25_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_25_19","url":null,"abstract":"Childhood brain tumor (BT) survivors have increased. Physical, cognitive, social functions, and overall quality of life (QOL), may be diminished in response to tumors or their treatments in children. The tumor itself, surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy can contribute to neurocognitive sequelae to debilitating levels. Short-term memory, attention, processing speed, visual-motor processing, and spatial relations deficits may occur months to years after treatment. BT survivors may develop motor, intellectual, visual, and psychoemotional dysfunctions, with moderate-to-severe disabilities. Among survivors of the central nervous system tumors, ocular deficits are common. Platinum-based chemotherapy and posterior and middle cranial fossa radiotherapy have contributed to ototoxicity. Survivors of treated temporal lobe cyst suffered from incapacitating depression and psychosis in one study; however, it is not clear if psychiatric and somatic symptoms are caused by BTs or as a response to psychological stresses after diagnosis or treatment. Childhood (BT) survivors experienced significant lower Health-Related QOL scores than in the normal population. It is a major challenge, for the medical team to prevent these late effects. The article will address the following items: neurological; including cognitive impairment and psychiatric sequelae; QOL in childhood (BT) survivors and how to minimize, prevent, and treat them. The neurological, cognitive, psychiatric, and social problems that develop early in childhood BT survivors may extend into adulthood. Life-long support and follow-up care are recommended for childhood BT survivors. Treatment protocols should be placed considering the reduction of neurocognitive and late neurological deficits.","PeriodicalId":16068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Research and Reviews","volume":"20 1","pages":"42 - 49"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72808065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aims: Occupational stress (OS) is regarded as associated factor for causing temporomandibular joint temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD). However, there is little knowledge on the relationship between incremental OS and its role in causing TMD. The purpose of the study is to determine the relationship between OS and TMD. This study will help to provide the basic data to improve the conditions at the worksite and enhance the quality of life. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 white-collar professionals (WCPs) in Karad. To determine the prevalence of TMD, the scaled named Anamnestic Index by Fonseca was used. OS was assessed by the OS Index Scale. Data obtained from the outcome measures were analyzed using InStat, adopting a 5% significance level. Brief analysis was made, and the Pearson correlation test was used to find the correlation between TMD and OS. Results: The results obtained by OSI stated that majority of WCP experienced moderate stress (67%) highest among teachers. Fifty-three percent prevalence of TMD was noted, highest among teachers. The major correlation noted in moderate OS group (38%) majorly affecting teachers. The gender-wise findings noted females (53%) were more prone. Age-wise findings stated more prevalence among 31–40 years (56%). Conclusion: The results of this study show that a significant percentage of population had signs of TMDs, and there are high chances they may develop symptoms in the future. It is necessary to prevent the OS in WCP by improving working conditions, emotional stability, and frequent postural changes. Further studies are necessary for documentation of these preventive measures.
{"title":"Prevalance of correlation between temporomandibular dysfunction and occupational stress in white collar professionals","authors":"Krutika D Gawade, G. Vardharajulu","doi":"10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_21_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_21_19","url":null,"abstract":"Aims: Occupational stress (OS) is regarded as associated factor for causing temporomandibular joint temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD). However, there is little knowledge on the relationship between incremental OS and its role in causing TMD. The purpose of the study is to determine the relationship between OS and TMD. This study will help to provide the basic data to improve the conditions at the worksite and enhance the quality of life. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 white-collar professionals (WCPs) in Karad. To determine the prevalence of TMD, the scaled named Anamnestic Index by Fonseca was used. OS was assessed by the OS Index Scale. Data obtained from the outcome measures were analyzed using InStat, adopting a 5% significance level. Brief analysis was made, and the Pearson correlation test was used to find the correlation between TMD and OS. Results: The results obtained by OSI stated that majority of WCP experienced moderate stress (67%) highest among teachers. Fifty-three percent prevalence of TMD was noted, highest among teachers. The major correlation noted in moderate OS group (38%) majorly affecting teachers. The gender-wise findings noted females (53%) were more prone. Age-wise findings stated more prevalence among 31–40 years (56%). Conclusion: The results of this study show that a significant percentage of population had signs of TMDs, and there are high chances they may develop symptoms in the future. It is necessary to prevent the OS in WCP by improving working conditions, emotional stability, and frequent postural changes. Further studies are necessary for documentation of these preventive measures.","PeriodicalId":16068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Research and Reviews","volume":"69 1","pages":"62 - 66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78171094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is slowly emerging as an epidemic in India, afflicting majority of the population, thus having serious public health consequences. DM usually inflicts major insult to almost all organ systems of the body, including the urinary tract. However, there is a dearth of literature on potential hazardous effects of DM on the urinary tract in a particular population. Considering its negative impact on the quality of life, particularly among the growing elderly population in India, we performed literature search through PubMed and unbound Medline database using the terms “diabetic cystopathy,” “diabetic complication urinary tract,” “diabetic urethropathy,” and “diabetic bladder dysfunction” to study the current understanding on the pathophysiology of diabetes induced on the lower urinary tract dysfunction. All the literature based on DM relevant to lower urinary tract dysfunction were studied, and a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the pathophysiology of diabetes induced on the lower urinary tract dysfunction is provided. These results will facilitate the future directions for research and clinical care of patients with DM-induced lower urinary tract dysfunction. In conclusion, the long-term hyperglycemic state may result in structural and functional changes in urinary bladder and urethra, contributing to deterioration of lower urinary tract coordinated function.
{"title":"Current understanding of diabetes mellitus-induced lower urinary tract dysfunction","authors":"S. Barua, Somor Borah, T. Rajeev","doi":"10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_9_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/jhrr.jhrr_9_19","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus (DM) is slowly emerging as an epidemic in India, afflicting majority of the population, thus having serious public health consequences. DM usually inflicts major insult to almost all organ systems of the body, including the urinary tract. However, there is a dearth of literature on potential hazardous effects of DM on the urinary tract in a particular population. Considering its negative impact on the quality of life, particularly among the growing elderly population in India, we performed literature search through PubMed and unbound Medline database using the terms “diabetic cystopathy,” “diabetic complication urinary tract,” “diabetic urethropathy,” and “diabetic bladder dysfunction” to study the current understanding on the pathophysiology of diabetes induced on the lower urinary tract dysfunction. All the literature based on DM relevant to lower urinary tract dysfunction were studied, and a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of the pathophysiology of diabetes induced on the lower urinary tract dysfunction is provided. These results will facilitate the future directions for research and clinical care of patients with DM-induced lower urinary tract dysfunction. In conclusion, the long-term hyperglycemic state may result in structural and functional changes in urinary bladder and urethra, contributing to deterioration of lower urinary tract coordinated function.","PeriodicalId":16068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Research and Reviews","volume":"14 1","pages":"50 - 56"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90762465","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Raw cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruit juice contains substances of health-promoting bioactivities. Elevated plasma alanine transaminase (ALT/serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase), aspartate transaminase (AST/serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase), iron, and decreased transferrin could indicate hepatotoxicity, hepatitis, and kidney and liver damage, which could be drug induced. Aim and Objective: This work was designed to determine the benefits of cucumber fruit juice as a natural antidote in amoxicillin-induced hepatotoxicity by assessing the plasma iron, transferrin alanine, and AST in amoxicillin overdose supplemented with raw cucumber juice. Materials and Methods: Fifteen rabbits of the same sex weighing 0.9–1.4 kg divided into three groups of five rabbits each were used for the study. Group A – five control rabbits; Group B – five rabbits given 30 mg/kg body weight (BW) subcutaneous injection of amoxicillin every 24 h for 7 days which was followed by 30 ml raw cucumber fruit juice supplementation for 14 days; and Group C – five rabbits given 30 mg/kg BW subcutaneous injection of amoxicillin every 24 h and raw cucumber fruit juice supplementation for 14 days simultaneously. Plasma ALT, AST, iron, and transferrin were determined in the rabbits by spectrophotometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The results obtained showed a significant increase in plasma ALT, AST, and iron and a significant decrease in plasma transferrin when the rabbits in Group B were given 30 mg/kg BW subcutaneous injection of amoxicillin (B2 samples) compared with the results obtained from their basal samples (B1) and control rabbits (A) and when they were given 30 ml of raw cucumber fruit juice supplementation (B3 samples) (P < 0.05). The results obtained showed a significant decrease in plasma ALT, AST, and iron and a significant increase in plasma transferrin when the Group B rabbits were given 30 ml of raw cucumber fruit juice (B3 sample) than when they were given subcutaneous injection of amoxicillin (B2 samples) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: This work revealed significant biochemical alterations in the values of iron, transferrin, AST, and ALT when given 30 mg/kg BW subcutaneous injection of amoxicillin and supplementation of raw cucumber fruit juice. Cucumber juice is therefore beneficial as a possible antidote to amoxicillin-induced hepatotoxicity.
{"title":"Assessment of plasma iron, transferrin alanine, and aspartate transaminase in amoxicillin overdose supplemented with raw cucumber juice","authors":"M. Olaniyan, D. Adepoju","doi":"10.4103/JHRR.JHRR_41_18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/JHRR.JHRR_41_18","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Raw cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruit juice contains substances of health-promoting bioactivities. Elevated plasma alanine transaminase (ALT/serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase), aspartate transaminase (AST/serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase), iron, and decreased transferrin could indicate hepatotoxicity, hepatitis, and kidney and liver damage, which could be drug induced. Aim and Objective: This work was designed to determine the benefits of cucumber fruit juice as a natural antidote in amoxicillin-induced hepatotoxicity by assessing the plasma iron, transferrin alanine, and AST in amoxicillin overdose supplemented with raw cucumber juice. Materials and Methods: Fifteen rabbits of the same sex weighing 0.9–1.4 kg divided into three groups of five rabbits each were used for the study. Group A – five control rabbits; Group B – five rabbits given 30 mg/kg body weight (BW) subcutaneous injection of amoxicillin every 24 h for 7 days which was followed by 30 ml raw cucumber fruit juice supplementation for 14 days; and Group C – five rabbits given 30 mg/kg BW subcutaneous injection of amoxicillin every 24 h and raw cucumber fruit juice supplementation for 14 days simultaneously. Plasma ALT, AST, iron, and transferrin were determined in the rabbits by spectrophotometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The results obtained showed a significant increase in plasma ALT, AST, and iron and a significant decrease in plasma transferrin when the rabbits in Group B were given 30 mg/kg BW subcutaneous injection of amoxicillin (B2 samples) compared with the results obtained from their basal samples (B1) and control rabbits (A) and when they were given 30 ml of raw cucumber fruit juice supplementation (B3 samples) (P < 0.05). The results obtained showed a significant decrease in plasma ALT, AST, and iron and a significant increase in plasma transferrin when the Group B rabbits were given 30 ml of raw cucumber fruit juice (B3 sample) than when they were given subcutaneous injection of amoxicillin (B2 samples) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: This work revealed significant biochemical alterations in the values of iron, transferrin, AST, and ALT when given 30 mg/kg BW subcutaneous injection of amoxicillin and supplementation of raw cucumber fruit juice. Cucumber juice is therefore beneficial as a possible antidote to amoxicillin-induced hepatotoxicity.","PeriodicalId":16068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Research and Reviews","volume":"22 1","pages":"17 - 21"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80808769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Narayana Goruntla, S. Jampala, Vijayajyothi Mallela, Vishnuvandana Bandaru, R. Thamineni, Pradeepkumar Bhupalam
Background: Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) during pregnancy is associated with significant maternal and fetal complications. Continuous monitoring of antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates is required for appropriate management of ASB. Aims: The study aims to assess the prevalence, risk factors, and antibiotic sensitivity profile of ASB during pregnancy. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, hospital-based study was conducted in the pregnant women attending Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of a tertiary care hospital. A suitably designed data collection form was used to collect sociodemographic profile, obstetric history, and illnesses suffering from the participants. Urine specimens of the participants were processed for isolation and identification of bacterial species. Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion test was used to screen antibiotic sensitivity of the isolated bacteria. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics were used to represent the sociodemographic data. Chi-square test was used to associate risk factors for the development of ASB during pregnancy. Results: A total of 1332 women were participated in the study. The prevalence of ASB among pregnant women was 86 (6.4%) and Escherichia coli (58; 67.4%) was the most predominant bacteria. Meropenem, cephalosporin's, and gentamycin were shown higher sensitivity in ASB. Advanced age, illiteracy, rural residency, multigravida, multiparity, history of abortion, and medical illnesses were strongly associated to develop ASB during pregnancy. Conclusion: E. coli were the most predominant isolated uropathogen in ASB. The study observed that there is a wide variation in the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of isolated organisms. Hence, there is a need of routine urine culture sensitivity screening in pregnant women for rational use of antibiotics and to reduce the antibiotic resistance.
{"title":"Epidemiology and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy: A cross-sectional study","authors":"Narayana Goruntla, S. Jampala, Vijayajyothi Mallela, Vishnuvandana Bandaru, R. Thamineni, Pradeepkumar Bhupalam","doi":"10.4103/JHRR.JHRR_15_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/JHRR.JHRR_15_19","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) during pregnancy is associated with significant maternal and fetal complications. Continuous monitoring of antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterial isolates is required for appropriate management of ASB. Aims: The study aims to assess the prevalence, risk factors, and antibiotic sensitivity profile of ASB during pregnancy. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional, hospital-based study was conducted in the pregnant women attending Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of a tertiary care hospital. A suitably designed data collection form was used to collect sociodemographic profile, obstetric history, and illnesses suffering from the participants. Urine specimens of the participants were processed for isolation and identification of bacterial species. Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion test was used to screen antibiotic sensitivity of the isolated bacteria. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive statistics were used to represent the sociodemographic data. Chi-square test was used to associate risk factors for the development of ASB during pregnancy. Results: A total of 1332 women were participated in the study. The prevalence of ASB among pregnant women was 86 (6.4%) and Escherichia coli (58; 67.4%) was the most predominant bacteria. Meropenem, cephalosporin's, and gentamycin were shown higher sensitivity in ASB. Advanced age, illiteracy, rural residency, multigravida, multiparity, history of abortion, and medical illnesses were strongly associated to develop ASB during pregnancy. Conclusion: E. coli were the most predominant isolated uropathogen in ASB. The study observed that there is a wide variation in the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of isolated organisms. Hence, there is a need of routine urine culture sensitivity screening in pregnant women for rational use of antibiotics and to reduce the antibiotic resistance.","PeriodicalId":16068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Research and Reviews","volume":"30 1","pages":"5 - 10"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81122837","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background and Aims: Pancreatic beta-cell deficit and insulin resistance (IR) form two major factors in the etiopathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study is to assess beta-cell function and IR among first-degree relatives (FDRs) of persons with type 2 diabetes in a Northwestern Nigerian population. Other objectives include assessing the relationships among HOMA-%B, HOMA-IR, plasma glucose levels, and some obesity indices and to determine whether beta cell function, IR, and some obesity indices are independent determinants of glucose intolerance in the studied population. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 individuals and 200 controls were recruited through cluster sampling from their respective communities after due consent. The relevant biodata was documented and appropriate examinations including anthropometric measurements were carried out. Oral glucose tolerance test was carried out and fasting plasma insulin levels were also measured. IR and beta-cell function were calculated using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) method. Results: Mean HOMA-IR was higher while HOMA-% B lower among FDRs compared to controls. Significant independent determinants of glucose intolerance with odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI) included age (OR = 1.9, CI 1.9–2.0, P = 0.002), body mass index (OR = 1.9, CI 1.8–2.0, P = 0.032), waist circumference (OR = 2.0, CI 1.9–2.0, P = 0.043), waist-to-hip ratio (OR = 1.1, CI 1.0–15.7, P = 0.022), HOMA-IR (OR = 3.0, CI 2.3–3.3, P < 0.001), and HOMA-B (OR = 0.43, CI 0.24–0.65, P < 0.001) which means HOMA-%B is protective against glucose intolerance with inverse OR of 1/0.43 = 2.3. Conclusions: IR was higher and beta cell functions lower among FDRs compared to controls. IR (HOMA-IR) and some obesity indices were significant determinants of glucose intolerance while HOMA-%B was protective against glucose intolerance in this study.
背景与目的:胰腺β细胞缺陷和胰岛素抵抗(IR)是2型糖尿病发病的两个主要因素。本研究的目的是评估尼日利亚西北部人群中2型糖尿病患者一级亲属(fdr)的β细胞功能和IR。其他目的包括评估HOMA-%B、HOMA-IR、血浆葡萄糖水平和一些肥胖指标之间的关系，并确定β细胞功能、IR和一些肥胖指标是否是研究人群中葡萄糖耐受不良的独立决定因素。材料与方法:经同意后，通过整群抽样的方式从各自所在社区中招募200名个体和200名对照。记录了相关的生物数据，并进行了适当的检查，包括人体测量。进行口服葡萄糖耐量试验，测定空腹血浆胰岛素水平。采用稳态模型评估法(HOMA)计算IR和β细胞功能。结果:与对照组相比，fdr患者的平均HOMA- ir较高，而HOMA-% B较低。具有优势比(OR)和置信区间(CI)的葡萄糖耐受不良的重要独立决定因素包括年龄(OR = 1.9, CI 1.9 - 2.0, P = 0.002)、体重指数(OR = 1.9, CI 1.8-2.0, P = 0.032)、腰围(OR = 2.0, CI 1.9 - 2.0, P = 0.043)、腰臀比(OR = 1.1, CI 1.0-15.7, P = 0.022)、HOMA-IR (OR = 3.0, CI 2.3-3.3, P < 0.001)和HOMA-B (OR = 0.43, CI 0.24-0.65)。P < 0.001)，这意味着HOMA-%B对葡萄糖耐受不良有保护作用，其负比值为1/0.43 = 2.3。结论:与对照组相比，fdr患者IR较高，β细胞功能较低。IR (HOMA-IR)和一些肥胖指数是葡萄糖不耐受的重要决定因素，而HOMA-%B在本研究中对葡萄糖不耐受具有保护作用。
{"title":"Beta-cell function and insulin resistance among First-Degree relatives of persons with type 2 diabetes in a Northwestern Nigerian Population","authors":"Y. Lawal, F. Bello, F. Anumah, A. Bakari","doi":"10.4103/JHRR.JHRR_52_18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/JHRR.JHRR_52_18","url":null,"abstract":"Background and Aims: Pancreatic beta-cell deficit and insulin resistance (IR) form two major factors in the etiopathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study is to assess beta-cell function and IR among first-degree relatives (FDRs) of persons with type 2 diabetes in a Northwestern Nigerian population. Other objectives include assessing the relationships among HOMA-%B, HOMA-IR, plasma glucose levels, and some obesity indices and to determine whether beta cell function, IR, and some obesity indices are independent determinants of glucose intolerance in the studied population. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 individuals and 200 controls were recruited through cluster sampling from their respective communities after due consent. The relevant biodata was documented and appropriate examinations including anthropometric measurements were carried out. Oral glucose tolerance test was carried out and fasting plasma insulin levels were also measured. IR and beta-cell function were calculated using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) method. Results: Mean HOMA-IR was higher while HOMA-% B lower among FDRs compared to controls. Significant independent determinants of glucose intolerance with odds ratio (OR) and confidence interval (CI) included age (OR = 1.9, CI 1.9–2.0, P = 0.002), body mass index (OR = 1.9, CI 1.8–2.0, P = 0.032), waist circumference (OR = 2.0, CI 1.9–2.0, P = 0.043), waist-to-hip ratio (OR = 1.1, CI 1.0–15.7, P = 0.022), HOMA-IR (OR = 3.0, CI 2.3–3.3, P < 0.001), and HOMA-B (OR = 0.43, CI 0.24–0.65, P < 0.001) which means HOMA-%B is protective against glucose intolerance with inverse OR of 1/0.43 = 2.3. Conclusions: IR was higher and beta cell functions lower among FDRs compared to controls. IR (HOMA-IR) and some obesity indices were significant determinants of glucose intolerance while HOMA-%B was protective against glucose intolerance in this study.","PeriodicalId":16068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Research and Reviews","volume":"11 1","pages":"26 - 30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80830120","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Oral health is considered to be of prime importance to all individuals in maintaining good health, and the accepted method of oral hygiene maintenance is mechanical method of tooth cleaning. At present, chemotherapeutic agents are also used as adjutants to reduce plaque formation, but they have their own disadvantage. This has paved the way for the use of natural and plant derivatives as alternatives for chemotherapeutics in dentistry. Coconut oil is considered as a tree of life in ancient literature and is used for any ailments. Coconut oil is edible and is consumed as a part of the staple diet in many countries. It also has medicinal and cosmetic properties. Coconut oil differs from most other dietary oils because of the high content of medium chain fatty acid (MCF), whereas in the majority of other oils, the basic building blocks are almost entirely long chain fatty acids. The MCF in coconut oil such as lauric, caproic, caprylic, myristic, and stearic acid influences the physical and chemical properties. Lauric acid, which is predominant in coconut oil, has proved to have antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory action. Of late, few studies have been conducted by researchers regarding the action of coconut oil on oral health. The review of literature shows excellent results on the use of coconut oil on oral health. This short review discusses the studies conducted on coconut oil on oral microorganisms and anti-inflammatory actions.
{"title":"Is coconut oil good for oral health? A review","authors":"F. Peedikayil","doi":"10.4103/JHRR.JHRR_14_19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/JHRR.JHRR_14_19","url":null,"abstract":"Oral health is considered to be of prime importance to all individuals in maintaining good health, and the accepted method of oral hygiene maintenance is mechanical method of tooth cleaning. At present, chemotherapeutic agents are also used as adjutants to reduce plaque formation, but they have their own disadvantage. This has paved the way for the use of natural and plant derivatives as alternatives for chemotherapeutics in dentistry. Coconut oil is considered as a tree of life in ancient literature and is used for any ailments. Coconut oil is edible and is consumed as a part of the staple diet in many countries. It also has medicinal and cosmetic properties. Coconut oil differs from most other dietary oils because of the high content of medium chain fatty acid (MCF), whereas in the majority of other oils, the basic building blocks are almost entirely long chain fatty acids. The MCF in coconut oil such as lauric, caproic, caprylic, myristic, and stearic acid influences the physical and chemical properties. Lauric acid, which is predominant in coconut oil, has proved to have antimicrobial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory action. Of late, few studies have been conducted by researchers regarding the action of coconut oil on oral health. The review of literature shows excellent results on the use of coconut oil on oral health. This short review discusses the studies conducted on coconut oil on oral microorganisms and anti-inflammatory actions.","PeriodicalId":16068,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Health Research and Reviews","volume":"13 1","pages":"1 - 4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79365216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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