Pub Date : 1986-08-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578608081978
S. Maiti, M. S. Rahman
Abstract Lac is the only known natural resin of animal origin. It is the secretion of a tiny insect known as Kerriar lacca (formally called Laceifer lacca). The lac-forming tiny insect grows on some types of trees, mostly abundant in tropical countries, including India. The secretion of the lac insect hardens in air and forms a covering on the body of the insect. This covering or the nest forms a continuous incrustation on the branches of the host trees. Lac is collected by scraping the incrustation from the branches of the trees.
{"title":"APPLICATION OF SHELLAC IN POLYMERS","authors":"S. Maiti, M. S. Rahman","doi":"10.1080/07366578608081978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578608081978","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Lac is the only known natural resin of animal origin. It is the secretion of a tiny insect known as Kerriar lacca (formally called Laceifer lacca). The lac-forming tiny insect grows on some types of trees, mostly abundant in tropical countries, including India. The secretion of the lac insect hardens in air and forms a covering on the body of the insect. This covering or the nest forms a continuous incrustation on the branches of the host trees. Lac is collected by scraping the incrustation from the branches of the trees.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"23 1","pages":"441-481"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80118569","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-08-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578608081977
A. Mukherjee, B. Gupta, P. Sharma
Abstract The radiation chemistry of polymeric materials has been a field of extensive research. The pioneer investigations of Charlesby and Dole showed that polyolefins exposed to high energy radiation undergo various structural changes.
{"title":"RADIATION-INDUCED CHANGES IN POLYOLEFINS","authors":"A. Mukherjee, B. Gupta, P. Sharma","doi":"10.1080/07366578608081977","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578608081977","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The radiation chemistry of polymeric materials has been a field of extensive research. The pioneer investigations of Charlesby and Dole showed that polyolefins exposed to high energy radiation undergo various structural changes.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"32 1","pages":"415-439"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76656076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-05-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578608081974
M. Biswas, T. Uryu
Abstract The synthesis and evaluation of photoconductive and photosensitive polymers have received considerable attention during recent years because of the increasing demand for such materials in electrophotography and related processes. By now, a wide variety of polymers, unmodified as well as modified chemically or otherwise, has been explored with regard to their potentialities in this field. An authoritative review by Stolka and Pai discussed the basic concepts in photoconductivity, summarizing the experimental techniques commonly employed in this context along with a review of original and patent literature on these systems available through 1976. In a contemporary article, Pen-well, Ganguly, and Smith reviewed the literature on N-vinyl -carbazole polymer systems with specific regard to synthesis, physicochemical property evaluation vis-a-vis their theoretical implications, and related topics. More recently, Biswas and Das reviewed the developments in carbazole-based polymer systems throusrh 1979.
{"title":"Recent Advances in Photoconductive and Photosensitive Polymers","authors":"M. Biswas, T. Uryu","doi":"10.1080/07366578608081974","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578608081974","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The synthesis and evaluation of photoconductive and photosensitive polymers have received considerable attention during recent years because of the increasing demand for such materials in electrophotography and related processes. By now, a wide variety of polymers, unmodified as well as modified chemically or otherwise, has been explored with regard to their potentialities in this field. An authoritative review by Stolka and Pai discussed the basic concepts in photoconductivity, summarizing the experimental techniques commonly employed in this context along with a review of original and patent literature on these systems available through 1976. In a contemporary article, Pen-well, Ganguly, and Smith reviewed the literature on N-vinyl -carbazole polymer systems with specific regard to synthesis, physicochemical property evaluation vis-a-vis their theoretical implications, and related topics. More recently, Biswas and Das reviewed the developments in carbazole-based polymer systems throusrh 1979.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"1 1","pages":"249-352"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73722867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-05-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578608081973
Anilesh Kumar, S. Gupta
Abstract Nylons are polymers having amide ( ) linkages. Among this class of polymers, nylon 6 is commercially the most important of the synthetic polyamides available and is used for a variety of purposes, as for example, in the form of fiber in tire cords, apparel, fishing nets, upholstery, hosiery, or in the manufacture of injection and blow-molded objects. There are two common industrial routes to manufacture the polymer from the monomer, e-caprolactam (C1). In the first one, referred to as hydrolytic polymerization, the monomer is mixed with water and is polymerized in the temperature range of 220 to 270°C. The mechanism of polymerization includes three major types of reactions: ring-opening of caprolactam by water, chain growth polymerization, and step growth reaction. Polymers with number-average chain lengths of about 140–180 are usually obtained and these are suitable for use as tire cords, fibers for apparel, as well as resins for molded articles. The second route of polymerization is by the ioni...
{"title":"SIMULATION AND DESIGN OF NYLON 6 REACTORS","authors":"Anilesh Kumar, S. Gupta","doi":"10.1080/07366578608081973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578608081973","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Nylons are polymers having amide ( ) linkages. Among this class of polymers, nylon 6 is commercially the most important of the synthetic polyamides available and is used for a variety of purposes, as for example, in the form of fiber in tire cords, apparel, fishing nets, upholstery, hosiery, or in the manufacture of injection and blow-molded objects. There are two common industrial routes to manufacture the polymer from the monomer, e-caprolactam (C1). In the first one, referred to as hydrolytic polymerization, the monomer is mixed with water and is polymerized in the temperature range of 220 to 270°C. The mechanism of polymerization includes three major types of reactions: ring-opening of caprolactam by water, chain growth polymerization, and step growth reaction. Polymers with number-average chain lengths of about 140–180 are usually obtained and these are suitable for use as tire cords, fibers for apparel, as well as resins for molded articles. The second route of polymerization is by the ioni...","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"2 1","pages":"183-247"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85405794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-02-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578608081968
D. R. Miller, N. Peppas
Abstract The interaction of a biomaterial with its environment occurs primarily at the material /biological fluid interface. The general properties of a material are normally determined by its bulk characteristics (tensile strength, heat capacity, etc.), but many interactions are specific to the surface region (wetting, adhesion, many catalytic reactions, blood compatibility, etc.).
{"title":"THE USE OF X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY FOR THE ANALYSIS OF THE SURFACE OF BIOMATERIALS","authors":"D. R. Miller, N. Peppas","doi":"10.1080/07366578608081968","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578608081968","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The interaction of a biomaterial with its environment occurs primarily at the material /biological fluid interface. The general properties of a material are normally determined by its bulk characteristics (tensile strength, heat capacity, etc.), but many interactions are specific to the surface region (wetting, adhesion, many catalytic reactions, blood compatibility, etc.).","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"89 1","pages":"33-66"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85488945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-02-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578608081971
M. Krenceski, Julian F. Johnson, S. Temin
Abstract Considerable attention has been given to the general area of adhesion and adhesives [1–3], but a need now exists to review more specific topics in these areas. The nature of pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA's) and the factors contributing to their performance are reviewed here. A description for measuring performance of pressure-sensitive adhesives is followed by a treatment of physical and chemical factors that influence adhesive behavior. These include surface energetics, rheological behavior, molecular weight, and functional-group contributions.
{"title":"CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL FACTORS AFFECTING PERFORMANCE OF PRESSURE-SENSITIVE ADHESIVES","authors":"M. Krenceski, Julian F. Johnson, S. Temin","doi":"10.1080/07366578608081971","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578608081971","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Considerable attention has been given to the general area of adhesion and adhesives [1–3], but a need now exists to review more specific topics in these areas. The nature of pressure-sensitive adhesives (PSA's) and the factors contributing to their performance are reviewed here. A description for measuring performance of pressure-sensitive adhesives is followed by a treatment of physical and chemical factors that influence adhesive behavior. These include surface energetics, rheological behavior, molecular weight, and functional-group contributions.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"63 1","pages":"143-182"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91391987","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-02-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578608081970
R. Samal, Prafulla K. Sahoo, Himansu S. Samantaray
Abstract The growth of polymer science has led to the development of new materials in direct competition with natural materials, many of which have been in use since earliest times. This has caused researchers to look more critically at both natural and synthetic macromolecules in order to learn more about their underlying structures and their relation to the properties exhibited by the macromolecules. In this regard, chemical modifications have been devised to impart certain desirable properties of both natural and synthetic macromolecules, and their applications have become an integral part of such chemical modifications. Various chemical modifications (e.g., change of functionality, oxidative degradation, inter- and intramolecular gelation, graft copolymerization), have been practiced to add improved properties to the base polymers. However, among all these methods, modification of polymers via graft copolymerization has been the subject of much interest and has made paramount contribution toward impro...
{"title":"GRAFT COPOLYMERIZATION OF CELLULOSE, CELLULOSE DERIVATIVES, AND LIGNOCELLULOSE","authors":"R. Samal, Prafulla K. Sahoo, Himansu S. Samantaray","doi":"10.1080/07366578608081970","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578608081970","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The growth of polymer science has led to the development of new materials in direct competition with natural materials, many of which have been in use since earliest times. This has caused researchers to look more critically at both natural and synthetic macromolecules in order to learn more about their underlying structures and their relation to the properties exhibited by the macromolecules. In this regard, chemical modifications have been devised to impart certain desirable properties of both natural and synthetic macromolecules, and their applications have become an integral part of such chemical modifications. Various chemical modifications (e.g., change of functionality, oxidative degradation, inter- and intramolecular gelation, graft copolymerization), have been practiced to add improved properties to the base polymers. However, among all these methods, modification of polymers via graft copolymerization has been the subject of much interest and has made paramount contribution toward impro...","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"22 1","pages":"81-141"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83509619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-02-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578608081967
K. Matyjaszewski
Abstract Structure-reactivity correlation is one of the most fundamental problems in chemistry. In organic chemistry the influence of the structure of substituents on the rate and equilibrium constants of chemical reactions was first quantitatively established and presented in the form of the well-known Hammett equation.
{"title":"CORRELATION OF THE RATE CONSTANTS OF PROPAGATION WITH THE STRUCTURES OF MONOMERS AND ACTIVE CENTERS IN CHAIN-GROWTH POLYMERIZATION","authors":"K. Matyjaszewski","doi":"10.1080/07366578608081967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578608081967","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Structure-reactivity correlation is one of the most fundamental problems in chemistry. In organic chemistry the influence of the structure of substituents on the rate and equilibrium constants of chemical reactions was first quantitatively established and presented in the form of the well-known Hammett equation.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"9 1","pages":"1-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83142351","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1986-02-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578608081969
Ivan imkovic
Abstract The complex processing of wood, the development of materials having new properties, and research for new delignification processes will increase interest in radical reactions in wood chemistry. Radical intermediate products are formed during aging of paper and products made of wood by the action of sunlight and air oxygen, during grafting of synthetic monomers on wood and its components, in the process of pulp preparation, during combustion, enzymatic processes, etc. That is why the study of this problem and the possibilities of eliminating radical formation during undesirable processes can help to decrease the losses of products made from wood.
{"title":"FREE RADICALS IN WOOD CHEMISTRY","authors":"Ivan imkovic","doi":"10.1080/07366578608081969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578608081969","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The complex processing of wood, the development of materials having new properties, and research for new delignification processes will increase interest in radical reactions in wood chemistry. Radical intermediate products are formed during aging of paper and products made of wood by the action of sunlight and air oxygen, during grafting of synthetic monomers on wood and its components, in the process of pulp preparation, during combustion, enzymatic processes, etc. That is why the study of this problem and the possibilities of eliminating radical formation during undesirable processes can help to decrease the losses of products made from wood.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"52 1","pages":"67-80"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1986-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74164012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1985-11-01DOI: 10.1080/07366578508081965
J. S. Boggs, D. Livermore, M. Seitz
Abstract Humic substances are the major organic constituents of soils and sediments. They also occur in small concentrations in natural surface waters and groundwaters. They form through the breakdown of plant and animal tissues by chemical and biological processes that tend to produce complex chemical structures that are more stable than the original material from which they were derived. One of the more important characteristics of humic substances is their ability to form water-soluble and water-insoluble complexes with metal ions and hydrous oxides and to interact with clay minerals and various organic compounds such as alkanes, fatty acids, and toxic organic substances such as pesticides.
{"title":"HUMIC MACROMOLECULES IN NATURAL WATERS","authors":"J. S. Boggs, D. Livermore, M. Seitz","doi":"10.1080/07366578508081965","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07366578508081965","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Humic substances are the major organic constituents of soils and sediments. They also occur in small concentrations in natural surface waters and groundwaters. They form through the breakdown of plant and animal tissues by chemical and biological processes that tend to produce complex chemical structures that are more stable than the original material from which they were derived. One of the more important characteristics of humic substances is their ability to form water-soluble and water-insoluble complexes with metal ions and hydrous oxides and to interact with clay minerals and various organic compounds such as alkanes, fatty acids, and toxic organic substances such as pesticides.","PeriodicalId":16139,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Macromolecular Science-reviews in Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics","volume":"141 1","pages":"599-657"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1985-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76736827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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